炼焦职业暴露工人与对照人群尿中1-羟基芘水平比较

目的比较焦炉工和非职业暴露人群尿中1-羟基芘的不同水平,并探讨可能的各种影响因素.方法 2002年上半年,以某焦化厂265名炼焦作业工人和226名非职业接触对照人群为调查对象,职业接触组收集工作班末尿,对照组收集晨尿.根据环境中多环芳烃监测和调查表评价外暴露因素和可能的混杂因素,采用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-羟基芘含量,比较两组人群尿中1-羟基芘的不同水平,并分析外暴露等级、吸烟、饮酒、年龄和体重指数的可能影响.结果尿中1-羟基芘浓度呈炉顶工〉炉侧工〉炉底工〉对照的趋势,几何均数依次为13.49、6.56、1.38和0.35 μmol/mol肌酐,差异有统计学意义;各组人群尿中1-羟基芘浓度超标率分别依次为94.81%、84.73%、35.09%和0.88%,差异有统计学意义.对照人群中≥20支/d吸烟组的尿中1-羟基芘水平明显高于不吸烟组,修正几何均数分别为0.47和0.31 μmol/mol肌酐,差异有统计学意义;对照人群中饮酒组的尿中1-羟基芘水平明显低于不饮酒组,修正几何均数分别为0.33和0.47 μmol/mol肌酐,差异有统计学意义.结论焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘水平较高,以炉侧工和炉顶工最为明显,非职业暴露人群尿中1-羟基芘本底水平与吸烟和饮酒因素有关.     

尿中1-羟基芘作为焦炉工多环芳烃暴露监测指标研究

目的 探讨焦炉工外暴露等级与尿中1-羟基芘（1-OHPy）浓度的关系。方法 以某焦化厂120名生产工人和30名非接触者为研究对象，收集班后6h尿，并收集个人信息，用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-羟基芘。结果 尿中1-羟基芘浓度呈炉顶〉炉侧〉炉底〉对照组的趋势。与外暴露呈显著相关性（r=0．653，P〈0．01）；同样外暴露条件下，吸烟者录中1-羟基芘水平显著高于未吸烟者（P〈0．01）。结论 焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘水平与外暴露等级存在明显的相关性，可反映多环芳烃暴露个体的内剂量水平。     

尿中1-羟基芘作为焦炉工多环芳烃暴露生物监测指标的研究

目的探讨焦炉工外暴露等级与尿中1-羟基芘(1-OHPy)浓度的关系。方法以某焦化厂120名生产工人和30名非接触者为研究对象,收集班后6h尿,并收集个人信息,用高效液相法测定尿中1-羟基芘。结果尿中1-羟基芘浓度呈炉顶>炉侧>炉底>对照组的趋势。与外暴露呈显著相关性(r=0.653,P<0.01),同样外暴露条件下,吸烟者尿中1-羟基芘显著高于未吸烟者(P<0.05)。结论焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘水平与外暴露等级存在明显的相关性,可反映多环芳烃暴露个体的内剂量水平。     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in coke oven workers

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relation of individual occupational exposure to total particulates benzene soluble fraction (BSF) of ambient air with urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentrations among coke oven workers in Taiwan. METHODS: 80 coke oven workers and 50 referents were monitored individually for the BSF of breathing zone air over three consecutive days. Exposures were categorised as high, medium, or low among coke oven workers based on exposure situations. The high exposure group (n = 18) worked over the oven. The medium and low exposure groups (n = 41 and n = 21) worked at the side of the oven for > 4 hours and < 4 hours a day, respectively. Urine was collected before the shift on the morning of day 1 and after the shift on the afternoon of day 3 to find the change of 1-OHP concentrations across the shift. RESULTS: The median (range) changes of urinary 1-OHP concentrations across the shift for various exposure situations (microgram/g creatinine) were as follows: high 182 (7 to 3168); medium 9 (-8 to 511); low 7 (-6 to 28); and referents 0.2 (-2 to 72). This change of urinary 1-OHP was highly associated with individual occupational exposure to the BSF in air (r = 0.74 and 0.64, p < 0.001). The regression model showed significant effects of individual exposures to the BSF and alcohol consumption on urinary postshift 1-OHP after adjusting for preshift 1-OHP in the total population (n = 130). More exposure to the BSF led to higher postshift 1-OHP (p < 0.001); current drinkers of > 120 g/week had lower urinary postshift 1-OHP than never and former drinkers (p = 0.01). A 10-fold increase in the average BSF in air resulted in about a 2.5-fold increase in postshift 1-OHP among the 80 coke oven workers. CONCLUSION: Urinary 1-OHP concentrations can be used as a good biomarker to assess individual exposure to the BSF in air. Alcohol drinking may modify the toxicokinetic pathway of the BSF; the effects of alcohol should be investigated further in occupational studies.

