早产儿和足月儿脑性瘫痪的临床特征

目的探讨早产儿和足月儿脑性瘫痪(CP)的临床特征,确定脑损伤的病因与时间,为病因预防提供依据。方法回顾性分析2005年9月-2007年8月在安徽医科大学第一附属医院小儿神经康复中心住院的267例CP患儿的围生期脑损伤高危因素、临床特点、头颅CT和MRI表现。早产儿组102例。28周≤胎龄<37周;出生体质量1000～4000g,平均2228.82g。足月儿组165例。37周≤胎龄<42周;出生体质量2100～4600g,平均3250.18g。计量资料采用频数分布及中位数,计数资料采用频数分布、百分构成比及χ2检验进行描述与分析。结果早产儿组痉挛型双瘫高于足月儿组(χ2=7.93P<0.01),足月儿组偏瘫型(χ2=8.17P<0.01)和共济失调型(χ2=4.21P<0.05)高于早产儿组。高危因素主要顺位依次为窒息、低出生体质量、黄疸、颅内出血和双胎。早产儿组并2种以上高危因素,病理性黄疸,双胎,低出生体质量的情况较多;而足月儿组并窒息、颅内出血较多。早产儿组癫高于足月儿组(χ2=10.37P<0.01)。除癫癎外,早产儿和足月儿并发症的差异均无显著性意义(Pa>0.05)。头颅影像学方面早产儿组CP集中表现为脑室周围白质软化,足月儿CP影像学异常分布范围较广。结论早产儿和足月儿在CP类型构成、高危因素、并发症和头颅影像学方面均有差异。对早产儿早期随访、早期干预,有利于CP的早期诊断和治疗。     

Severe Hypocarbia in Preterm Infants and Neurodevelopmental Deficit

ABSTRACT. We report significant neurological abnormality at 18 months of age in 3 of 7 very low birth weight infants (≤ 1500 g), who during mechanical ventilation inadvertently became severely hypocarbic (arterial carbondioxide tension less than 2.0 kPa (15 mmHg)) at some time during the first 24 h of life. Although the number is small the outcome was significantly worse than the outcome in two fairly similar groups of infants selected as controls ( p =0.026). The infants in one of the control groups were also mechanically ventilated but remained normocapnic. Germinal layer haemorrhage (GLH) was more frequent among these infants compared with the severely hypocarbic infants ( p =0.022). The infants in the other control group was not mechanically ventilated. In all the severely hypocarbic infants the Bayley mental developmental index uncorrected for prematurity was at or below the median for the total sample ( p =0.01). The results suggest that neonatal cerebral ischaemia, for instance due to hypocarbia, is of greater prognostic significance than GLH.     

晚期早产儿研究进展

晚期早产儿以往称为近足月儿,指胎龄34～36+6周的早产儿,约占早产儿的70％,近年来晚期早产儿出生人数逐年增加,其病死率、患病率、神经发育及再入院率等均明显高于足月儿.因此,有必要加强产前保健,减少早产儿出生,并针对此类人群制定相应的监护措施,以提高整体人口素质.     

Phenobarbital Prophylaxis for Hyperbilirubinemia in Preterm Infants

Phenobarbital (PB) has been used at several pediatric centers for prophylaxis against neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. However, few attempts have been made to evaluate this procedure quantitatively, and a variety of dose schedules has been proposed. Therefore, a randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed in which the effects on bilirubin disposition and on neonatal behavior was quantitated. Forty-three preterm infants were randomized into one of four dose groups and given 0, 4, 8, or 12 mg of PB per kg in a single dose within the first few hours after birth (mean 2.2 h). The total serum bilirubin disappearance rate was found to be significantly increased ( p < 0.01) only in the 12 mg/kg group. This effect was not evident until postnatal day 7. The 4 and 8 mg/kg groups were not significantly different from the control group at any time. Infant behavior was monitored by a non-invasive time-lapse filming technique. The time spent in quiet sleep was found to be proportional to the plasma PB concentration at one day of age ( r = 0.61). The infants in the 12 mg group spent a larger proportion of time in quiet sleep than the other groups ( p < 0.05). The plasma half-lives, plasma clearances and volumes of distribution of PB were similar in the three dose groups. No correlation was found between the pharmacokinetics and the gestational age of the infant. It is concluded that in order to enhance the bilirubin disappearance rate, PB has to be administered in doses that will affect behavior.     

