师范大学生自我和谐与学习适应性的关系

目的：探讨师范大学生自我和谐与学习适应性的状况及其关系。方法：采用自我和谐量表和大学生学习适应量表，对423名师范大学生进行了调查。结果：总体自我和谐状况适中，总体学习适应性中等偏上；自我和谐的各因素与学习适应性的各因素之间大多显著相关（r=-0．471～0．336）；自我与经验的不和谐和自我的灵活性是学习适应性的有效预测变量，判定系数为0．225。结论：师范大学生的自我和谐与学习适应性存在着密切的相关关系。     

高职大学生人格与自我和谐的关系

目的 探讨高职大学生的人格与自我和谐的关系.方法 采用卡特尔16种人格量表(16PF)与自我和谐量表(SCCS),对598名高职大学生施测,采用AMOS7.0构建人格与自我和谐的关系模型.结果 情绪性人格、适应性人格对自我和谐作用显著(r=-0.56,-0.13;P＜0.01).结论 人格是影响高职大学生自我和谐的主要...     

中国人的人格特点(Ⅲ):行事风格

目的：探讨行事风格人格维度的特征及其与年龄，性别、婚姻状况和职业的关系。方法：根据1672名被试在中国人人格量表的行事风格维度上的分数，比较不同年龄、性别，婚姻状况和职业的被试间的差异。结果：年龄、性别和职业差异显著，男性分数低于女性，年龄越大行事风格分数越高，行政管理和教科文卫人员分数相当．工人农民分数最低，部分交互作用也显著。结论：不同职业、性别和年龄被试在行事风格上存在显著差异。     

青少年现实人格、理想人格与客观人格的比较研究

目的:考察青少年现实人格与理想人格和家长他评的客观人格之间的差异.方法:采用中国青少年人格量表(QZPS-Q)对509名中学生及其家长进行了调查.结果:青少年自评的现实人格与家长他评的客观人格在才干、善良、处世态度、情绪性和行事风格等5个大维度上存在显著差异;青少年的现实人格与理想人格除了在行事风格维度外.在外向性、才干、善良、人际关系、处世态度和情绪性等6个维度上都存在显著差异,19个小因子中有17个小因子存在显著差异.结论:青少年认为自己的人格发展现状与其理想状态之间存在一定的差异.     

小学生的"小七"人格特点及其与受虐待经历的关系

目的探讨小学高年级学生的人格发展特点及其与受虐待经历的关系。方法采用儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)和中国青少年人格量表(QZPS-Q),对172名小学五、六年级学生进行测评,分别评估他们的人格特质和受虐待情况。结果女生的才干、善良和人际关系分数高于男生,才干79.5±11.8分和73.1±13.8分(P<0.05);善良77.6±8.8分和69.9±12.6分(P<0.001);人际关系59.2±7.6分和53.9±8.4分(P<0.01)。受虐待者的善良和行事风格分数低于未受虐待者,善良71.2±12.7分和75.5±10.4分(P<0.05);行事风格33.5±6.5分和35.4±5.5分(P<0.05)。虐待与外向性、才干、善良、人际关系和行事风格呈负相关(r=-0.151～-0.338,P<0.05),与处世态度呈正相关(r=0.174～0.196,P<0.05)。虐待对外向性、才干、善良、人际关系具有负向预测作用(Beta值=-0.178～-0.427,t=-2.023～-4.623,P<0.05),对处世态度具有正向预测作用(Beta值=0.196,t=2.661,P<0.05);性别对才干、善良、人际关系和行事风格具有正向预测作用(Beta值=0.176～0.317,t=2.330～4.607,P<0.05)。结论小学生的人格特质存在性别差异,人格特质的形成受受虐待经历的影响。     

高师新生自我和谐与父母教养方式、人格特征的关系

目的探讨高师新生自我和谐与父母教养方式、人格特征的关系,为开展大学生心理健康教育工作提供依据。方法采用自我和谐量表(SCCS)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对湛江某高师院校494名大一新生进行集体施测,对数据进行相关分析和多元逐步回归等。结果①自我和谐总分及3个维度,性别和生源地主效应均不显著,在自我的灵活性上性别和生源地的交互作用显著(F=5.26,P<0.05);②除父母偏爱被试外,高师新生自我和谐程度与其他父母教养方式相关显著(r=-0.34～0.32,P<0.01);③高师新生自我和谐程度与人格特征相关显著(r=-0.37～0.53,P<0.01);④神经质、内外倾、精神质以及父亲拒绝否认、父亲情感温暖、父亲过保护对自我和谐总分具有显著预测力(R2=0.40)。结论人格特征及父母教养方式能够在一定程度上预测高师新生的自我和谐水平。     

