老年患者人工机械瓣膜置换术后再次换瓣手术160例

人工机械瓣膜置换术后再次换瓣手术常见病因为二尖瓣置换后再狭窄或主动脉瓣形成术后病变、生物瓣衰败和瓣周漏等,另外也可能发生人工机械瓣膜功能障碍或矫治后三尖瓣关闭不全〔1〕。部分患者还会发生复发性心脏瓣膜钙化、蜷缩或畸形等〔2〕。本文拟分析人工机械瓣膜置换术后再次换瓣手术患者临床手术及危险因素。     

以心衰为主要表现的慢性人工机械瓣功能障碍一例

人造瓣膜功能障碍为心脏瓣膜置换术中较为严重的一种并发症。Vitale等报道,机械瓣置换术后14年内机械瓣功能障碍的发生率为4．63％（87／1878）。以下介绍1例以发热、咳嗽伴胸闷为首发表现,临床易误诊的慢性机械瓣功能障碍病例。     

心脏瓣膜置换术后再次手术52例治疗体会

人工瓣膜置换术后可出现机械瓣膜急性功能障碍、人工瓣膜心内膜炎、人工瓣膜瓣周漏及生物瓣衰败等严重并发症,此时再次换瓣是挽救患者生命的惟一治疗方法.1988年7月至2005年4月,我们共施行再次心脏瓣膜替换术52例,取得了满意效果.现报告如下.     

人工机械瓣功能障碍的原因及治疗

目的 探讨人工机械瓣功能障碍的原因及治疗方法,总结治疗经验.方法 2001年11月至2013年12月,我科共完成人工机械瓣膜置换术614例,有5例患者因机械瓣功能障碍再次住院,发生率0.81％,其中3例患者接受再次瓣膜置换术,2例患者要求保守治疗.5例患者均为女性,年龄35～48岁（中位数42岁）.手术在全麻低温体外循环下进行.3例患者手术方式为二尖瓣置换术＋三尖瓣成形术,2例要求保守治疗的患者经静脉持续泵人替罗非班12.5 mg/d及口服沙格雷酯治疗.手术或保守治疗后1周复查心脏彩超评估.结果 5例患者机械瓣功能障碍的原因均为未正规服用华法林抗凝导致瓣膜血栓形成.1例保守治疗患者死亡,1例保守治疗患者好转出院,3例接受手术患者痊愈出院.死亡患者死因为心功能衰竭,4例存活患者无严重并发症.结论 人工机械瓣功能障碍是机械瓣置换术后严重并发症之一.机械瓣功能障碍的原因多为瓣膜血栓形成,诊断明确后应积极治疗,手术治疗效果明确。     

瓣膜组织工程构建的研究进展

瓣膜病是常见病和多发病,主要治疗手段为瓣膜置换术.目前临床上应用的人造心脏瓣膜主要有机械瓣、生物瓣(包括同种瓣),但这些瓣膜均无生长性.     

人工机械瓣膜急性功能障碍(附6例报告)

1986年以来,我院为350例患者行心脏瓣膜置换术,术后发生机械瓣膜急性功能障碍6例,均经再次手术或尸解证实。现总结分析如下。1 临床资料 本组男4例,女2例;年龄23～53岁(平均37岁)。行二尖瓣置换术5例,二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换术1例。瓣膜功能障碍距首次手术时间为10分钟至13个月。临床主要表现为突然室颤,其中心脏骤停2例,急性左心衰及机械瓣金属音消失3例,另1例表现为低血压、桡动脉平均压波动范围较大。瓣膜急性功能障碍的原因为人工瓣叶破裂造成卡瓣2例,瓣柱断裂造成卡瓣1例,血栓形成堵塞瓣口、残留细腱索卡瓣及左心室后壁钙化斑块影响瓣叶开放各1例。再次手术时重新置换机械瓣或生物瓣各2例,调整瓣叶开口方向1例,另1例为双瓣置换术后,怀疑低血钾心脏骤停,心脏复苏后并行机诫转流3小     

人工机械瓣功能障碍的超声诊断

目的　评价人工机械瓣功能障碍彩色多普勒超声心动图的诊断价值。方法　使用 Sequoia2 5 6、HP5 5 0 0、ATL超 9彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检查 42例 (4 4个人工瓣 )术后重复出现临床症状的病人 ,并与手术结果进行比较。结果超声诊断瓣膜梗阻 12个 ,瓣周漏 16个 ,瓣内漏 16个 ,与手术相符率为 :人工瓣膜梗阻为 10 0 %,瓣周漏为 81%,瓣内漏为 87%。引起功能障碍原因有血栓、赘生物、缝线撕脱、碟片磨损。结论　超声诊断人工机械瓣功能障碍准确性高 ,是临床上评价人工机械瓣功能障碍的最重要检查方法。     