促红细胞生成素治疗早产儿脑损伤的效果

目的探讨促红细胞生成素(EPO)在防治早产儿脑损伤中的作用。方法早产儿30例。男23例,女7例;随机分为常规治疗组、EPO治疗组,各15例。EPO治疗组于生后即开始予EPO治疗。所有患儿随诊至1岁,定期行脑电图、脑干诱发电位(ABR)检查及头颅B超等影像学检查,并于纠正胎龄40周行新生儿行为神经检测(NBNA)。结果1.EPO治疗组NBNA评分正常者占73.33%,明显高于常规治疗组(26.67%),差异有显著性(P<0.05);2.纠正胎龄1个月时二组患儿ABR异常率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),随访至3~6个月时,EPO治疗组ABR异常率明显小于常规治疗组(P<0.05)。EPO治疗组后期ABR的异常程度较前明显减轻。结论早期使用EPO可改善早产儿预后,减少或减轻早产儿脑损伤。     

宫内感染与早产儿脑损伤的关系

目的 探讨宫内感染与早产儿脑损伤的关系及其发生机制.方法 选取2008年6月-2010年6月在佛冈县人民医院产科分娩的85例早产儿.对孕母胎盘进行绒毛膜羊膜炎检测,确定是否存在宫内感染;用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测早产儿脐带血细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10水平;早产儿出生3～7 d行头颅超声或CT检查、新生儿行为神经测定(NBNA)及早期运动发育指标检测,确定有无脑损伤并分组.结果 1.孕母绒毛膜羊膜炎患病率为33%(28/85例),早产儿脑损伤患病率为46%(13/28例);非绒毛膜羊膜炎早产儿脑损伤患病率为7%(4/57例),二者患病率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.84,P<0.05).2.脑损伤组脐带血IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平分别为(6.53±3.17) μg·L-1、(7.95±4.32) μg·L-1和(5.43±1.82) μg·L-1,均高于无脑损伤组[(1.53±1.22) μg·L-1、(1.65±2.10) μg·L-1和(3.23±0.83) μg·L-1];而IL-10水平为(1.21±0.23) μg·L-1,低于无脑损伤组[(1.59±0.25) μg·L-1];上述细胞因子二组比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05).结论 宫内感染的早产儿易发生脑损伤,细胞因子可能介导了宫内感染早产儿脑损伤的过程.     

危重症早产儿血清皮质醇水平的变化

目的 以血清皮质醇水平作为监测指标,观察其变化与临床的相关性,评价危重症早产儿皮质醇水平与短期预后之间的关系.方法 出生72 h内转入湖南省儿童医院新生儿科的早产儿90例(胎龄＜37周),排除遗传代谢性疾病,母孕期及患儿出生时均未用过糖皮质激素.全部患儿分别在入院时(日龄72 h内)、日龄7 d、日龄14 d静脉采血,留取血标本,分离血清,放射免疫法检测血清皮质醇水平.3个时间点皮质醇水平进行比较.结果 血清皮质醇水平在下四分位组(P25之下)时,发病率及病死率无明显增高.血清皮质醇水平在上四分位组(P75之上)时,机械通气、危重患儿比例、病死率、糖代谢紊乱、消化道出血、Ⅲ~Ⅳ级脑室周围-脑室内出血及脑白质软化、慢性肺疾病发病率呈上升趋势.其中在入院时及日龄14 d时,血清皮质醇水平在上四分位组的患儿,机械通气的比例显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);日龄7 d时及日龄14 d时,危重症患儿比例显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 在早产儿中,应激发生时机体已具有调节皮质醇分泌的能力.血清皮质醇水平增高与疾病的严重程度、并发症及预后密切相关.     

早产儿脑损伤的患病率和危险因素

目的 探讨早产儿脑损伤的患病率和危险因素,为预防或降低早产儿脑损伤提供依据.方法 对2005年1月-2006年12月美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学儿童医院NICU收治的胎龄小于37周的早产儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按胎龄分组,计算脑损伤的患病率,采用多因素Logistic回归模型确立危险因素.结果 本组早产儿总的脑室内出血(IVH)和脑室周围白质软化(PVL)的患病率分别为17.7%和4.9%,而存活病例的患病率分别为14.4%和4.5%.按胎龄分组,IVH和PVL的患病率分别为:23~<25周龄组48.1% 和14.8%、25~<28周龄组35.2%和11.2%、28~<33周龄组13.8%和3.1%、33~<37周龄组2.8%和1.7%.坏死性小肠结肠炎、PDA、机械通气(MV)是IVH的独立危险因素,而胎龄、5 min Apgar评分为保护因素(负相关);IVH、MV、母亲产前或产时感染是PVL的危险因素,而出生体质量和女性为保护因素.同时IVH是导致早产儿死亡的危险因素.结论 胎龄越小,脑损伤的患病率越高;围生期感染、窒息缺氧以及影响脑血流的因素如PDA和MV等与早产儿脑损伤的发生密切相关.     

