运动训练对大鼠脑梗死灶周突触素mRNA及生长相关蛋白mRNA水平的影响

目的研究运动训练对大鼠梗死灶周突触素mRNA和生长相关蛋白(GAP-43)mRNA的表达水平和大鼠运动功能的影响。 方法将肾性高血压后的大脑中动脉闭塞脑梗死模型大鼠100只分成训练组和对照组（n＝50）,训练组大鼠进行运动训练,对照组大鼠常规饲养。2组大鼠均于制模成功后第3,7,14天采用横木行走实验评定各亚组大鼠运动功能,在制模成功后第1,3,7,14,28天时用半定量逆转录-多聚酶链式反应法检测各组大鼠脑梗死灶周边区突触素mRNA、GAP-43 mRNA水平。 结果造模后第7,14天,2组大鼠运动功能得分与本组造模后第3天比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01); 制模后第7,14天时,训练组运动功能得分［分别为(3.2±0.3)分和（5.8±0.9)分］显著高于对照组［分别为 (1.6±0.4)分和（2.6±0.8)分］,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2组大鼠脑梗死灶周突触素mRNA和GAP-43 mRNA水平均在造模后第1,3,7天时逐渐增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。训练组突触素mRNA水平在造模后第3,7,14和28天时均高于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01); 训练组GAP-43 mRNA水平仅在造模后第3和第7天时(0.295±0.03、0.512±0.045) 高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。 结论运动训练可使大鼠脑梗死灶周突触素mRNA和GAP-43 mRNA水平增高,促进运动功能恢复。     

运动训练对脑出血大鼠出血灶周围组织突触素表达的影响

目的观察运动训练对脑出血大鼠出血灶周围组织突触素（SYP）表达的影响。 方法健康雄性SD大鼠95只，其中60只随机分为实验组（出血后运动）、对照组（出血后不运动）、假手术组（无出血、不运动），每组20只，各组又分为术后7，14，21，28 d共4个时相点。实验组大鼠于术后72 h开始跑笼训练，其余大鼠在标准笼内自由活动。剩余35只随机分为脑出血后6,12,24,48,72 h组、无出血组和正常组，每组5只，用于免疫组化检测。 结果突触素阳性细胞主要分布于血肿周围和大脑皮质的神经元。突触素阳性物表达为细胞胞浆着棕黄色，在神经细胞表面排列呈环状或半弧形，在神经纤维间排列成大小不一、不规则团块状，少数神经纤维两侧排列成线状。出血灶中心无明显突触素阳性染色。对照组6~24 h表达减少，48 h后回升，7 d后表达增加，28 d时达高峰。实验组突触素阳性细胞表达更加显著，与对照组相比，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；实验组、对照组突触素阳性细胞表达与假手术组相比，差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。 结论突触素参与了脑出血后神经可塑性的发生，运动训练可促进突触素蛋白表达，从而改善神经功能。     

电针对大鼠脑缺血后早期半暗区Caspase-3表达的影响

目的观察电针刺激对大鼠脑缺血后早期半暗带区Caspase-3表达的影响。 方法将100只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、造模组及电针组。采用手术方法将造模组及电针组大鼠制成大脑中动脉梗死模型,假手术组大鼠给予相同处理,但不梗塞大脑中动脉。分别于脑缺血后24 h,48 h及72 h时应用免疫组化法检测各组大鼠缺血侧缺血半暗带区Caspase-3阳性细胞的表达情况。 结果假手术组大鼠偶见Caspase-3阳性细胞,造模组和电针组大鼠缺血侧半暗带区在各观察时间点均可见大量Caspase-3阳性细胞,且阳性细胞数量均以脑缺血24 h时最多;造模组、电针组缺血侧半暗带区阳性细胞数量在各观察时间点均较假手术组明显增多（P<0.01）;造模组半暗带区Caspase-3阳性细胞在缺血24 h、48 h时均较电针组明显增多（P<0.05）;在缺血72 h时,发现造模组、电针组半暗带区Caspase-3阳性细胞数量间差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。 结论实验大鼠脑缺血后半暗带区Caspase-3阳性细胞表达存在时间规律性,电针刺激可有效减少Caspase-3阳性细胞数量。     

