The etiology and clinical characteristics of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients hospitalized for comorbid illnesses

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To determine whether there are different causes of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding and different clinical courses in patients (a) with comorbid illnesses vs. (b) patients with only severe hematochezia. METHODOLOGY: From January 2001 to December 2003, 107 hospitalized patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding were evaluated by urgent colonoscopy. Our analyses compared the etiology and clinical characteristics of bleeding in patients with (group A) and without (group B) one or more comorbid illnesses. RESULTS: Group A patients tended to have longer hospital stays, more severe anemic conditions, and more transfusion requirements. The overall mortality rate was 29.5% in group A and 4.3% in group B (p < 0.05). Bleeding-related mortality was not significantly different between groups. Colitis, rectal ulcer, and angiodysplasia were the leading causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in group A. Rectal ulcer was a more common cause of bleeding in group A (16.4%) than in group B (2.1%) (p < 0.05), and it resulted in longer hospital stays and more severe anemia and leukocytosis compared to patients with other causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding that starts after hospitalization for other comorbid illnesses have distinctive etiologies and clinical characteristics compared with ordinary patients admitted to the hospital with only bleeding. Rectal ulcer is an important but obscure cause of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients with significant comorbid diseases.     

Life-threatening acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Crohn's disease]

OBJECTIVE: We aimed at evaluating the frequency of acute severe bleeding in CD and its potential association to some risk factors, including clinical features of CD, environmental factors, and genetic alterations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 174 consecutive patients with CD (103 female (59%) and 71 men (41%), with a mean age of 37 years) were included. We analyzed all major acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage related to CD. Potential risk factors like smoking, site of disease, and presence of gene mutations in CARD15, TLR-4, and CD14 were also analyzed. RESULTS: Three patients (1.7%) suffered from severe acute lower GI bleeding. All patients required surgery to resolve their hemorrhage, and this indication represented 3.4% of all surgical procedures related to CD. All three patients were young ( < 25 years) and suffered ileal CD with inflammatory pattern (L1-B1 in the Vienna Classification). No relationship was found between acute bleeding and any of the potential risk factors evaluated. CONCLUSIONS:Acute severe GI bleeding is a rare, but severe complication in CD patients, and presents mainly in patients with inflammatory ileal disease. An association of endoscopy and arteriography is necessary for diagnosis. Urgent surgery is usually required in these patients.     

The etiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis

108 patients suffering from the cirrhosis of the liver and acute bleeding into the upper digestive tract underwent a prospective endoscopic examination with diagnostic and therapeutic objectives. The most frequent causes of acute bleeding included oesophagus varices (57.4%) followed by peptic gastric ulcer (13.9%) and peptic ulcer of duodenum (11.1%), then portal hypertension gastropathy (5.6%), gastric varices (4.6%), reflux oesophagitis (2.8%), Mallory-Weiss syndrom (2.8%) and erosive gastropathy (0.9%). The endoscopy of the upper digestive tract in one patient resulted in negative diagnosis. 69% of examinations showed multiple findings in the upper digestive tract, each of which could have been a potential cause of bleeding. To determine the source of bleeding the specialist's attitude presented at the end of the endoscopic examination was taken into consideration. In 67.6% of patients the bleeding was a direct consequence of portal hypertension, in 62% it was caused by varices. The emphasis is put on early and thorough endoscopic examinations aimed at proper diagnosis and therapy.     

老年心肌梗死伴消化道出血患者临床特点的研究

目的 分析老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)伴消化道出血患者的临床特点及预后.方法 325例确诊为AMI的老年患者分为对照组(304例)、AMI后消化道出血组(14例)和消化道出血后AMI组(7例),分析老年AMI伴消化道出血患者的临床特点和1年心血管死亡和因再发心绞痛、非致死性AMI、心力衰竭和脑卒中而住院的复合终点结果.结果 (1)AMI后消化道出血组的估测肾小球滤过率(eGFR)低于对照组,分别为(61.9±27.3)ml·min-·1.73 m-2与(77.3±27.9)ml·min-1·1.73 m2,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),多因素回归分析结果显示,eGFR降低对老年AMI患者发生消化道出血的相对危险为0.980(95％CI为0.960～0.999,P＜0.05);(2)消化道出血后AMI组抗血小板、抗凝治疗的比例和AMI后消化道出血组阿司匹林使用的比例均低于对照组(P均＜0.05),消化道出血后AMI组的血红蛋白低于AMI后消化道出血组,分别为(74±14)g/L与(111±25)g/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),接受输血治疗的比例高于AMI后消化道出血组,分别为85.7％(6例)与28.6％(4例),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);消化道出血后AMI组介入或溶栓治疗的比例显著低于对照组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);(3)AMI后消化道出血组的1年心血管死亡和因再发心绞痛、非致死性AMI、心力衰竭和脑卒中而住院的复合终点高于对照组,分别为42.9％(6/14)与17.8％(54/304),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 eGFR降低是老年AMI患者发生消化道出血重要的预测因素.老年AMI患者伴发消化道出血常使抗血小板、抗凝和冠状动脉再通治疗困难,且多预后不良.     