Human Milk Lacto-Engineering: Growth Nitrogen Metabolism,and Energy Balance in Preterm Infants

ABSTRACT. Fourteen 3-day metabolic balance studies were carried out in 8 healthy male preterm infants (birthweight 1270±170 g, gestational age 30±2 weeks) fed 183±7 ml/kg/day of a human milk formula made of incompletely skimmed human milk enriched with lyophilized whole human milk, minerals, medium chain triglycerides and linoleate. Daily intakes per kilo bodyweight were for protein 3.5±0.3 g, fat 7.0±2.1 g, and energy 573±88 kj (137 kcal). Weight gain was 29±5 g per day and nitrogen retention was 317±52 mg/kg/day. Fat absorption was 76± 12 %. Renal acid and solute loads were low and there was no metabolic acidosis, hyperazotemia or hyperaminoacidemia, except for tyrosine. It is concluded that preterm infants fed a human milk formula have similar growth rates and nitrogen retentions as foetuses in utero or preterm infants fed their own mother's milk.     

Atypical Allergic Colitis in Preterm Infants

ABSTRACT. Two atypical cases of colitis due to cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) are reported, affecting preterm infants. One developed a toxic dilatation of the colon and responded well to a casein hydrolysate based feed. The second presented insidiously and failed to tolerate a casein hydrolysate, but responded well to a chicken-based modular feed.     

Human Milk Lacto-Engineering: Growth Nitrogen Metabolism, and Energy Balance in Preterm Infants

ABSTRACT. Fourteen 3-day metabolic balance studies were carried out in 8 healthy male preterm infants (birthweight 1270±170 g, gestational age 30±2 weeks) fed 183±7 ml/kg/day of a human milk formula made of incompletely skimmed human milk enriched with lyophilized whole human milk, minerals, medium chain triglycerides and linoleate. Daily intakes per kilo bodyweight were for protein 3.5±0.3 g, fat 7.0±2.1 g, and energy 573±88 kj (137 kcal). Weight gain was 29±5 g per day and nitrogen retention was 317±52 mg/kg/day. Fat absorption was 76± 12 %. Renal acid and solute loads were low and there was no metabolic acidosis, hyperazotemia or hyperaminoacidemia, except for tyrosine. It is concluded that preterm infants fed a human milk formula have similar growth rates and nitrogen retentions as foetuses in utero or preterm infants fed their own mother's milk.     

Catecholamine Response to Chest Physiotherapy and Endotracheal Suctioning in Preterm Infants

ABSTRACT. Adrenaline and noradrenaline was measured just before and just after chest physiotherapy and endotracheal suctioning in 13 preterm, ventilated, newborn infants. Mean aortic blood pressure was also recorded. Eight of the infants received phenobarbitone. Catecholamine levels were five-fold higher in the 5 infants with blood pH less than 7.30 compared to the other 8 infants. After the procedure, both adrenaline and noradrenaline were significantly higher than baseline levels. The adrenaline response to the procedure was a two-fold increase and significantly greater than the noradrenaline response. Analysis of the effects of phenobarbitone treatment and acidosis on catecholamine responses by multiple linear regression demonstrated that the adrenaline response was reduced by phenobarbitone while the noradrenaline response was unaffected. There were no associations of blood pressure responses with catecholamine responses, with acidosis or with phenobarbitone treatment.     