 

     

焦炉工人血清谷胱甘肽硫转移酶活力和尿8-羟基脱氧鸟苷水平

目的 探讨血清谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GST）和尿8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）作为焦炉工人多环芳烃（PAHs）暴露生物监测标志的可行性.方法 用高效液相色谱-电化学方法和试剂盒分别检测47名男性焦炉工和31名男性对照者尿8-OHdG水平和血清GST活力;尿1-羟基芘（1-OHP）作为PAHs接触的内暴露标志,采用碱水解-高效液相色谱方法分析.结果 焦炉工人尿1-OHP浓度的中位数（P25～P75）为[5.7（1.4～12.0）μmol/mol Cr],血清GST活力为[22.1（14.9～31.2）U/ml],尿8-O-HdG水平为[1.9（1.4～15.4）μmol/mol Cr],均高于对照组工人[3.0（0.5～6.4）μmol/mol Cr、13.1（9.5～16.7）U/ml、1.3（1.0～4.0）μmol/mol Cr],差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.以吸烟分层,两组工人尿1-OHP浓度和血清GST活力仅在吸烟者中、尿8-OHdG水平仅在非吸烟者中差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）.焦炉工人血清GST活力和尿1-OHP浓度呈正相关（rs=0.31,P＜0.01,n=78）.多元Logistic回归分析显示,与对照工人相比,焦炉工人血清GST活力＞16.7 U/ml和尿8-OHdG水平＞1.8 μmol/mol Cr的OR值分别为13.2和4.4;高体重指数是影响尿8-OHdG水平下降的独立因素.结论 焦炉工人血清GST活力增强和氧化性DNA损伤增加,吸烟和职业暴露有交互作用;血清GST有可能作为PAHs暴露评价的生物标志;尿8-OHdG检测有助于焦炉工肺癌危险度评价.     

焦炉工外暴露等级与尿中1-羟基芘水平的关系

目的　探讨焦炉工外暴露等级与尿中 1-羟基芘浓度之间的关系。方法　以某焦化厂 30 5名生产工人和 30名非接触者为调查对象 ,统一收集工作周末班后 6h尿 ,并收集个人信息。根据工人的工作岗位将调查对象分为炉顶、炉侧、炉底和对照 4个外暴露等级。采用碱水解 -高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-羟基芘浓度。使用协方差分析和多元线性回归分析暴露等级、吸烟和饮酒等情况对尿中 1-羟基芘浓度的影响。结果　尿中 1-羟基芘的浓度呈炉顶 >炉侧 >炉底 >对照的趋势 ,与外暴露等级之间呈显著相关(Spearman相关系数为 0 5 35 ,P <0 0 1) ;在同样外暴露条件下 ,吸烟量显著影响尿中 1-羟基芘的水平(P <0 0 5 ) ;未发现饮酒对尿中 1-羟基芘水平的显著影响。结论　焦炉工尿中 1-羟基芘水平与外暴露等级之间存在良好的剂量 -效应关系 ,可反映多环芳烃暴露个体的内剂量水平     

Are 24-hour urine samples and creatinine adjustment required for analysis of inorganic arsenic in urine in population studies?