Changes in aetiology and clinical outcome of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding during the last 15 years

OBJECTIVES: The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding have been improved during the last decades. The aim of this study was to compare the aetiology and clinical outcome of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) between two distinct periods during the last 15 years. METHODS: The causes of AUGIB and clinical outcome of 668 patients hospitalised with the problem in 1986-1987 were compared to 636 patients with AUGIB in 2000-2001. Patients were admitted to our hospital or they bled while they were inpatients for other reasons. No patient was excluded because of age or concurrent diseases. Endoscopic haemostasis with adrenaline injection for bleeding peptic ulcers was performed in the second period while no endoscopic method of haemostasis was performed in the first period. RESULTS: We observed an increase in the age of patients (56.5 +/- 16.9 vs 62.9 +/- 17.5 years, P < 0.0001) and the percentage of patients who received non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) before bleeding (from 44% to 63.5%, P < 0.0001). An increase in the diagnosis rate of gastric ulcer (12% vs 19.2%, P = 0.005) and varices (13.2% vs 3.3%, P < 0.001) with a simultaneous decrease in that of erosive gastroduodenitis (18.4% vs 7.2%, P < 0.0001) and duodenal ulcer (48.7% vs 33.3%, P < 0.0001) as a cause of bleeding was also observed. In peptic ulcer bleeding, emergency surgical haemostasis was reduced from 14% to 5.3%, P < 0.001. Overall mortality was also reduced from 5.2% to 3.1% and in peptic ulcer bleeding patients from 3.3% to 2.4%, respectively, but the differences are not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The aetiology of AUGIB has changed during the last 15 years probably due to the better therapeutic approach to chronic duodenal ulcers and increasing use of NSAIDs in the elderly. Emergency surgical haemostasis has been reduced but the reduction of mortality was not significant.     

老年急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血临床特点分析

目的总结分析急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血≥75岁老年患者的临床特点,以便进一步了解该类患者的特殊性,为更好的临床诊治提供参考。方法回顾性分析165例于2006～2007年收住消化内科的非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者的临床病历资料,其中老年组（≥75岁）96例,非老年组（〈60岁）59例,详细记录其临床表现、实验室检查、内镜下表现及伴随的其他系统疾病,并进行对比和分类分析。结果老年组与非老年组急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的首要原因均为溃疡病,老年组胃溃疡发病率（20.8%）高于非老年组（8.5%）（P〈0.05）,而非老年组十二指肠球部溃疡（57.6%）及复合性溃疡（15.3%）发病率高于老年组（39.6%及5.2%）（P〈0.05）,老年组急性糜烂出血性胃炎发病率（13.5%）明显高于非老年组（3.4%）（P〈0.05）,老年组有上腹痛和（或）上腹部压痛者（49%）低于非老年组（66.1%）（P〈0.05）。与非老年组比较,老年组伴随的其他系统疾病明显增高（P〈0.01）;应用阿司匹林/非甾体类抗炎药（NSAIDs）明显增多（P〈0.01）;血尿素氮数值明显增高（P〈0.01）;住院时间明显延长（P〈0.05）。2组幽门螺杆菌感染情况比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论≥75岁老年患者非静脉曲张性上消化道出血病情较非老年组重,住院时间长,治疗也较为复杂。对于老年组急诊内镜下诊治可以明确诊断,并可同时进行镜下止血治疗。     

消化道出血的病因分析

目的分析消化道出血的原因,更好地指导临床诊治。方法分析127例消化道出血患者的病例资料,对其病因进行分析总结。结果 78例(61.4%)位于上消化道;49例(38.6%)位于下消化道;上消化道出血的最常见原因是消化性溃疡,占48.7%,其次是急性胃黏膜病变(16.7%)和食管胃底静脉曲张破裂(12.8%);下消化道出血的主要原因是肿瘤和炎症性病变,分别占55.1%和16.3%。结论消化道出血的部位以上消化道多见,上消化道出血原因以消化性溃疡占首位,而下消化道出血则以肿瘤多见。     

Incidence and etiology of acute non-malignant upper gastrointestinal bleeding in northern Greece

