全髋关节置换术后下肢不等长

下肢不等长（LLD）是全髋关节置换术（THA）后较常见并发症之一,常会引起神经牵拉性麻痹、髋关节疼痛、步态异常、脊柱侧弯、慢性腰背痛、假体松动、假体脱位等不良情况发生.引起THA术后LLD的因素很多,但通过术中两定点测量法、透视法、模板设计等方法综合运用,常能有效地预防这一并发症.通常只需采用保守方法处理THA术后LLD,极少需要手术治疗.该文就THA术后LLD分类、不良影响、发生原因、预防和处理等作一综述.     

髋关节置换术中下肢不等长的预防

目的探讨预防或减少髋关节置换术后下肢不等长的有效方法。方法选取需行髋关节置换的患者40例,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组20例。术前测量双下肢长度差异值,实验组术中使用自行设计的下肢等长测量装置,根据术前测量值调节手术侧肢体长度;对照组采用常规手术方法。术后第2天测量患者双下肢长度差异值。术后6个月通过问卷调查,对患者进行满意度调查及患髋的Harris评分。结果术后6个月两组患者均满意,但在满意程度上存在差异;实验组与对照组术后双下肢长度差异值比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;实验组与对照组术后患髋Harris评分,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论在髋关节置换术中使用下肢等长测量装置,可有效减少或消除髋关节置换术后双下肢不等长,提高患者的满意度。     

全髋关节置换术下肢长度测量及术后不等长处理

全髋关节置换术(THA)常见并发症之一双下肢不等长及其相关并发症极大地影响THA术后效果及患者满意度.术前下肢长度测量是THA术前设计的重要步骤,也是术中均衡双下肢长度的重要依据;术后测量则为手术效果作出评估,方法包括体检测量、模板测量及各种影像学基础上测量.目前临床上尚无一种公认的准确性高、重复性好的术中下肢长度测量方法,L形测径器为术中测量器的改良,更符合实际,其主要对术前、术中测量结果进行综合评估,但双下肢不等长难以完全避免,测量方法有待进一步研究.术后肢体严重不等长或出现神经麻痹等重要症状者需行积极处理,可考虑翻修手术.该文对下肢长度测量方法及术后不等长处理的研究进展作一综述.     

全髋关节置换术后肢体不等长预防和治疗

肢体不等长(LLD)是全髋关节置换术的常见并发症之一,以肢体延长多见,近期可造成患者关节或神经疼痛不适,远期可能因代偿性骨盆倾斜或脊柱侧弯而导致腰背痛、跛行及假体无菌性松动.根据髋关节骨结构完整与否,LLD可分为真性不等长和功能性不等长.植入假体选择不当和术者操作经验欠缺是造成LLD的主要原因.术前仔细测量评估并选择合适的模板、术中运用测量装置能有效减少LLD发生率.目前国内外对于LLD的治疗尚无统一标准,主要通过增高鞋垫或鞋跟的非手术方法来矫正.翻修手术仅适用于极少数患者.     

老年股骨颈骨折全髋关节置换术后下肢不等长的预防

目的探讨术前应用软尺测量双下肢的长度及术中测量患肢长度结合髋关节松紧度的方法来预防老年股骨颈骨折全髋关节置换(THA)术后下肢不等长的有效性。方法自2010-01—2012-12诊治老年单侧股骨颈骨折124例,62例术前应用软尺测量双下肢长度及术中测量患肢长度结合髋关节松紧度预防THA术后下肢不等长(试验组),62例进行传统THA手术操作(对照组)。结果 124例均获得随访1~12个月。2组切口均愈合良好,术后无髋关节脱位、下肢深静脉血栓形成及深部感染发生。试验组25例下肢延长平均4.0(1~10)mm,下肢延长患者没有出现步态异常。对照组30例下肢延长平均5.3(1~10)mm,没有出现步态异常;15例下肢延长平均12.7(11~20)mm;1例下肢延长30 mm,出现跛行、髋关节疼痛及下肢痛。对照组46例下肢延长平均7.6(1~30)mm。试验组术后肢体延长程度明显较对照组轻,差异有统计学意义(t=2.3,P0.05)。结论术前采用软尺测量双下肢长度及术中测量患肢长度结合髋关节松紧度可有效地预防老年股骨颈骨折THA术后下肢不等长。     