Compliance with 24-h urine samples can be low in population-based studies and first morning void urine samples are often collected for convenience. Interpretation of arsenic concentrations in urine is influenced by a range of factors unrelated to exposure. To reduce the influence of such factors, creatinine adjustment is routinely used. This study aimed to determine whether first morning void urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations approximate 24-h urinary arsenic concentrations and whether creatinine adjustment improved the correlation between environmental arsenic concentrations and urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations. One hundred sixty spot samples and corresponding 24-h urine samples were collected from people living in areas with a range of environmental arsenic concentrations and analyzed for inorganic arsenic using borohydride arsine generation followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. There were no significant differences between the urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations for the different sample types or whether creatinine adjusted or not. Significant correlations were observed between adjusted and unadjusted samples. The data set was highly skewed and when only detectable arsenic samples were considered, the relationship between sample types became nonsignificant. The results of this study suggest that spot samples may be adequate for measuring short-term exposure, using inorganic arsenic as the outcome variable; however, additional work on a larger data set is required. Creatinine adjustment of urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations may not be required in population studies investigating environmental exposure.     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in coke oven workers relative to exposure, alcohol consumption, and metabolic enzymes

OBJECTIVES—To investigate the influence of personal lifestyle—such as smoking and alcohol consumption—on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentrations in coke oven workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and to evaluate the association of 1-OHP concentrations with the genetic polymorphism of several metabolic enzymes including cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1 and glutathione S-tranferases (GSTs).
METHODS—The study population contained 162 coke oven workers and 58 controls employed at the largest iron and steel factory in China. Personal data were collected at the interview. 1-OHP in urine was measured with high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Genetic polymorphisms were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
RESULTS—A positive association between excretion of urinary 1-OHP and the levels of exposure to PAHs was confirmed. Those people who consumed 50 g/day ethanol had significantly higher 1-OHP excretion than did other coke oven workers (p<0.01). No significant difference in urinary 1-OHP was found between smokers and non-smokers, in both controls and exposed subjects. The variant homozygotes at exon 7 of the CYP1A1 gene had significantly higher urinary 1-OHP concentrations than other CYP1A1 genotypes among the exposed workers (p=0.03). There was less association between the concentrations of 1-OHP and the GSTM1, GSTP1, or GSTT1 polymorphism.
CONCLUSIONS—The present study confirmed that urinary 1-OHP is a good biomarker for exposure to PAHs. Alcohol consumption affected urinary 1-OHP excretion. The variant genotypes of the CYP1A1 gene may result in the enhancement of PAH metabolites. It is helpful to understand the role of individual susceptibility on metabolism of carcinogens. These findings suggest that the modulating effect of individual lifestyle factors or genetic nature should be considered in future studies on occupational exposure to PAHs and in evaluating the health risk from harmful chemicals.


Keywords: 1-hydroxypyrene; genetic polymorphism; alcohol drinking     

某焦化厂职业接触多环芳烃焦炉工肝脏某些酶活性的变化

目的探讨多环芳烃(PAHs)对炼焦作业工人某些肝血清酶活性改变的可能影响。方法对乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阴性的炼焦作业工人和非PAHs职业接触工人进行总PAHs累积接触指数(CEL-PAHs)评估,尿中1-羟基芘(1-OHP)浓度等级划分,和血清中丙氨酸转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转移梅(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的检测。结果焦炉工职业性PAHs暴露水平明显高于对照组(P<0·05)。与对照组相比,血清ALT的明显升高可见于CEL-PAHs<50μg/(m3·a)组和尿中1-OHP浓度<2·3μmol/mol肌酐CEL-PAHs≥200μg/m3组,血清AST的明显升高可见于CEL-PAHs<50μg/(m3·a)组;当CEL-PAHs(200μg/(m3·a)或尿中1-OHP浓度≥10·0μmol/mol肌酐时,可发现四种肝生化指标实测值的明显升高(P<0·05),以及ALT、AST和GGT异常率的明显升高(P<0·05),以血清GGT水平的升高(10倍CEL-PAHs的上升导致1·24倍血清GGT水平的升高,10倍尿中1-OHP浓度的上升导致1·19倍的升高)和异常率的上升(logistic回归,调整OR值为6·2~7·2,P<0·05)最为明显。结论PAHs职业暴露可导致炼焦作业工人肝脏某些血清酶活性的升高。     

