结核病的诊断与治疗

1概述结核病是由结核分枝杆菌（简称结核菌）引发的传染性疾病。传染源主要是经痰排菌的肺结核患者,主要通过呼吸道传播。自古以来,结核病夺去了数亿人的生命,由于抗结核药物的应用,结核病一度得到有效控制。然而,随着人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染、艾滋病（AIDS）的流行,以及结核菌耐药性的加重,流动人口的增加,结核病的传播在发展中国家依然普遍,而发达国家的疫情又见回升。     

Congenital heart disease and pulmonary tuberculosis

A 13-year-old boy with atrial septal defect and tricuspid valve abnormality was reported. He had crepitan ralles and signs of heart failure. He was treated with digital, diuretic and antimicrobial therapies. After clinical improvement he underwent surgery. The atrial septal defect was closed, and ringplasty was applied to the tricuspid valve. After the operation, he could not be extubated because of respiratory failure. On the seventh day following the surgery, he developed pneumothorax and hyportension and died. Postmortem examination showed bilateral diffuse pulmonary tuberculosis. The aim of this report is to emphasise the association of tuberculosis and congenital heart disease.     

先天性下腔型房间隔缺损合并双下腔静脉伴右下肺静脉与右下腔静脉异位连接畸形矫治术

目的：介绍先天性下腔型房间隔缺损合并双下腔静脉伴右下肺静脉与右下腔静脉异位连接畸形的手术矫治方法。方法：修补下腔型房间隔缺损的同时矫治右下肺静脉与右下腔静脉异位连接。结果：手术获得成功。术后心脏超声检查;房间隔缺损修补完好,右下肺静脉血流流向左房,左,右下腔静脉血流汇入右房。结论：手术是唯一的治疗方法,宜用补片修补,重要的是避免右下肺静脉的回流障碍。     

我国结核病的疾病负担研究

目的全面评估结核病对国人的健康危害。方法采用文献调研的方法,使用世界卫生组织的推荐的伤残调整生命年的方法,计算出2003年我国结核病的疾病负担。结果2003年我国结核病所导致的损失为833367个DALYs,即损失健康生命年为833367人年,疾病负担强度为0．6449DALYs／1000人。结论以伤残调整生命年测量出的结核病的负担比以传统指标衡量的负担要包含更丰富的信息,应逐步将DALY的测算纳入常规疾病监测体系。     

Acute and chronic Legionnaires' disease and co-existent tuberculosis: a trial of erythromycin

To assess the prevalence of Legionnaires' disease, 115 patients with 'difficult-to-treat' chest infections were screened for Legionnella pneumophila. The results were positive in 10 (37%) of 27 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 15 (22%) of 68 with a recent onset acute respiratory infection, and 7 (35%) of 20 patients with history of a chronic respiratory infection. These 32 patients were enrolled in an open therapeutic trial of erythromycin. Less severe cases (17 of 32) received erythromycin stearate orally (500 mg 4-times daily) for up to 28 days, while severe cases were treated for the first few days with intravenous erythromycin lactobionate (4 g/day). Weekly chest X-ray examinations revealed prompt resolution. Most patients had no signs and symptoms detectable after 7 days, and none persisted up to 28 days. There were no therapeutic failures and microbiological tests on Day 28 were negative for Legionella pneumophila. It is suggested that the possibility of co-existing legionellosis should be considered in all patients with difficult to treat acute and chronic chest infections, particularly in developing countries where tuberculosis is very common, and treatment instituted or supplemented with erythromycin as the drug of choice.     

肺结核误诊为间质性肺疾病4例临床观察

目的：对误诊为间质性肺疾病的肺结核患者临床、影像学及病理学特征进行分析。方法：对2007年6月～2009年12月在综合医院诊断为间质性肺疾病后经病理活检确诊为肺结核的患者资料进行分析。结果：4例患者发热3例,咳嗽4例,呼吸困难2例,盗汗1例,浅表淋巴结肿大1例,肝脾大1例;胸部CT显示多发性斑片影2例,其中＂树牙征＂1例,磨玻影2例。4例肺结核患者经抗结核治疗3～12个月,肺部病变吸收或明显吸收。结论：对发热、咳嗽及淋巴结肿大、CT表现间质性改变者应行结核病检查。     