中学生五种人格因素与多维生活满意度的关系

目的：考察中学生的五种人格因素与多维生活满意度的关系。方法：运用中学生人格五因素问卷和多维学生生活满意度量表对1151名中学生的人格和生活满意度进行测量。结果：（1）中学生人格五因素中情绪性与多维生活满意度呈负相关（r=-0．1～-0．2），五因素中的外向性（r=0．3～0．6）、宜人性（r=0．3—0．5）、谨慎性（r=0．2～0．4）和开放性（r=0．2～0．6）与多维生活满意度呈有统计学意义的正相关。外向性和宜人性与多维生活满意度的关联程度较高。（2）情绪性对多个维度的生活满意度具有达到统计学意义的负向预测作用（β=-0．1～-0．2），外向性（β=0．2～0．4）、宜人性（β=0．1～0．3）、谨慎性（β=0．1～0．3）和开放性（β=0．1～0．3）均对多个维度的生活满意度具有正向预测作用。五种人格特质对自我满意度的预测作用最大（R^2=0．47），对生活环境满意度的预测作用最小（R^2=0．15）。结论：中学生五种人格因素与多维生活满意度紧密相关。     

中小学教师工作满意度与自我和谐的关系研究

目的探讨中小学教师工作满意度与自我和谐之间的关系。方法采用工作满意度量表和自我和谐量表(SCCS)对736名中小学教师进行测量。结果中小学教师的工作满意度处于中等偏下水平,大多数中小学教师自我处在比较和谐状态,但有一部分教师自我和谐水平不高;中小学教师的工作满意度和自我和谐在性别、学校类型等人口学变量上存在显著性差异;工作满意度与自我和谐总分(r=0.162,P<0.01)、自我与经验的不和谐(r=-0.150,P<0.01)呈显著负相关,与自我刻板性(r=-0.008,P>0.05)没有显著相关,与自我灵活性显著正相关(r=0.135,P<0.01)。结论工作满意度是影响中小学教师自我和谐的重要因素,中小学教师工作满意度越高,其自我和谐程度也越高。     

自我价值定位与青少年人格特质的关系研究

目的:探讨自我价值定位与人格的关系,以及考察自我价值定位于不同领域的青少年各自所具有的人格特点.方法:采用青少年自我价值定位量表、中国青少年人格量表(QZPS-Q)对914名中学生进行了调查.结果:自我价值定位与青少年人格特质之间存在中低程度的相关;定位在能力知识领域的青少年具有高外向性、低处世态度的人格特点,定位在人际行为领域者的人格特点是高情绪性、低才干,定位在体形外表领域者的人格特点是高情绪性、低善良,定位在家庭条件领域者的人格特点是高处世态度、低善良,定位在家庭关系领域者的人格特点为高行事风格、低处世态度.结论:自我价值定位与人格是两个不同的构念,两者之间具有中低程度的相关.     

一般人群中人格维度与心身症状的相关研究

目的：探讨在健康人群中稳定的人格特点与某一时期心身症状的测量之间的关系。方法：对721名被试施测人格量表（QZPS）和SCL-90，通过回归和相关分析探讨两者之间的关系。结果：严谨、沉稳、决断、淡泊和情绪性等人格因素与SCL-90的因子分数正相关，其它人格因素则与SCL-90的因子分数负相关。控制人格因素间的相关之后，进入每个预测心身症状回归方程的人格因素分别为3-5个,其中严谨、自制、沉稳、重感情和热情的回归系数是正值，其它为负值，表明行事严谨、自我克制以及对人热情和重感情等人格特点与心身症状的出现是一致的。结论：人格维度对心身症状有一定的预测能力。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

Platelet-activating factor receptor and respiratory and metabolic responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia

Activation of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) regulates neural transmission. A PAFR blocker reduced the peak hypoxic (pHVR) but not hypercapnic ventilatory (HCVR) responses in rats [Am. J. Physiol. 275 (1998) R604]. To further examine the role of PAFR in respiratory control, genotype-verified PAFR -/- and PAFR +/+ adult male mice underwent hypoxic and hypercapnic challenges. HCVR was similar in the two groups (p-NS). However, pHVR was significantly reduced in PAFR -/- mice (38 +/- 13% baseline [S.D.]) compared to PAFR +/+ mice (78 +/- 16% baseline; P < 0.001, ANOVA), with reduced tidal volume recruitments during pHVR. In addition, hypoxic ventilatory depression was attenuated in PAFR -/- mice (P < 0.01), and was primarily due to attenuation of the time-dependent decreases in oxygen consumption during sustained hypoxia (P < 0.01). Thus, PAFR expression/function modulates components of the acute ventilatory and metabolic adaptations to hypoxia but not to hypercapnia. Imbalances in PAFR activity may lead to maladaptive regulation of the tightly controlled metabolic-ventilatory relationships during hypoxia.