GSTM1及GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态性对尿中1-羟基芘水平的影响

目的 研究GSTM1、GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态性对多环芳烃接触工人尿中1-羟基芘(1-OHP)水平的影响.方法 分别选取2个炼焦厂共447名多环芳烃职业接触工人(接触组)和某线材厂220名非职业接触工人(对照组)作为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-OHP水平,采用线性回归统计模型分析GSTM1和GSTT1缺失型及GSTP1 I105V位点的多态性对不同人群尿中1-OHP水平的修饰作用.结果 接触组工人尿中1-OHP浓度为4.61 μmol/mol Cr,明显高于对照组(0.34μmol/mol Cr),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).接触类别和吸烟分别是影响尿中1-OHP水平的主要因素,在控制各混杂因素的影响后,线性回归分析显示,接触组尿中1-OHP水平和GSTP1 I105V位点多态性有关(单基因分析,P=0.012;多基因分析,P=0.011),对总体样本,单基因模型和多基因模型均显示,尿中1-OHP水平可能和GSTT1缺失型多态有关(P=0.055),多基因交互作用分析显示,GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态对接触组尿中1-OHP水平具有交互作用.结论 谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)基因的多态性对接触多环芳烃工人尿中1-OHP水平有影响.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the modification of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) excretions in workers under different exposure levels. Methods Four hundred and forty-seven occupationally exposed workers from two coking plants and 220 control workers from a wire rod plant were genotyped to analyze the modification of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-OHP excretions. Results The urinary 1-OHP concentration in exposed group was much higher than that in control group (4.61 vs 0.34 μmol/mol Cr, P＜0.05). Occupational exposure levels and cigarette smoking were of the dominating factors affecting 1-OHP excretions in urine. After controlling potential confounders, decreased excretion of urinary 1-OHP was associated with GSTP1 I105V AG + GG genotype in coke oven workers (single-gene model, P=0.012; multi-gene model, P=0.011 ) and with GSTT1 null type in the analysis including all subjects (P=0.055 in both single-gene and multi-gene models). GSTT1 and GSTP1 were interacted on the urinary concentrations of 1-OHP. Conclusion Urinary 1-OHP concentrations can be modified by GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms, indicating that these genes are involved in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

焦炉作业工人多环芳烃暴露与外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的关系

目的　探讨焦炉作业工人多环芳烃 (polycyclicaromatichydrocarbon ,PAHs)暴露与其外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的关系。方法　选取 2 35名焦炉作业工人和 30名非职业PAHs暴露者 ,使用碱性单细胞凝胶电泳技术评价外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤 ,采用高效液相色谱法测定工作周末班后 6h尿中 1 羟基芘水平 ,收集个人职业暴露、年龄、性别、吸烟和饮酒等信息。结果　焦炉工外周血淋巴细胞的Olive尾矩高于对照组 [数值分别为 2 .4 7(0 .2 2～ 4 6 .6 8)、0 .94 (0 .4 2～ 4 .2 1) ],差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,且与尿中 1 羟基芘水平呈相关性 (Spearman偏相关系数 =0 .2 2 ,P <0 .0 1)。以非暴露者Olive尾矩的上 5分位数 1.9作为判断个体是否为DNA损伤阳性的界值 ,焦炉工发生外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤阳性的OR =5 .38,95 %CI=2 .0 7～ 14 .0 8,且随外暴露等级或内剂量水平的增高而呈增加的趋势。结论　焦炉工PAHs暴露水平与外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤呈良好的剂量 -效应和剂量 -反应关系。     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in Chinese coke oven workers relative to job category, respirator usage, and cigarette smoking