血栓致人工瓣膜急性功能障碍的外科治疗

目的 :研究血栓致人工机械瓣膜急性功能障碍的治疗。方法 :分析与总结心脏机械瓣膜置换术后 ,因血栓形成致人工机械瓣膜急性功能障碍再次手术的效果。结果 :在 730例行机械瓣膜置换术的患者中 ,8例患者因血栓致人工机械瓣膜急性功能障碍 ,均行瓣膜置换术 ,死亡 1例 ,与手术操作有关。余均痊愈出院。结论 :心脏机械瓣膜急性功能障碍的患者 ,手术应宜早宜快 ,操作应仔细。加强抗凝是关键。     

术中经食管超声心动图对心脏瓣膜置换术后即刻人工瓣膜功能异常的诊断价值

目的:探讨术中经食管超声心动图对心脏瓣膜置换术后即刻人工瓣膜功能异常的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2011年4月至2016年9月我院心脏瓣膜置换术后即刻急性人工瓣膜功能异常患者11例资料,总结术中经食管超声心动图结果,并与手术结果进行对照分析。结果:11例患者中,机械瓣置换术8例,生物瓣置换术3例。术中经食管超声心动图显示,瓣膜功能异常包括人工瓣膜梗阻(7例)及瓣膜关闭不全(4例)。术中经手术证实,人工瓣膜梗阻原因包括:残留血栓、残留腱索、保留二尖瓣后叶、主动脉瓣下隔膜、机械瓣离体瓣叶开放受限;人工瓣膜关闭不全原因包括:生物瓣瓣叶脱垂、缝线勒住生物瓣瓣脚及瓣膜内源性因素。11例患者再次接受手术,其中6例更换新的人工瓣膜,其余5例去除梗阻原因,所有患者均未再次出现人工瓣膜功能异常,住院期间无患者死亡。结论:经食管超声心动图可及时确认心脏瓣膜置换术后即刻人工瓣膜功能异常,协助判别内源性因素并指导外科补救。     

急性主动脉机械瓣卡瓣引起胸痛两例分析

急性机械瓣膜功能障碍是人工心脏瓣膜置换术后致命性的并发症,尤其是已经出院的迟发性患者多因来不及抢救而在短时间内死亡.本文报告2例我院救治的急性机械瓣膜功能障碍的病例,旨在探讨该病的诊断与治疗.     

Prävention und Management von Fehlfunktionen von Herzklappenprothesen

The ideal heart valve prosthesis has not been developed. The today available mechanical and biological prostheses are far from perfect concerning thrombogenesis, mechanical durability and hemodynamic performance. Failure of an implanted valve is possible due to inadequate indication, inadequate surgical technique and inadequate medical follow-up. The patient with a heart valve prosthesis must be seen as a livelong challenge for the cooperation between cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. This article describes the main causes of prosthetic heart valve dysfunction and the surgical treatment, including structural dysfunction, thrombosis, paravalvular leakage, tissue ingrowth and prosthetic valve endocarditis.     

人工心脏瓣膜失功12例分析

我院自１９８４年１月至１９９３年１２月共行心脏瓣膜置换术６３２例，其中１２例因人工心脏瓣膜失功而进行再次人工心脏瓣膜置换术。失功的主要原因为人工生物瓣衰败和人工机械瓣卡瓣。术后早期死亡５例，死亡原因为术后低心排出量综合征、多脏器功能衰竭和严重感染。     

Doppler echocardiography in dysfunctions of valvular prostheses: diagnostic and quantitative significance. Apropos of 20 cases

We present a retrospective study of 20 patients with cardiac valve prosthetic dysfunction who required reoperation and underwent pre-operative doppler echocardiography. There were 13 cases of mitral valve prosthesis (3 mechanical, 10 xenografts), 5 cases of aortic valve prosthesis (1 mechanical, 4 xenografts), 1 pulmonary valve bioprosthesis and 1 tricuspid valve mechanical prosthesis. Our purpose was to evaluate the diagnostic and quantitative value of this examination in prosthetic dysfunction by comparing doppler data with anatomical findings at surgery. The parameters measured were peak and mean pressure gradients in all cases, gradient half-decrease time and valve surface calculated therefrom in mitral and tricuspid valve prostheses. The results of doppler examination were compared with per-operative anatomical findings in 6 cases, and pre-operative haemodynamic exploration was performed in one case. The diagnosis of prosthetic stenosis was found to be correct in all patients, even in those with moderate stenosis. All leaks and their locations were diagnosed, except in a mitral valve mechanical prosthesis where leaking was detected by continuous doppler. 14 out of the 20 patients were reoperated upon without catheterization. These results suggest that doppler examination is a sensitive and specific method for evaluating cardiac valve dysfunction. However, variations in doppler results from one prosthesis to another make it necessary to perform pulsed and continuous doppler at the end of the operation to be used as reference if dysfunction is suspected subsequently.     

Acute prosthetic valve thrombosis in a patient with neoplastic disease--difficulties with anticoagulation therapy

A case of a 50-year-old woman with prosthetic mitral valve complicated by severe thrombosis as an effect of incorrect anticoagulation treatment during rectal cancer biopsy, is presented. During echocardiographic evaluation a dysfunction prosthetic mitral valve with extremely high maximal mitral gradient (50.2 mmHg) was found. The patient was qualified for surgical intervention and mechanical prosthetic mitral valve was replaced by a biological one. This report underlines the difficulties in the anticoagulation therapy in patients with prosthetic heart valves.     