早产儿喂养不耐受的危险因素分析

目的 探讨早产儿发生喂养不耐受(FI)的危险因素.方法 对112例早产儿进行回顾性调查分析.以母体异常、羊水异常、脐带异常、胎盘异常、胎膜早破、胎龄、出生体质量、围生期感染、新生儿高胆红素血症、分娩方式等17个高危因素进行单因素分析,采用Logistic回归分析各个危险因素与早产儿发生FI的相关性.结果 112例早产儿中53例发生FI,发生率为47.32%.经单因素分析显示FI组产前因素中分娩方式、胎膜早破、羊水异常、脐带异常,出生后因素中高胆红素血症、贫血、使用肺表面活性物质与无相关因素早产儿比较均无统计学差异.多因素Logistic回归分析显示:宫内窘迫、胎盘异常和围生期感染是FI发病的危险因素;胎龄、产前使用糖皮质激素是发生FI的保护因素.结论 早产儿出生胎龄越小,发生FI的概率越高,产前使用糖皮质激素可减少FI发生,存在宫内窘迫、胎盘异常和围生期感染的早产儿易发生FI,在建立胃肠营养时要区别对待.     

早产儿振幅整合脑电图的影响因素

目的探讨早产儿振幅整合脑电图(aEEG)的影响因素。方法在出生12 h内采用NicoletOne脑功能监测仪对71例早产儿进行aEEG描记。根据aEEG背景活动的方式及有无惊厥样活动,将aEEG结果判断为正常和异常aEEG(包括轻度异常及重度异常)。床旁颅脑超声监测脑损伤的发生。分析胎龄、出生体质量、窒息、低氧血症、辅助通气及脑损伤对早产儿aEEG的影响。结果 1.早产儿71例中,正常aEEG 40例,异常aEEG 31例。2.胎龄<34周者54例,正常aEEG 25例,异常aEEG 29例(53.7%);≥34周者17例,正常aEEG 15例,异常aEEG 2例(11.8%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.245 2,P<0.01)。3.出生体质量<1.5 kg者25例,正常aEEG 8例,异常aEEG 17例(68.0%);出生体质量≥1.5 kg者46例,正常aEEG 32例,异常aEEG14例(30.4%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.291 9,P<0.001)。4.产时有窒息者36例,正常aEEG 15例,异常aEEG 21例(58.3%);无窒息者35例,正常aEEG 25例,异常aEEG 10例(28.6%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.390 4,P<0.05)。5.低氧血症24例,正常aEEG 16例,异常aEEG 8例(33.3%);无低氧血症者47例,正常aEEG 24例,异常aEEG 23例(48.9%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.572 4,P>0.05)。6.辅助通气者19例,正常aEEG 8例,异常aEEG 11例(57.9%);未辅助通气者52例,正常aEEG 32例,异常aEEG 20例(38.5%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.136 4,P>0.05)。7.有脑损伤者51例,正常aEEG 24例,异常aEEG 27例(52.9%);无脑损伤者20例,正常aEEG 16例,异常aEEG 4例(20.0%);2组aEEG异常率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.337 5,P<0.05)。结论胎龄和出生体质量对早产儿aEEG有显著影响。小胎龄、低出生体质量以及出生时窒息和脑损伤的早产儿异常aEEG的发生率高。在分析早产儿aEEG时应考虑胎龄、出生体质量、窒息及脑损伤等生理病理因素的影响。     

Possible Etiological Factors in Extensive Periventricular Leukomalacia of Preterm Infants

ABSTRACT. During a twelve-month period five cases of extensive periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in preterm infants with a gestational age of 31–32 weeks were diagnosed by routine ultrasound screening of preterm infants. The perinatal courses and later development of these infants were compared with 12 other infants with a comparable gestational age born during the same time period. PVL babies were delivered more often by the vaginal route ( p =0.0034), and their mean highest serum total bilirubin value was significantly higher ( p =0.0054) than that of the control infants. The mean value of the highest blood pH during the first 72 hours of life was also significantly higher ( p =0.0311) in PVL babies than in control babies. On the basis of these results we speculate that in addition to ischaemia in the periventricular area, bilirubin toxicity may play an additional role in the severe damage seen in extensive periventricular leukomalacia.     