BACKGROUND: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is a biomarker of recent exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We investigated whether urinary 1-OHP concentrations in Chinese coke oven workers (COWs) are modulated by job category, respirator usage, and cigarette smoking. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study measured urinary 1-OHP concentrations in 197 COWs from Coking plant I and 250 COWs from Coking plant II, as well as 220 unexposed referents from Control plant I and 56 referents from Control plant II. RESULTS: Urinary 1-OHP concentrations (geometric mean, micromol/mol creatinine) were 5.18 and 4.21 in workers from Coking plants I and II, respectively. The highest 1-OHP levels in urine were found among topside workers including lidmen, tar chasers, and whistlers. Benchmen had higher 1-OHP levels than other workers at the sideoven. Above 75% of the COWs exceeded the recommended occupational exposure limit of 2.3 micromol/mol creatinine. Respirator usage and increased body mass index (BMI) slightly reduced 1-OHP levels in COWs (P < 0.1). Cigarette smoking significantly increased urinary 1-OHP levels in unexposed referents (P < 0.005), but had no effect in COWs (P > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Chinese COWs, especially topside workers and benchmen, are exposed to high levels of PAHs. Urinary 1-OHP concentrations appear to be modulated by respirator usage and BMI in COWs, as well as by smoking in unexposed referents.     

The effect of relevant genotypes on PAH exposure-related biomarkers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coke oven emissions cause a cancer risk to humans. In a comprehensive biomonitoring study among Estonian coke oven workers, we looked at the effect of genetic polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes on urinary mutagenicity, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentration in urine, and aromatic DNA adducts in white blood cells (WBCs). Coke oven workers were sampled twice (samplings I and II), and controls only once at the time of sampling I. Urinary mutagenicity was measured using the Ames test. CYP1A1, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Urinary mutagenicity did not differ between exposed and controls, but those coke oven workers who were smokers had significantly higher (P=0.0002) mutagenic activity in urine than nonsmokers. Urinary mutagenicity was moderately correlated to levels of 1-OHP and aromatic DNA adducts, the P values ranging from 0.0005 to 0.002. Carriers of a variant allele in exon 4 of mEH (Arg139) had elevated urinary mutagenicity (sampling I). In addition, urine mutagenicity of persons with predicted high mEH activity was significantly higher. Smoking habit did not explain the differences observed in urinary mutagenicity between mEH phenotype or genotype subgroups. Variation in exon 3 of mEH (His113) was related to a significantly (P=0.01) higher 1-OHP concentration in exposed workers (sampling II). Workers from sampling I who had an Arg139 variation in mEH had lower levels of adducts in lymphocytes (P=0.01) than others, while airborne benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and His113 variation affected interactively on adduct levels. Our study shows that a comprehensive assessment of exposure is essential for elucidation of PAH exposure at a workplace. Even at high exposures metabolic polymorphisms seem to have some effect on biomarker levels, and should be assessed in biomonitoring studies.     

Variability of urinary concentrations of bisphenol A in spot samples, first morning voids, and 24-hour collections

Background: Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is widespread. After exposure, BPA is rapidly metabolized and eliminated in urine. Therefore, there is considerable within-person and between-person variability of BPA concentrations in spot urine samples. However, no information exists on the within-day variability of urinary BPA concentrations.Objectives: We examined the between-person and within-person and between-day and within-day variability in the urinary BPA concentrations of eight adults who collected all voids for 1 week to investigate the impact of sampling strategy in the exposure assessment of BPA using spot, first morning, or 24-hr urine collections.Methods: We determined the urinary concentrations of BPA using on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.Results: The between-day and within-person variability was the primary contributor to the total variance both for first morning voids (77%) and 24-hr urine collections (88%). For the spot collections, we observed considerable within-day variance (70%), which outweighed the between-person (9%) and between-day and within-person (21%) variances.Conclusions: Regardless of the type of void (spot, first morning, 24-hr collection), urinary BPA concentrations for a given adult changed considerably—both within a day and for the 7 days of the study period. Single 24-hr urine collections accurately reflect daily exposure but can misrepresent variability in daily exposures over time. Of interest, when the population investigated is sufficiently large and samples are randomly collected relative to meal ingestion times and bladder emptying times, the single spot–sampling approach may adequately reflect the average exposure of the population to BPA.     

Assessment of potential damage to DNA in urine of coke oven workers: an assay of unscheduled DNA synthesis.