Doppler echocardiography in prosthetic valve dysfunction

Summary We performed a retrospective study of 20 cases of prosthetic valve dysfunction which required reoperation and in which preoperative Doppler studies were performed. There were 13 mitral (3 mechanical, 10 bioprostheses) 5 aortic (1 mechanical and 4 bioprostheses), 1 pulmonary bioprosthesis and 1 mechanical tricuspid valve dysfunction. The aim of the study was to establish the diagnostic value of the Doppler examination by comparing the results with the operative findings. The parameters measured were: peak pressure gradient and mean pressure gradients in all prostheses, together with pressure half times and functional surface area in mitral and tricuspid valve prostheses. Cardiac catheterisation was performed in 6 cases before surgery. The diagnosis of prosthetic valve obstruction was correctly made, even in the 1 case with moderate stenosis. All cases of regurgitation were diagnosed and the topographical location of the leak was identified, except in 1 mechanical mitral valve prosthesis in which the regurgitant jet was detected only by continuous wave Doppler. Fourteen of the 20 cases were reoperated upon without catheterisation. These results suggest that Doppler echocardiography is a sensitive and specific diagnostic method of assessing prosthetic valve dysfunction. However, as the Doppler parameters are variable from one prosthesis to another, it is important to perform pulsed and continuous wave Doppler baseline studies in the immediate postoperative period as a reference in case of suspected valve dysfunction at a later stage.     

Warfarin and herbal products interaction causing prosthetic aortic valve thrombosis presenting as acute myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) due to coronary artery embolization is a rare and potentially lethal complication of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. A 58-year-old man in whom the aortic valve was replaced with a bileaflet mechanical valve presented with an acute anterior MI. Valvular dysfunction was detected by physical examination, and confirmed by two-dimensional echocardiography and cinefluoroscopy. Coronary angiography disclosed embolization of the left anterior descending artery. Thrombotic encroachment of one of the prosthetic valve leaflets was found at reoperation. Failure to achieve adequate anticoagulation was likely due to an interaction between warfarin and herbal products. These findings have significant implications regarding the diagnosis and treatment of acute MI in patients with left-sided prosthetic heart valves, and emphasizes the importance of appropriate anticoagulation in this setting.     

Um caso raro de dois mecanismos de disfunção protésica no mesmo doente

Prosthetic valve dysfunction is a significant clinical event. Determining its etiological mechanism and severity can be difficult. The authors present the case of a 50-year-old man, with two mechanical valve prostheses in aortic and mitral positions, hospitalized for decompensated heart failure. He had a long history of rheumatic multivalvular disease and had undergone three heart surgeries. On admission, investigation led to a diagnosis of severe dysfunction of both mechanical prostheses with different etiologies and mechanisms: pannus formation in the prosthetic aortic valve and intermittent dysfunction of the mitral prosthesis due to interference of a ruptured chorda tendinea in closure of the disks. The patient was reoperated, leading to significant improvement in functional class.     

Prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis,malfunction, and paroxysmal mitral regurgitation

Intermittent dysfunction of mechanical mitral valve prosthesis is an uncommon condition. It carries serious clinical implications if unrecognized. Here, we present a case of a 28‐year‐old female with a history of rheumatic multivalvular disease, for which she had undergone double valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplasty. Six months later, she presented with heart failure. Clinical examination revealed intermittent loss of closing clicks followed by a pansystolic murmur at the apex, suggestive of mitral prosthetic valve dysfunction. We highlight the echocardiographic findings of paroxysmal mitral valvular regurgitation secondary to prosthetic valve malfunction secondary to prosthetic valve thrombosis.     

Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Coxiella burnetii: six cases]

PURPOSE: Prosthetic valve endocarditis is a dangerous complication of valvular surgery (3-6%). Among involved pathogens, Coxiella burnetii is an occasional agent, though isolated with increasing frequency. We report our experience with this peculiar endocarditis and lay stress on specific diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. METHODS: Between 1990 and 1995, six patients retrospectively met the diagnosis criteria for definite endocarditis due to Coxiella burnetii. RESULTS: Five Algerian men and one French woman presented with prosthetic valve endocarditis with negative blood cultures (on bioprosthesis: four cases, on mechanical valve: two cases). The main clinical and biological feature was febrile congestive heart failure with hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatic and renal abnormalities, inflammatory syndrome, hypergammaglobulinemia, anemia and lymphopenia. Serological testing for Coxiella burnetii provided diagnosis in all cases. Echocardiography displayed vegetations in all cases. Valvular replacement was performed in four patients. With antibiotic therapy including doxycycline or/and hydroxychloroquine, quinolones or rifampicine, all patients experienced complete clinical, biological and echographic remission. CONCLUSION: Q fever prosthetic valve endocarditis presents as a systemic disorder occurring in patients with valvular heart disease. From now on, early diagnosis and efficient medical treatment may provide permanent prosthetic sterilization.