丰富康复训练对脑缺血再灌注大鼠微管相关蛋白2和突触素表达的影响

目的研究丰富康复训练能否促进大鼠脑缺血再灌注后微管相关蛋白2（MAP2）和突触素（SYN）的表达，探寻其与神经系统可塑性的联系。 方法雄性Wistar大鼠77只，体重160~200 g，随机分为缺血丰富训练组（n=36），缺血对照组（n=8），假手术丰富训练组（n=21）和假手术对照组（n=12），使用线栓模型造成右侧大脑中动脉阻断（MCAO）并再灌注，丰富训练组自术后2 d至28 d给予丰富康复训练，对照组则独居标准环境笼，不予任何训练。再灌注1 d、7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d分别进行各项行为功能测试，并用免疫组化SP法染色观测MAP2和SYN的表达。 结果训练后，28 d时Bederson评分缺血丰富训练组（0.910±0.302）优于缺血对照组（1.330±0.577），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；足失误测试中缺血丰富训练组与缺血对照组间差异始终无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05），但缺血丰富训练组恢复趋势优于缺血对照组；免疫组化结果示梗塞周边区及海马的MAP2和SYN的表达早期下降，明显低于假手术组（P<0.05），后不断恢复，缺血丰富训练组在晚期（MAP2-21 d为0.2055±0.0124，MAP2-28 d为0.2406±0.0419；SYN-28 d为0.2931±0.2407）优于缺血对照组（MAP2-21 d为0.1681±0.0124，MAP2-28 d为0.2064±0.0301；SYN-28 d为0.2407±0.0565），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论丰富康复训练可促进脑缺血再灌注大鼠MAP-2和SYN的表达，促进功能表现的改善和大脑可塑性的改变。     

针刺结合运动训练对脑梗死大鼠学习记忆功能和患侧海马CA3区微管相关蛋白-2表达的影响

目的探讨针刺结合运动训练对脑梗死大鼠患侧海马CA3区微管相关蛋白-2（MAP-2）表达的影响及其促进学习记忆功能恢复的可能机制。 方法将80只Wistar大鼠分为假手术组(8只)和手术组(72只),后者制成右侧大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型后再分为模型组、运动训练组、针刺运动训练组,每组24只,于术后第1,3,5周用免疫组化方法检测患侧海马CA3区MAP-2的表达,同时在术后第5周时进行学习记忆能力测评。 结果假手术组MAP-2阳性纤维排列整齐,分布密集。梗死后患侧海马CA3区阳性神经元及树突纤维减少。术后1周针刺运动训练组MAP-2阳性纤维稍有增多,与模型组、运动训练组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);在术后第3周、5周时MAP-2阳性表达明显增多,光密度值高于运动训练组（P<0.05）和模型组(P<0.01)。术后第5周针刺运动训练组在Y迷宫分辨学习测试中记忆力明显优于模型组(P<0.01)和运动训练组(P<0.05)。 结论针刺配合运动训练可明显促进脑梗死后患侧海马CA3区树突结构可塑性变化,且MAP-2表达增加与学习记忆功能恢复成正相关。     

电针治疗对大鼠缺血脑组织中Na(v)1.1表达的影响

目的 观察电针治疗对大鼠缺血脑组织中Na(v)1.1表达的影响,探讨电针治疗作用的可能机制。 方法180只SD大鼠采用线栓法制作脑缺血模型,分为假手术组、缺血对照组、真穴位电针组、假穴位电针组,每组45只。在缺血后6 h、1 d、2 d、3 d、7 d 5个时间点进行神经功能评分、缺血脑组织Na(v)1.1表达和脑梗死体积的检测。 结果在相同时间点,真穴位电针组神经功能评分最低、脑梗死体积最小,缺血对照组神经功能评分最高、脑梗死体积最大。假手术组大鼠脑组织中Na(v)1.1表达无变化。缺血后Na(v)1.1表达明显上调,缺血后1 d表达下调至最低;真穴位电针组下调与缺血对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。假穴位电针组下调与缺血对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P&rt;0.05)。真穴位电针组与假穴位电针组的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论电针治疗可以调控Na(v)1.1的表达,缩小脑梗死体积,促进神经功能恢复。电针治疗在缺血后的保护作用可能是通过调控Na(v)1.1的表达来实现。     