OBJECTIVES: A study was conducted in coke oven workers to evaluate the biological consequences of the exposure of these workers, particularly production of potential genotoxic factors. METHODS: 60 coke oven workers and 40 controls were recruited in the same iron and steel works. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was assessed by job and measurement of 1-hydroxypyrene (1OHP) in urine samples. An unscheduled DNA synthesis assay was performed on rat pleural mesothelial cells used as a test system to evaluate the effect of the workers' filtered urine on the DNA repair capacity of rat cells to determine whether DNA damaging agents are present in the urine of these workers. RESULTS: Urinary concentrations of 1OHP ranged from 0.06 to 24.2 (mean (SD) 2.1 (3.6)) mumol/mol creatinine in exposed coke oven workers, and from 0.01 to 0.9 in controls (0.12 (0.15)). These high concentrations in coke oven workers reflected recent exposure to PAHs and were in agreement with the assessment of exposure by job. No significant difference was found between coke oven workers and controls in the DNA repair level of rat cells treated with urine samples. However, the rat cell repair capacity decreased with increasing 1OHP concentrations in the exposed population (r = -0.28, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As high concentrations of 1OHP were found in the urine of some workers, a more stringent control of exposures to PAHs in the workplace is required. Exposure to PAHs was not associated with a clear cut modification of the urinary excretion of DNA damaging factors in this test, as shown by the absence of increased unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat cells. However, impairment of some repair mechanisms by urinary constituents is suspected.     

Ambient and biological monitoring of coke plant workers – determination of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine external and internal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in a coke plant and to contribute to the evaluation of biological limit values. METHODS: Personal air sampling was carried out on a study population of 24 coke plant workers. In detail, 16 PAHs were determined, among them phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[ a]pyrene. For the determination of internal exposure, post-shift urine samples from the workers were examined for hydroxylated metabolites of pyrene (1-hydroxypyrene, 1-OHP) and phenanthrene (1-, 2+9-, 3-, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-, 2+9-, 3-, 4-OHPhe). In both cases, approved HPLC methods were used. RESULTS: The workers were classified into three groups. The group most exposed was that on the top side of the coke oven, with a mean value of 491.2 microg/m(3) for the sum of all sixteen PAHs. The mean value at the bench side was 26.61 microg/m(3), while it was 76.18 microg/m(3) in the group of workers with no dedicated location (=complete area). Both the excretion of 1-OHP and the sum of hydroxyphenanthrenes had the highest mean levels in the top side group of workers (mean: 19.70 microg/g creatinine (crea.) and 39.18 microg/g crea.), followed by the bench-side workers (mean: 7.01 microg/g crea. and 12.95 microg/g crea.) and the whole-area workers (mean: 3.57 microg/g crea. and 8.70 micorg/g crea.). The concentrations of all urinary metabolites correlated significantly with benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) in the air. CONCLUSIONS: According to these correlations, urinary concentrations of 8 and 11 microg 1-OHP/g crea., respectively 16 and 23 microg/g crea. for the sum of hydroxyphenanthrenes, correspond to BaP concentrations in air of 2 and 5 micorg/m(3), the German technical guiding concentration (TRK value). Our results are in line with others reported in the literature. That means that it should be possible today to define a standard of occupational hygiene and medicine in coke plants using the elimination of hydroxyphenanthrenes and hydroxypyrene in urine as markers for internal PAH exposure.     

Creatinine normalization in biological monitoring revisited: the case of 1-hydroxypyrene