全髋关节置换术下肢等长探讨

目的：探讨全髋关节置换术中如何准确达到下肢等长。方法：1996年5月-2001年7月有88例（92侧）髋关节置换术,男52例。女36例。年龄40-96岁。平均62.5岁。其中有76例下肢术前不等长。下肢长短状态分为可变下肢长度与不可变下肢长度。所有患者术前均进行X线片模板测试及下肢长度测量。不可变下肢长度（即患肢长短固定。不发生变化）术中采用克氏针标记骨盆。股骨之间距离,置入假体后根据实际情况调整长度;可变下肢长度（即术前患肢长短随时可发生变化）靠“三要素”来衡量,结果：术前患肢缩短1-4cm的76例患者中,术后仅有6例患肢延长0.5-2cm。2例患肢缩短1cm和2cm;术前12例下肢等长患者中有2例患肢延长1.5cm和2cm。结论：术前模板测试及下肢长短准确测量,术中通过克氏针标记骨盆与股骨技术及“三要素”衡量。能准确达到下肢等长。可以预防下肢不等长。     

全髋关节置换术下肢不等长的术中对策

[目的]探讨全髋关节置换术双下肢不等长的术中预防措施.[方法]回顾性分析2005年3月～2007年12月357例全髋置换患者,男性149例,女性208例;年龄27～82岁,平均71.3岁.病因:股骨颈骨折114例,骨性关节炎172例,强直性脊柱炎31例,类风湿性关节炎40例.应用仰卧位,术前麻醉后摆放体位前后、术中直接触摸测量、对比双侧髂前上棘至髌骨上缘距离的方法,结合术中缝线标记、假体预安装后牵拉肢体、调节关节松紧等方法进行反复综合测定.[结果]所有患者术后双下肢不等长绝对差值为:95%的病例小于10 mm,4.5%在10～15 mm,0.5%大于15 mm.[结论]仰卧位下,术前、术中双下肢骨性标志的直接测量,简便、直观、科学、可靠,结合其他的辅助检测方法和手术者的实践经验,可有效的预防双下肢不等长.     

术中测量股骨假体肩部与大转子顶点垂直高度预防全髋关节置换术后下肢不等长

目的探讨全髋关节置换术中股骨假体肩部与大转子顶点垂直高度（顶肩距）与术后下肢等长的关系。方法单侧初次生物型全髋关节置换术患者41例进行前瞻性研究。术前临床检查及X线仔细测量评估〉术中采用腿与腿比较、Shuck试验、稳定试验等判断肢体长度。同时测量股骨假体肩部与大转子顶点垂直距离来均衡双下肢长度。结果符合纳入标准的患者41例,术后X线测量双下肢不等长（双下肢长度差异大于lOmm）的发生率为21．95％（9／41）,术后患肢相对于健肢的长度与术中测量股骨假体肩部至大转子顶点垂直高度成负相关。结论术中采用多种方法综合评估肢体长度可有效降低术后肢体不等长的发生率．通过术中测量顶肩距来指导选择合适型号和颈长的假体可作为控制术后下肢等长的有效方法之一。     

全髋关节置换术后下肢不等长影响因素的研究

目的 探讨全髋关节置换术后下肢不等长(LLD)的影响因素和控制下肢长度的方法 .方法 回顾性分析124例全髋关节置换术(THR)患者的影像学资料,利用NEUSOFT PACS/RIS3.0影像诊断系统测量LLD值,并按性别、麻醉方式和年龄分组进行统计学分析.结果 本研究中124例患者THR术后下肢不等长的发生率(LLD绝对值＞10 mm)为21.77%.不同性别、麻醉方式和年龄的患者LLD发生率差别没有统计学意义.不同性别、麻醉方式的患者LLD值差别也无统计学意义.年龄＜65岁组年轻患者LLD值=(3.7091±6.51886)mm,年龄≥65岁组的老年患者LLD值=(-0.0736±8.31605)mm,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 通过使用NEUSOFTPACS/RIS3.0影像诊断系统辅助术前模板测量,可以达到降低THR术后LLD的发生率的目的 .年龄＜65岁组比年龄≥65岁组的患者手术侧下肢长度偏长.     