强化运动训练对脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能恢复及kalirin-7表达的影响

目的观察强化运动训练对脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能恢复和脑内kalirin-7表达的影响,并探讨强化运动训练改善脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能的可能机制。 方法取雄性Wistar大鼠45只,采用线栓法制成左侧大脑中动脉缺血再灌注（MCAO）动物模型,按随机数字表法将45只大鼠分为模型组、普通训练组、强化训练组（每组各15只）,另取15只大鼠设为假手术组。模型组和假手术组大鼠不做运动训练;普通训练组大鼠和强化训练组分别进行普通运动训练和强化运动训练。于造模成功后第3、7、14天,普通训练组和强化训练组大鼠跑台训练结束后,采用Zausinger评分对4组大鼠进行神经功能缺损评定,然后采用western blotting法检测梗死灶及其周围皮质kalirin-7蛋白的表达,最后采用RT-PCR法检测梗死灶及其周围皮质kalirin-7 mRNA的表达。 结果3组大鼠造模后各时间点的Zausinger评分均低于假手术组同时间点,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);造模成功后第7、14天,强化训练组的Zausinger评分均高于普通训练组同时间点,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组大鼠造模后各时间点的梗死灶及其周围皮质kalirin-7蛋白表达量均低于假手术组同时间点,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);造模成功后第7、14天,普通训练组和强化训练组的梗死灶及其周围皮质kalirin-7蛋白表达量明显高于模型组同时间点(P<0.05),且强化训练组的梗死灶及其周围皮质kalirin-7蛋白表达量亦显著高于普通训练组同时间点(P<0.05)。3组大鼠造模后各时间点的梗死灶及其周围皮质kalirin-7 mRNA表达量均低于假手术组同时间点,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);造模成功后第14天,普通训练组和强化训练组的梗死灶及其周围皮质kalirin-7 mRNA表达量均高于模型组同时间点(P<0.05),且强化训练组的梗死灶及其周围皮质kalirin-7 mRNA表达量亦高于普通训练组同时间点,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论强化运动训练可促进脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能恢复,增加脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠kalirin-7的表达,且效果均优于普通运动训练。     

运动训练对大鼠新生期惊厥所致认知损害和海马CaMKII表达的影响

目的探讨新生期大鼠单次长程或反复惊厥对学习、记忆能力和海马突触后致密物质CaMKII表达的影响及运动训练的干预作用。 方法生后6 d的SD大鼠36只随机分成单次长程惊厥组（SS组）、反复惊厥组（RS组）和对照组，每组12只。3组大鼠分别于生后27～31 d、58～61 d、80～82 d进行3次Morris水迷宫实验。期间于生后51～56 d对SS组和RS组进行踏转轮训练。最后制作脑组织切片观察CaMKII在海马中的表达。 结果①搜寻策略：第1次Morris水迷宫实验各组1～5 d边缘式搜寻比例均呈逐渐减少趋势，但RS组第3天～第4天边缘式搜寻比例仍明显高于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01），同时趋向式搜寻比例则均呈逐渐增加趋势，但RS组第3天～第4天趋向式搜寻比例仍明显低于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）；而第2次和第3次水迷宫实验3组间趋向式和直线式搜寻策略差异无统计学意义。②记忆实验：RS组1～3 d趋向式搜寻比例均明显低于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。③CaMK II原位杂交：各组CaMK II mRNA在海马均有明显表达，但是在齿状回RS组表达明显低于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。 结论新生期反复长程惊厥能对学习和记忆功能产生远期损害，可能与海马记忆分子CaMK II表达下调有关；而单次长程惊厥对学习记忆无明显影响。早期运动训练能明显改善反复惊厥所致的学习能力损害，但对记忆能力效果仍较差。     