Objectives To compare the apparent urinary excretion rates of both creatinine and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and to assess the value of creatinine normalization for both toxicokinetic analysis and the routine examination of workers.Methods All urine samples were collected from individuals who had been exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), occupationally and non-occupationally, for at least 24 consecutive hours. Urinary creatinine and 1-OHP were determined. 1-OHP excretion rates were expressed either as a function of creatinine excretion rate or as unadjusted values. Theoretical relationships between creatinine-normalized excretion of metabolites and body weight-adjusted inhaled dose were drawn for men with a constant body mass index.Results Creatinine excretion rate paralleled 1-OHP excretion rate. The plot of creatinine excretion rate–adjusted excretion rate of 1-OHP vs time led to smooth curves for determination of toxicokinetic parameters. Creatinine normalization was adequate, even for samples with a urinary creatinine concentration below 0.5 g/l or above 3 g/l. A theoretical analysis revealed that men weighing between 50 kg and 100 kg, exposed to a constant dose of a pollutant producing a urinary metabolite excreted by the same mechanism as creatinine, would exhibit a body weight-adjusted dose span of 2 with an accompanying creatinine-normalized metabolite excretion span of 2.23-fold.Conclusion The kinetics of creatinine excretion parallels that of 1-OHP, and a creatinine excretion rate–normalized excretion rate of 1-OHP appears to allow for a better determination of the toxicokinetic parameters of 1-OHP urinary excretion. At least in the case of 1-OHP, creatinine normalization seems valid, even for very dilute or very concentrated urine samples. Finally, because creatinine normalization not only compensates for variable diuresis but also correlates better with the body weight-adjusted dose of the parent compound, it should be used in biological monitoring of exposure to (PAHs) pyrene and to other substances whose urinary biomarker excretion kinetics parallel that of creatinine.     

尿中萘及其代谢产物作为焦炉工生物监测指标的研究

目的　探讨尿中萘及其代谢产物作为焦炉工生物监测指标的可行性。方法　在某焦化厂随机选取 2 8名焦炉工人和 2 2名对照个体 ,统一收集工作周末班后 2h尿 ,并使用调查表收集一般情况。采用顶空固相微提取结合气相色谱 -质谱联机方法 ,同时测定尿中萘和芘的水平 ,采用酶水解结合气相色谱 -质谱联机方法 ,同时测定样品中 1-萘酚、 2 -萘酚和 1-羟基芘的水平。使用多元线性回归分析不同工种和吸烟量对尿中这 5种多环芳烃生物标志物浓度的影响。结果　尿中萘、 1-萘酚、 2 -萘酚和 1-羟基芘的浓度呈炉顶工 >炉侧和炉底工 >对照个体的趋势 ,其中尿中 1-萘酚和 1-羟基芘的水平受工种的影响大于2 -萘酚 ;不同暴露水平组中 ,吸烟个体尿中 1-萘酚、 2 -萘酚和 1-羟基芘的浓度均大于不吸烟者 ,但吸烟对 2 -萘酚的影响最大。结论　尿中 1-萘酚和 2 -萘酚浓度均能够有效地反映个体短期多环芳烃暴露的内剂量水平 ,可用于焦炉工的生物监测。     

焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘水平与外周血淋巴细胞染色体损伤的关系

目的 研究焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘水平与外周血淋巴细胞胞质分裂阻滞微核(CBMN)率的关系.方法 分别选取158名焦炉作业工人(接触组)和158名非职业接触人员(对照组),使用碱水解-高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-羟基芘浓度作为个体多环芳烃接触内剂量,应用CBMN法评价研究对象外周血淋巴细胞染色体损伤,使用调查表收集对象的职业接触史、年龄、性别、吸烟和饮酒状况等信息.结果 调整了年龄、性别、吸烟和饮酒状况后,接触组外周血淋巴细胞CBMN率(3.32‰±2.90‰)明显高于对照组(0.57‰±0.88‰),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),呈炉顶工＞炉侧工＞炉底工＞对照组的分布,组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).且接触组CBMN率与尿中1-羟基芘水平呈正相关(r=0.28,P＜0.05).进一步按尿中1-羟基芘水平将研究对象分成0.11～0.70(104人)、0.71～4.09(107人),4.10～24.74 μmol/mol Cr组(105人)3个内剂量组,使用多元非参数协方差分析校正了不同内剂量组个体的年龄、性别、吸烟和饮酒状况后,0.71～4.09 μmol/mol Cr组的CBMN率为1.89‰±2.37‰,4.10～24.74μmol/mol Cr组的CBMN率为3.29‰±2.36‰,均明显高于0.11～0.70μmol/mol Cr组0.56‰±0.89‰,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).接触工龄和吸烟对CBMN率无影响.结论 焦炉工外周血淋巴细胞CBMN率随尿中1-羟基芘浓度的增加而明显增加.