Culture,Psychiatry, and the Written Word†

Pessimistic views about the course and outcome of schizophrenia have been replaced by a more hopeful perspective that emphasizes on providing opportunities for recovery. Recovery, from a provider perspective, means that priority is placed on providing access to treatments and community services that have been proven effective in both decreasing symptoms and assisting individuals to lead maximally productive and personally meaningful lives. In 2004, the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) published a consensus list of evidence-based practices (EBPs) that includes six psychosocial treatments. These psychosocial interventions in combination with access to pharmacotherapy are important components of comprehensive treatment programs for the seriously mentally ill. This paper summarizes and updates the research basis for the PORT psychosocial EBPs and discusses several additional issues and research topics to be considered in the future.     

What are the computations of the cerebellum,the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex?

The classical notion that the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are dedicated to motor control is under dispute given increasing evidence of their involvement in non-motor functions. Is it then impossible to characterize the functions of the cerebellum, the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex in a simplistic manner? This paper presents a novel view that their computational roles can be characterized not by asking what are the “goals” of their computation, such as motor or sensory, but by asking what are the “methods” of their computation, specifically, their learning algorithms. There is currently enough anatomical, physiological, and theoretical evidence to support the hypotheses that the cerebellum is a specialized organism for supervised learning, the basal ganglia are for reinforcement learning, and the cerebral cortex is for unsupervised learning.This paper investigates how the learning modules specialized for these three kinds of learning can be assembled into goal-oriented behaving systems. In general, supervised learning modules in the cerebellum can be utilized as “internal models” of the environment. Reinforcement learning modules in the basal ganglia enable action selection by an “evaluation” of environmental states. Unsupervised learning modules in the cerebral cortex can provide statistically efficient representation of the states of the environment and the behaving system. Two basic action selection architectures are shown, namely, reactive action selection and predictive action selection. They can be implemented within the anatomical constraint of the network linking these structures. Furthermore, the use of the cerebellar supervised learning modules for state estimation, behavioral simulation, and encapsulation of learned skill is considered. Finally, the usefulness of such theoretical frameworks in interpreting brain imaging data is demonstrated in the paradigm of procedural learning.     

Alpha-dystroglycan, the usual suspect?

An increasing number of congenital muscular dystrophies might originate from genetic abnormalities of glycosyltransferases genes which are believed to target the subunit of the dystroglycan (DG) adhesion complex as their major enzymatic substrate. -DG is highly glycosylated and peripherally associated with the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle and the plasma membrane in a wide variety of cells. Several lines of evidence indicate that -DG hypoglycosylation might represent the primary molecular event characterizing congenital dystrophies, since it is likely to alter -DG high-affinity binding to laminin and other extracellular molecules, thus negatively influencing the basement-membrane/cytoskeleton axis and eventually leading to sarcolemmal instability, infiltration of myofibers and congenital weakness. For this reason, congenital diseases such as Walker-Warburg Syndrome or Muscle–Eye–Brain disease, have been recently denominated ‘secondary dystroglycanopathies’. However, some crucial points need to be fully addressed in order to finally assess the degree of involvement of -DG in congenital muscular diseases, for example: the possibility that mutations hitting the DG gene might lead to primary dystroglycanopathies; the putative functional or pathological role of hypoglycosylated – or even hyperglycosylated – -DG molecules; or also the compensatory role played by the recently identified paralogue glycosyltransferases in -DG sugar decoration.     

Putative roles of cathepsin B in Alzheimer's disease pathology: the good,the bad,and the ugly in one?

正Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss in memory,cognition,and executive function and activities of daily living.AD pathogenesis has been shown to involve loss of neurons and synapses,cholinergic deficits,amyloid-beta protein(Aβ)deposition,tau protein hyperphosphor-     

Are the effects of the antidepressants amitriptyline, maprotiline, and fluoxetine on inhibitory avoidance state-dependent?

State-dependent learning (SDL) is a phenomenon in which the retrieval of newly acquired information is possible if the subject is in the same physiological state as during the encoding phase. SDL makes it possible to separate the effects of drugs per se on learning from the effects due to changes in drug state during the task. The present work was designed to investigate whether the antidepressants amitriptyline (30 mg/kg), maprotiline (25 mg/kg), and fluoxetine (15 mg/kg) produce SDL of the inhibitory avoidance conditioning in male and female CD1 mice. In three separate experiments, independent groups were used for each pharmacological treatment and for each sex using a 2 x 2 experimental design. The results do not show SDL in any of the drugs. In the case of amitriptilyline, the data can be attributed to a memorization deficit, while the maprotiline results are interpreted as simultaneously influenced by memorization deficit and performance facilitation due to motor impairment. Fluoxetine treatment did not produce any deteriorating effect on the conditioning. Drugs had some different effects on the performance of males and females, males showing a slightly higher deterioration than females with administration of amitriptyline and maprotiline. This study shows that these antidepressants affect the acquisition/consolidation but not the retrieval process in the inhibitory avoidance learning.     