运动训练在缺血性闹梗死大鼠神经干细胞移植治疗中的作用

目的探讨运动训练对缺血性脑梗死大鼠神经干细胞移植后神经功能和缺血脑区超微结构的影响。 方法建立Sprague-Dawley大鼠大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注模型，随机分为脑缺血对照组（对照组）、电动跑台训练组（运动组）、神经干细胞移植组（移植组）、神经干细胞移植联合运动训练组（联合组），每组6或10只。术后第5天将超顺磁氧化铁（SPIO）标记的神经干细胞移植到缺血侧纹状体区。术后第6天开始，运动组和联合组大鼠给予定量的电动跑台运动训练，运动训练期间对4组大鼠进行定期的神经功能评估。运动4周后处死大鼠，透射电镜观察SPIO标记的神经干细胞在宿主脑内存活迁徙以及宿主脑区超微结构变化情况。 结果与对照组比较，运动训练2周后运动组和联合组的神经功能评分，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或0.01），移植组差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。联合组可见SPIO标记的神经干细胞密度较大，迁徙也相对广泛，宿主缺血脑区超微结构优于其他各组。 结论运动训练可以促进神经干细胞移植对脑梗死大鼠的治疗作用，但其具体的机制还有待进一步研究。     

康复训练对脑梗死大鼠梗死灶周围Nogo-A表达的影响

目的研究康复训练对大鼠脑梗死灶周围白质Nogo-A表达的影响。 方法采用完全随机化方法将60只Wistar大鼠分成康复训练组和造模对照组,每组30只，应用Longa颈外动脉线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型。康复训练组大鼠每天进行滚筒、平衡木、转棒及网屏训练，时间共1 h；造模对照组置于普通笼中自由活动。每组分别于造模后3，7，14，21和28 d 5个时间点随机选取6只大鼠进行行为学评估后处死，取脑组织采用免疫组织化学方法观察每个时间点脑梗死灶周围白质Nogo-A的表达。 结果①康复训练组术后14，21和28 d行为学评分明显低于造模对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。② 2组大鼠Nogo-A阳性细胞于脑缺血7 d后开始增加，21 d达高峰;脑缺血14 d，21 d和28 d 时间点，康复训练组Nogo-A阳性细胞的表达水平明显低于造模对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论康复训练能通过减少脑梗死大鼠梗死灶周围Nogo-A的表达，减低其对神经轴突生长抑制作用，从而促进脑梗死后神经功能的恢复。     

Measurement of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines in body fluids and tissues in children and in adults

We have developed a reliable and validated radio-enzymatic method for the assay of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines, using a modification of existing methods. The sensitivity of the assay is 10 mumol/l using 10 microliters of plasma or urine. It is also suitable for measurements of carnitine in a 10 mg sample of liver or muscle obtained by percutaneous biopsy. The use of N-ethylmaleimide in the reaction mixture together with an excess of [1-14C]acetyl CoA ensures that the reaction proceeds to completion and a linear response is obtained. Using this method control ranges have been established for plasma and urine carnitine concentrations in healthy children and adults, and for the carnitine content of liver and muscle in adults. No significant difference was found between fasting and post-prandial plasma carnitine levels. An age-related increase was found in urinary total carnitine and acylcarnitine concentration throughout childhood. These data provide a reliable basis for studies of patients with abnormal carnitine and acylcarnitine metabolism, distribution and excretion.     