下肢等长装置在髋关节置换术中的初步应用

目的探讨自行设计的下肢等长装置在预防髋关节置换术后双下肢不等长中的作用。方法将自行设计的下肢等长装置应用于20例髋关节置换手术中,术前确定患者双下肢长度,术中根据下肢等长装置测量的结果对双下肢长度进行调节,以尽量减少或消除髋关节置换术后双下肢不等长。结果患者伤口均一期愈合,未出现感染、假体脱位及早期松动等并发症。20例均获随访,时间6～24个月。术前双下肢长度相等者13例,不等长者7例（0.5～4 cm）,术后双下肢等长者5例,相差〈0.5 cm者11例,相差0.5～1 cm者3例,双下肢长度相差〉1 cm 1例（达4 cm）。术后6个月,除1例〉1 cm者外,余患者行走时均无明显跛行感。1例骨质疏松明显者,髋臼假体安装偏下,通过调整股骨假体颈长获得双下肢长度等长。X线片均显示髋臼假体安装良好。结论在髋关节置换术中使用本下肢等长装置,可以有效地减少或消除髋关节置换术后双下肢不等长,增加患者满意度。     

The Impact of Leg Length Discrepancy on Patient Satisfaction and Functional Outcome Following Total Hip Arthroplasty

A series of 191 patients undergoing THA with a standardised stem were studied. The effect of leg length discrepancy (LLD) on patient function (Oxford Hip Score), health measures (Short Form 12) and satisfaction (Self-Administered Patient Satisfaction Scale) at a mean 3.8 years of follow up (range 3.3 to 4.9) is reported. 8.9% of cases had shortening, 0.5% no LLD and 90.6% had lengthening. In 21.5% the LLD was more than 10 mm, in 37.1% 5–10 mm, and in 40.9% 0–5 mm. There was no significant difference in patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) according to LLD. Correlation of recorded measurements between multiple observers was excellent (0.93). LLD following total hip arthroplasty remains common but in this series, was not correlated with PROMs.     

Limb Length Discrepancy in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Is the Lesser Trochanter a Reliable Measure of Leg Length?

BackgroundLimb length discrepancy (LLD) after total hip arthroplasty may affect clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Preoperative LLD estimates on anteroposterior pelvic radiographs fail to account for anatomical limb variation distal to the femoral reference points. The objective of this study is to determine how variations in lower limb skeletal lengths contribute to true LLD.MethodsFull-length standing anteroposterior radiographs were used to measure bilateral leg length, femoral length, and tibial length. Leg length was evaluated using 2 different proximal reference points: the center of the femoral head (COH) and the lesser trochanter (LT). Mean side-to-side discrepancy (MD) and percentage asymmetry (%AS) for each measurement were evaluated in the overall cohort and when stratified by patient demographic variables.ResultsOne hundred patients were included with an average age of 62.9 ± 11.2 years. Average femoral length was 434.0 ± 39.8 mm (MD 4.3 ± 3.5 mm) and tibial length was 379.9 ± 34.6 mm (MD 5.9 ± 12.7 mm). Average COH-talus was 817.5 ± 73.2 mm (MD 6.4 ± 5.1 mm). Average LT-talus was 760.5 ± 77.6 mm (MD 5.8 ± 5.1 mm). Absolute asymmetry >10 mm was detected in 16% of patients for COH-talus and 15% for LT-talus, while %AS >1.5% was detected in 13% of patients for COH-talus and 18% for LT-talus. Female gender was associated with increased femoral length %AS (P = .037).ConclusionApproximately 1 in 6 patients have an LLD of >10 mm when measured from either the LT or COH. Surgeons using either of these common femoral reference points to estimate LLD on pelvic radiographs should consider these findings when planning for hip reconstruction.Level of EvidenceLevel III.     