AIM: To evaluate the incidence and etiology of acute non-malignant upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANMUGIB) in northern Greece due to increased use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including low-dose aspirin (L-A), exposure and geographical variability of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) seroprevalence. METHODS: A retrospective study of 110 patients admitted for hematemesis or melena during a 6-month period. All patients had undergone a gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy during hospitalization. The presence of Hp was identified by biopsies and a (13)C-urea breath test in the case of Hp(-) biopsy bleeding peptic ulcer (BPU). The activity of ANMUGIB was assessed according to Forrest's classification. Statistical analysis was made by the chi(2)-test and Yates' correction. RESULTS: Most patients were in the two medium age groups with no significant difference between them (P < 0.001). NSAID or L-A (100 mg/day) use was reported in 42.73% of patients in a ratio 1:1 (P > 0.1) and Hp infection was found in 29.09% of patients. BPU, with approximately two-thirds in the bulb, erosions and varices were the most frequent sources. Hp infection was found in 60.65% of BPU, 65.57% were related to NSAIDs or L-A and 8.19% were non-Hp non-NSAID/L-A BPU. Flat spots were most commonly found with a significant difference (P < 0.001) to other stigmata of recent bleeding, except for clean base. CONCLUSIONS: In northern Greece, persons aged over 40 years are prone to ANMUGIB with a non-significant relationship to males. Hp infection and medication use, such as NSAIDS and L-A, are deeply involved in its etiology. Non-Hp non-NSAID/L-A BPU are a small proportion. ANMUGIB seems to have a generally good prognosis.     

Clinical characteristics of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a tertiary referral center]

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is still responsible for significant morbidity in spite of various therapeutic advances. The aims of this study were to evaluate the success rate in managing UGIB and predicting factors that affected clinical courses. METHODS: From August 2003 to April 2005, medical data (registered in a standard database categories) of 318 patients who underwent endoscopic examination to evaluate UGIB were analyzed. Early and final treatment success rates were evaluated on the next day and 14 days after the initial endoscopic procedures respectively (or the day of discharge). RESULTS: Main causes of UGIB were peptic ulcer (50.9%), varices (28.3%), Mallory-Weiss syndrome (10.3%). Endoscopic treatments were tried in 200 patients (63.0%). Number of patients who underwent operation and deaths were 4 (1.3%) and 13 (4.1%), respectively. Early and final success rates were 86.2% and 94.0%. Independent prognostic factors related with early success rates were volume of transfusion (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.72-0.89, p<0.001) and bleeding during the ventilator care (OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.01-0.31, p<0.001), whereas those factors related with final success rates were volume of transfusion (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.69-0.90, p<0.001), bleeding during the stay in intensive care unit (ICU) (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.13-0.49, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early and final success rates of bleeding control were 86.2% and 94.0% in acute UGIB. Volume of transfusion, bleeding during ICU state or ventilator state were important predictive factors of the treatment failure.     

急性冠脉综合征胃肠出血危险因素的研究

目的:探索急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者发生胃肠出血的主要危险因素。方法:回顾性分析我院2003年～2011年诊断为ACS的3 642例患者的临床资料,根据是否发生胃肠道出血分为胃肠道出血组(90例)和无胃肠道出血组(3 552例),比较两组临床资料,并分析其胃肠出血的危险因素。结果:胃肠出血者死亡率较无胃肠出血者明显升高(33.7%比4.6%,P<0.001)。与无胃肠出血者比较,胃肠出血组年龄明显偏高[(62.4±13.5)岁比(68.2±12.3)岁],女性患者较多(41.8%比57.8%),胃肠疾病史、心脏停搏、肾功能不全、PCI术、心力衰竭、糖尿病、高血压病、合用替罗非班比率明显升高(P<0.05～0.01),肌钙蛋白T峰值明显升高[(82±146)ng/ml比(139±168)ng/ml,P<0.01]。多元Logistic回归分析显示,胃肠道出血的危险因素为:年龄,女性,胃肠疾病史,肌钙蛋白T峰值,心脏停搏,肾功能不全,PCI术,心力衰竭(OR=1.01～3.18,P均<0.01)。结论:ACS患者发生胃肠出血的主要危险因素是:年龄>65岁,女性,PCI术,心脏停搏,肾功能不全,胃肠疾病史,肌钙蛋白T峰值,心力衰竭。ACS患者合并胃肠出血的患者住院死亡率明显增加,需要重视其预防和治疗。     

Long-term outcome in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after negative capsule endoscopy