早产儿医院感染的危险因素

目的 探讨早产儿医院感染的发病情况及危险因素,为医院感染的监控和干预提供理论依据.方法回顾性调查本院2008年1月-2010年1月本院NICU 516例早产儿的临床资料,分析医院感染的危险因素.结果 1.早产儿516例中,74例发生医院感染,发生率为14.3%,共发生医院感染98例次,平均每例发生1.32次,医院感染的住院日相关发生率为8.9‰;感染部位以呼吸道为主(51.0%),其中呼吸机相关性肺炎最为多见(占36.0%),其次为皮肤软组织(26.5%)和消化道(14.3%).2.共培养出病原菌69株,革兰阴性杆菌占71.0%,以肺炎克雷伯菌最为多见(17.4%);革兰阳性球菌占18.8%,以草绿色链球菌最为多见;真菌占10.1%,主要为白色念珠菌.3.胎龄≤32周、出生体质量≤1.5 kg、羊水胎粪污染、胎膜早破≥48 h、糖尿病母亲儿、吸痰次数≥10次、气管插管次数≥3次、机械通气时间≥3 d、置胃管、静脉营养、应用抗生素时间≥2周及住院时间≥2周与医院感染率显著相关,多元Logistic回归方程显示胎龄≤32周、静脉营养、机械通气时间≥3 d及住院时间≥2周是医院感染发生的独立危险因素.结论 NICU早产儿医院感染的危险因素众多,尽量减少侵入性操作次数、缩短静脉营养及住院的时间、合理应用抗生素可有效降低医院感染发生率.     

Cerebral Blood Flow in Preterm Infants during the First Week of Life

ABSTRACT. Forty-two preterm infants of 28–33 weeks of gestation were studied once during the first week of life by 133-Xenon clearance after intravenous injection to estimate global cerebral blood flow. Count rates detected over the chest were corrected for chest wall contribution and used as arterial input function. A neonatal blood-brain partition coefficient of Xenon was used for the calculation of a mean flow estimator (CBF-∞). The techique was internally validated by use of differently obtained arterial input functions. In 11 infants wihout respiratory distress, CBF-∞ was 19.8 ml/100 g/min ±5.3 SD. In 24 infants treated with mechanical ventilation CBF-∞ was 11.8 ml/100 g/min ±3.2 SD. In 7 infants treated with continous positive airway pressure CBF-∞ was 21.3 ml/100 g/min ±12.0 SD. When the reduction of CBF-∞ associated with mechanical ventilation was taken into account, the 9 infants with subependymal/intraventricular haemorrhage had increased CBF-∞. The effects of gestational age, birthweight, mode of delivery, postnatal age, mean arterial blood pressure, PaCO2, blood haemoglobin and phenobarbitone medication were also analysed and found inconsistent. In conclusion, CBF was lower than expected and in infants requring mechanical ventilation the values were lower still.     

Effects on Plasma Glucose Concentration of Light-for-date Infants and Infants of Diabetic Mothers of Feeds Supplemented with a Glucose Polymer

ABSTRACT. Serial plasma glucose estimations were performed in 44 light-for-date infants and 17 infants of diabetic mothers fed 2, 3 or 4-hourly with feeds containing 10 % additional carbohydrate in the form of a glucose polymer (Caloreen). In the infants fed 2 and 3-hourly, plasma glucose was higher following the high carbohydrate feeds, particularly immediately before the next feed was due. Given 4-hourly, the high carbohydrate feed had little effect in most light-for-date infants, and in one light-for-date infant and two infants of diabetic mothers the plasma glucose was lower at the end of 4 hours than following normal formula. It is concluded that the addition of glucose polymer to feeds given 2 and 3 hourly has a potentially useful effect in neonates at risk of developing hypoglycaemia, but it cannot be used to increase the feed interval to 4 hours.     

胃肠外营养早产儿血清总胆汁酸变化的意义

目的 探讨胃肠外营养(PN)早产儿血清总胆汁酸(TBA)的变化及其与胆汁淤积症的关系.方法 对本院2008-2010年68例应用PN支持治疗2周以上的早产儿(男35例,女33例;胎龄28～36周)进行血清TBA水平检测,比较应用PN前后血清TBA水平的变化,并依据血清TBA水平(TBA<15 μmol·L-1或≥15 μmol·L-1)分为2组[TBA<15 μmol·L-1者30例,TBA≥15 μmol·L-1者38例],比较2组出生2个月时胆汁淤积症的发生率.采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 早产儿在PN 2周后的血清TBA水平为(20.17±6.58) μmol·L-1,与PN前[(11.77±1.90) μmol·L-1]比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.91,P<0.01).当PN 2周后血清TBA水平≥15 μmol·L-1组胆汁淤积症的发生率较TBA<15 μmol·L-1组高(21.05% vs 3.33%,χ2=4.58,P<0.05).结论 血清TBA可作为早产儿PN时胆汁淤积症的早期监测指标.