Rosamicin in Urethral and Vaginal Secretions and Tissues in Dogs and Rats

In animal studies we investigated the distribution of rosamicin in plasma and urethral and vaginal tissues in rats as well as in urethral and vaginal secretions in dogs. We found concentration ratios between urethral secretion and plasma of 1.9 and between vaginal secretion and plasma of 2.4. The rosamicin concentrations in urethral and vaginal tissue significantly exceeded the levels of all other tissues investigated. Because rosamicin could be valuable for the treatment of bacterial urethritis and the colonization of the vaginal introitus with fecal bacteria in women, it should be investigated clinically in this respect.     

Similarities and differences in clients treated and in medications prescribed by APRNs and psychiatrists in a CMHC

This study is part of a larger study comparing prescribing practices of psychiatrists and advanced practice psychiatric nurses (APRNs) using the following three groups of patients: patients treated by psychiatrists, those treated by APRNs, and those treated by both APRNs and psychiatrists at different times in 1 year. Demographics for 5507 patients were examined. A subsample of APRNs and psychiatrists prescribed similar total numbers of medications. Psychiatrists prescribed more types of antidepressant medications other than the SSRI antidepressants, and they prescribed more than twice the number of benzodiazepines. APRNs prescribed more SSRIs and spent more time with clients during medication visits.     

Racial differences in oxidative stress and inflammation: in vitro and in vivo

African American race is an independent risk factor for enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. We sought to examine whether oxidative-stress and inflammatory markers that are typically measured in humans also differ by race in cell culture. We compared levels between African American and Caucasian young adults and then separately in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from both races. We found heightened oxidative stress and inflammation in the African Americans both in vitro and in vivo. African American HUVECs showed higher nitric oxide (NO) levels (10.8 ± 0.4 vs. 8.8 ± 0.7 μmol/L/mg, p = 0.03), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (61.7 ± 4.2 vs. 23.9 ± 9.0 pg/mg, p = 0.02), and lower superoxide dismutase activity (15.6 ± 3.3 vs. 25.4 ± 2.8 U/mg, p = 0.04), and also higher protein expression (p < 0.05) of NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox, isoforms NOX2 and NOX4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS), inducible NOS, as well as IL-6. African American adults had higher plasma protein carbonyls (1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 0.8 ± 0.1 nmol/mg, p = 0.01) and antioxidant capacity (2.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 mM, p = 0.01). These preliminary translational data demonstrate a racial difference in HUVECs much like that in humans, but should be interpreted with caution given its preliminary nature. It is known that racial differences exist in how humans respond to development and progression of disease, therefore these data suggest that ethnicity of cell model may be important to consider with in vitro clinical research.     

Postural strategies and falls in elderly and in parkinsonism]

OBJECTIVE: To use a posture analysis to show the evolution of postural pattern connected with falls.MATERIAL AND METHOD: It is a prospective study on two groups of 16 persons of more than 60 years. A group concerns 16 small disability off drug parkinsonian patients, a group concerns 16 healthy witnesses. All the persons benefited from a posture recording by means of a force platform and were followed during 1 year. RESULTS: Data analysis underlines three groups of persons corresponding to three postural patterns, independently of the presence of Parkinson disease. A group (n = 18) did not contain fallers, the second (n = 10 ) contained 20% of fallers, the third (n = 4) contained 100% of fallers. Differences between the groups were identified on 16 posturographic parameters. DISCUSSION: A group has a good functional value and one does not record any fall. Its characteristics, which correspond to a category of persons who compensate well for the phenomena of ageing, are found in the literature. A group has an intermediate functional value and regrets 20% of fallers. Kinetic profile reveals a tendency to the stiffness of the posture. This group is going to operate rather ankle strategies. A group has an inferior functional value and regrets 100% of fallers. Kinetic profile seems disrupted and not to be able to adapt itself in a satisfactory way to the situation otherwise than by stereotypical reactions. This group is going to operate systematically much less stabilizing hip strategies. CONCLUSION: A close determinism between physiological neuromotor ageing and Parkinson disease does exist. We showed with a prospective follow-up, the arisen of fall and showed the evolution of postural patterns related to fall. It appears as well that evolution mainly follows three stages leading from a small risk of fall gait pattern to a major risk of fall gait pattern.