AIM:To investigate long-term outcome in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding(OGIB) after negative capsule endoscopy(CE) and identify risk factors for rebleeding.METHODS:A total of 113 consecutive patients underwent CE for OGIB from May 2003 to June 2010 at Seoul National University Hospital.Ninety-five patients(84.1%) with a subsequent follow-up after CE of at least 6 mo were enrolled in this study.Follow-up data were obtained from the patients’ medical records.The CE images were reviewed by two board-certified gastroenterologists and consensus diagnosis was used in all cases.The primary outcome measure was the detection of rebleeding after CE,and factors associated with rebleeding were evaluated using multivariate analysis.RESULTS:Of the 95 enrolled patients(median age 61 years,range 17-85 years),62 patients(65.3%) were male.The median duration of follow-up was 23.7 mo(range 6.0-89.4 mo).Seventy-three patients(76.8%) underwent CE for obscure-overt bleeding.Complete examination of the small bowel was achieved in 77 cases(81.1%).Significant lesions were found in 38 patients(40.0%).The overall rebleeding rate was 28.4%.The rebleeding rate was higher in patients with positive CE(36.8%) than in those with negative CE(22.8%).However,there was no significant difference in cumulative rebleeding rates between the two groups(log rank test;P = 0.205).Anticoagulation after CE examination was an independent risk factor for rebleeding(hazard ratio,5.019;95%CI,1.560-16.145;P = 0.007),regardless of CE results.CONCLUSION:Patients with OGIB and negative CE have a potential risk of rebleeding.Therefore,close observation is required and alternative modalities should be considered in suspicious cases.     

Prevalence of mid-gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with acute overt gastrointestinal bleeding: multi-center experience with 1,044 consecutive patients

Background  Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) enable the detection of small intestinal lesions. Aim  To examine causes of acute overt gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and the prevalence of mid-GI bleeding, defined as small intestinal bleeding from the ampulla of Vater to the terminal ileum, in a multi-center experience in Japan in the VCE/DBE era. Methods  Data were collected retrospectively from consecutive patients with acute overt GI bleeding in ten participating hospitals. All patients were examined by esophagogastroduodenoscopy and/or colonoscopy. When the source of bleeding was not identified after these procedures, patients suspected to have mid-GI bleeding were referred to our hospital and VCE/DBE was performed to determine the source of bleeding. Results  Of the 1044 patients with acute overt GI bleeding, 524 (50.2%) patients were diagnosed with upper GI bleeding, 442 (42.3%) with lower GI bleeding, and 13 (1.2%) with mid-GI bleeding. Gastric ulcer was the most common cause of bleeding (20.4%). Among cases of mid-GI bleeding, ulcers were found in 4 (30.8%) patients, erosions in 3 (23.1%), angiodysplasia in 3 (23.1%), submucosal tumor in 2 (15.4%), and hemangioma in one (7.7%). Seven lesions were located in the jejunum, 5 in the ileum, and one in both the jejunum and ileum. Analysis of age-related cause showed that the prevalence of mid-GI bleeding among younger patients under 40 years of age was higher (5%) than in other age groups (1–2%). Conclusion  mid-GI bleeding is rare among Japanese patients with acute overt GI bleeding.     

Predictors and outcomes associated with gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes

Background Potent antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents along with early revascularization are increasingly used in patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). An important complication associated with these therapies is gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB); yet, the predictors, optimal management, and outcomes associated with GIB in ACS patients are poorly studied. Methods We investigated the incidence, predictors, pathological findings, and clinical outcomes associated with GIB in patients with ACS hospitalized at a United States tertiary center between 1996 and 2001. Results Three percent (80/3,045) of ACS patients developed clinically significant GIB. Predictors of GIB were older age, female gender, non-smoking status, peak troponin I, and prior heart failure, diabetes, or hypertension. Patients with GIB were more critically ill with lower blood pressure and higher heart rates. GIB was associated with an increased need for transfusion, mechanical ventilation, and inotropes/pressors. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in ACS patients with versus without GIB (36% vs. 5%, P < 0.001). Thirty patients (38%) with GIB underwent endoscopy with no procedural complications of death, arrhythmia, urgent ischemia, or hemodynamic deterioration. Conclusion In patients with ACS, GIB is associated with older age, female sex, peak troponin I, non-smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure. Hospital mortality is increased eightfold when ACS patients experience GIB. More studies are needed to establish the safety of and optimal timing of endoscopy in these patients.     

急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血诊治指南(2009,杭州)

一、定义 急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding,ANVUGIB)系指屈氏韧带以上消化道非静脉曲张性疾患引起的出血,包括胰管或胆管的出血和胃空肠吻合术后吻合口附近疾患引起的出血,年发病率为50/10万～150/10万,病死率为6%～10%~([1-2]).