克罗恩病与肠结核鉴别诊断评分系统的建立

目的建立克罗恩病(Crohn's disease,CD)与肠结核(intestinal tuberculosis,ITB)鉴别诊断评分系统,并评价其鉴别诊断效能。方法参照CD与ITB诊断标准,确诊CD 35例,ITB 31例。收集两组患者临床表现、结肠镜检查、实验室检查和病理组织学检查等资料,对以上资料先进行单因素分析,筛选出有统计意义的变量,再行多因素Logistic回归分析,根据回归模型中的β值建立鉴别诊断评分系统。用受试者工作特性(ROC)曲线下面积检验评分系统的鉴别诊断效能。结果 PPD试验强阳性、裂隙状溃疡、环形溃疡、鹅卵石征、非干酪性肉芽肿被纳入多因素Logistic回归模型。根据模型中各变量的β值赋予分值并建立评分系统。该评分系统ROC曲线下面积95%可信限为0.759(0.637,0.880)。结论 CD与ITB鉴别诊断评分系统对两种疾病的鉴别诊断具有较好的区分度,值得进一步研究和推广。     

鼻腔鼻窦术后鼻内窥镜检查的意义

目的 探讨鼻腔鼻窦术后鼻内窥镜检查的意义。方法 对120例各种鼻腔鼻窦术后病人，在术后1－6个月内行鼻内窦镜检查术。结果 鼻腔鼻窦术后30％病人存在鼻道粘连、鼻息肉及其他新生物残留或复发，上颌窦自然开口堵塞，新的造孔狭窄及鼻窦仍有脓性分泌物。结论 鼻腔鼻窦术后人窥镜检查有助于了解手术效果及疾病转归，尽早发现各种并发症，彻底清除病变组织。     

泡状鼻甲与鼻中隔偏曲及鼻窦炎关系的CT影像观察

目的探讨泡状鼻甲与鼻中隔偏曲、泡状鼻甲与鼻窦炎之间的关系。方法分析462例患者的鼻窦冠状位CT片,泡状鼻甲根据其出现情况分为单侧或双侧优势型泡状鼻甲组、无或双侧对称型泡状鼻甲组;鼻中隔偏曲根据凸面方向分为无偏曲、右偏曲和左偏曲。结果总计有单侧或双侧优势型泡状鼻甲患者159例(34.4%),无或双侧对称型泡状鼻甲患者303例(65.6%)。单侧或双侧优势型泡状鼻甲组中,70.4%的患者鼻中隔向对侧弯曲,73.0%的患者存在鼻窦炎;无或双侧对称型泡状鼻甲组中,55.1%的患者存在鼻中隔偏曲,69.6%的患者存在鼻窦炎;两组患者鼻中隔偏曲的出现率差异具有统计学意义,鼻窦炎的发生率差异不具有统计学意义。当存在单侧或双侧优势型泡状鼻甲时,不合并鼻中隔弯曲患者鼻窦炎的发生率明显增加。结论单侧和双侧优势型泡状鼻甲与鼻中隔向对侧偏曲密切相关,当其不合并鼻中隔与鼻窦炎的发生有关。     

慢性阻塞性肺病合并肺结核56例临床分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病（ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD ）合并肺结核的临床诊治特点。方法对我科2009年1月至2012年10月收治的COPD合并肺结核患者56例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果COPD合并肺结核患者多见于老年男性（76．8％1,且吸烟者较多。临床症状、影像学表现及辅助检查无特异性。痰抗酸杆菌检出率低（23．2％）,PPD试验阳性率低（30．4％）,结核中毒症状不明显。规范治疗后大部分患者获得好转。结论临床上COPD合并肺结核并不少见,且易造成漏诊、误诊,需引起重视。及早诊断、规范治疗是该病获得良好治疗的关键。     

鼻内镜手术治疗孤立性蝶窦病变疗效分析

目的探讨孤立性蝶窦病变微创的治疗方法。方法对16例孤立性蝶窦病变行鼻内镜下经上鼻道入路扩大蝶窦自然窦口,清除病变。结果术后病理证实,慢性炎症9例,非侵袭性霉菌性蝶窦炎3例,囊肿4例,均为孤立性蝶窦病变。16例均治愈。无术中大出血、视神经损伤和脑脊液漏等严重并发症发生。术后随访6~24个月,无一例复发。结论鼻内镜下经鼻腔入路是治疗孤立性蝶窦病变的安全有效术式。     

Problems in distinguishing tuberculosis of bowel from Crohn's disease in Asians.

The cases of five immigrants with definite or almost certain intestinal tuberculosis are described. Because of the clinical, pathological, and radiological features all were thought as some time, often for long periods, to have Crohn's disease. Recommendations are made for medical and surgical treatment.     

Intestinal perforation due to miliary tuberculosis in a patient with Behcet's disease

Gastrointestinal manifestations of both Beh?et's disease and intestinal tuberculosis include the signs and symptoms of abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, vomiting, diarrhea and palpable mass in the right lower quadrant. We report the case of a male patient with Beh?et's disease who had multiple ileal perforations due to miliary tuberculosis. It was suspected that the perforations were due to intestinal manifestation of Beh?et's disease, but the final pathology report and chest X-ray one week after surgery demonstrated the presence of miliary tuberculosis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Beh?et's disease with intestinal perforation due to miliary tuberculosis.