Measurement Techniques for Leg Length Discrepancy in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review of Reliability and Validity

BackgroundTotal hip arthroplasty (THA) carries a substantial litigative burden. THA may introduce leg length discrepancy (LLD), necessitating a valid and reliable technique for LLD measurement. This study investigates the reliability and validity of techniques quantitively measuring LLD in both pre- and post-THA.MethodsEmbase and MEDLINE databases were searched following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for articles assessing either the validity or reliability of LLD measurement techniques. Data was pooled using random effects meta-analysis to derive reliability estimates. Study quality was assessed using the Brink and Louw checklist.ResultsForty-two articles with 2059 participants were included. Thirty-three investigated reliability and 25 validity. Reliability displayed high heterogeneity. Poor to excellent intra-rater reliability was reported for antero-posterior pelvis radiographs, moderate to excellent for computed tomography scanograms, and good to excellent for clinical methods and teleradiography, and excellent for bi-planar radiography (BPR). Poor to excellent inter-rater reliability was reported for antero-posterior pelvis radiographs and clinical methods, moderate to excellent for teleradiography, good to excellent for computed tomography scanogram and excellent for BPR. The tape measure method is a valid clinical measure of LLD whilst markerless motion analysis and the block method are not. Imaging techniques are appropriately cross-validated with the exception of BPR.ConclusionThe reported intra- and inter-rater reliability for most measurement techniques vary widely. The tape measure method is a valid clinical measurement of LLD. Imaging techniques have been appropriately cross-validated, with the exception of BPR, although they lack validation against a common reference technique.     

Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients With Multifactorial Perceived Limb Length Discrepancy

Background

Patients with advanced hip arthritis can present with multifactorial limb length discrepancies (LLDs) owing to bony shortening from growth arrest, proximal hip migration, soft-tissue contractures, and pelvic obliquity. The patient perceives an LLD that is a combination of true LLD and apparent LLD.

Proximal Femoral Shape Changes the Risk of a Leg Length Discrepancy After Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

Background

To evaluate how canal morphology affects the technical aspects of total hip arthroplasty, we investigated the effects of femoral cortical index (FCI) on the re-establishment of leg length at the conclusion of surgery.

全髋关节置换术肢体不等长问题的探讨

目的　探讨全髋关节置换手术中引起肢体不等长的原因以及相应的防治对策。方法　采用术前X线片测量股骨头运动中心至小粗隆的距离及股骨颈截骨高度的方法指导术中对患肢长度的控制。结果　对 4 2例施行人工关节置换术 ,术前测量患肢短缩 - 8 2± 6 5mm ,术后为 - 4 2± 3 5mm ,其中术后肢体等长或长度差异在 5mm以内的为 31例 (73 8% ) ,结果令人满意。结论　全髋置换术后肢体长度的恢复对于提高手术成功率有着重要的意义 ,不能为追求关节的稳定而忽视肢体长度。采用术前X线片测量股骨头运动中心至小粗隆的距离及股骨颈截骨高度来指导术中控制患肢长度的方法较为切实可行。     

Accurate Leg Length Measurement in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Comparison of Computer Navigation and a Simple Manual Measurement Device

Background

Several studies have shown that better placement of the acetabular cup and femoral stem can be achieved in total hip arthroplasty (THA) by using the computer navigation system rather than the free-hand alignment methods. However, there have been no comparisons of the relevant clinical advantages in using the computer navigation as opposed to the manual intraoperative measurement devices. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the use of computer navigation can improve postoperative leg length discrepancy (LLD) compared to the use of the measurement device.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study comparing 30 computer-assisted THAs with 40 THAs performed using a simple manual measurement device.

Results

The postoperative LLD was 3.0 mm (range, 0 to 8 mm) in the computer-assisted group and 2.9 mm (range, 0 to 10 mm) in the device group. Statistically significant difference was not seen between the two groups.

Conclusions

The results showed good equalization of the leg lengths using both computed tomography-based navigation and the simple manual measurement device.