Quantifying the contributions of age,sex, methods,and urbanicity to the changing suicide rate trends in South Korea, 2001–2016

Purpose

Suicide rates in South Korea have been one of the highest in the world. The aim of this study is to quantify the contributions of age, sex, method, and place of residence to the trends of the suicide rates between 2001 and 2016 in South Korea.

Methods

Using the suicide data obtained from the South Korean National Death Registration data set for the years 2001–2016, a Joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to determine if there was a significant change in the trend of suicide rates. Next, a decomposition analysis method was used to quantify the contributions of age, sex, method, and places of residence to the changes in the suicide rates.

Results

Suicide rates increased between 2001 and 2010, and decreased between 2010 and 2016. Among all the age groups, the 65–79 age group contributed most to the rise (18% in men and 7% in women) and fall (− 15% in men and − 14% in women) of suicide rates. Men contributed much more than women to the increasing trend of suicide rate (63.0% vs. 37.0%). Hanging was the key method of suicide, dominating the ups and downs of the suicide rates. The rates of suicide by pesticide poisoning have been decreasing since 2005 and suicide by charcoal burning continued to increase against a decreasing trend of suicide rate during the period of 2010–2016. The gap of the metropolitan–city–rural suicide rates was narrowing during the period under study, although the rural areas remained to have the highest suicide rates.

Conclusion

The ups and downs of suicide rates in South Korea were not uniform across different sociodemographic groups. Age, sex, method, and place of residence contributed differently to the changes in suicide rates. Suicide prevention measures can be more focused on certain age–sex–method–region subgroups.

     

Missionaries with the hopeless? Inebriety,mental deficiency and the Burdens

The late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century campaign for the treatment of ‘inebriates’ used many of the themes used by campaigners for the care of the ‘feeble‐minded’. The inebriate reformatories admitted mainly women, and their low rate of success was blamed on the inmates being ‘mental defectives’, rather than a result of the methods used. When the reformatories closed, these were reused as institutions under the Mental Deficiency Act of 1913. Having been missionaries, the Reverend H. N. Burden and his wives managed inebriate reformatories and then switched to running colonies for ‘mental defectives’. The present article examines some of the links between the two movements.     

Trump,Freud, the Puzzle of Femininity—and #MeToo

Abstract

Beneath Donald Trump’s repudiation of democratic values and practically all vestiges of Obama’s legacy (which has spurred a clamor to repudiate Trump) lies a repudiation of the feminine. It underwrites Trump’s cult of hypermasculinity and enables his exploitation of masculine insecurity, along with the gutting of climate protections and reproductive rights. Freud believed the repudiation of femininity was “psychological bedrock” (for both sexes); this article argues that, on the contrary, we have no fundamental need to repudiate the feminine. In fact, to embrace the feminine, in both material and symbolic ways, would be to open an important space for a more democratic polity. But claiming the feminine is so threatening that some, perhaps most, would prefer to lock it up and deny its vast and elemental erotic power and democratizing possibility. #MeToo unleashes the feminine potential for an emancipatory politics beyond patriarchy.     

Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Exactly 100 years ago, the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Santiago Ramón y Cajal, “in recognition of his meritorious work on the structure of the nervous system”. Cajal's great contribution to the history of science is undoubtedly the postulate of neuron theory. The present work makes a historical analysis of the circumstances in which Cajal formulated his theory, considering the authors and works that influenced his postulate, the difficulties he encountered for its dissemination, and the way it finally became established. At the time when Cajal began his neurohistological studies, in 1887, Gerlach's reticular theory (a diffuse protoplasmic network of the grey matter of the nerve centres), also defended by Golgi, prevailed among the scientific community. In the first issue of the Revista Trimestral de Histología Normal y Patológica (May, 1888), Cajal presented the definitive evidence underpinning neuron theory, thanks to staining of the axon of the small, star-shaped cells of the molecular layer of the cerebellum of birds, whose collaterals end up surrounding the Purkinje cell bodies, in the form of baskets or nests. He thus demonstrated once and for all that the relationship between nerve cells was not one of continuity, but rather of contiguity. Neuron theory is one of the principal scientific conquests of the 20th century, and which has withstood, with scarcely any modifications, the passage of more than a 100 years, being reaffirmed by new technologies, as the electron microscopy. Today, no neuroscientific discipline could be understood without recourse to the concept of neuronal individuality and nervous transmission at a synaptic level, as basic units of the nervous system.