联合检测血清总胆红素与胆汁性状在鉴别肝移植术后早期高胆红素血症中的应用初探

目的 探讨联合检测血清总胆红素变化与胆汁性状在鉴别肝脏移植术后早期高胆红素血症病因中的意义.方法 对47例有病理结果或临床诊断明确的肝移植术后高胆红素血症患者的血清胆红素变化及胆汁引流情况进行总结分析.结果 本组47例患者中出现高胆红素血症68例次,其中缺血再灌注损伤32例次,术前高胆红素血症17例次,急性排斥反应9例...     

50例肝移植术后近期高胆红素血症的原因及处理

目的　探讨原位肝移植术后近期高胆红素血症的原因及其处理。方法　采用临床与系列肝穿刺活检相对比的方法 ,回顾性分析了 5 0例肝移植术后 3个月内高胆红素血症的原因及其动态变化。结果　肝移植术后血总胆红素 ( μmol/L)的变化曲线形如一个倒“S”型 ,1周内血胆红素皆逐渐升高 ( 12 7.19± 113 .15 ) ,2周内达高峰 ( 135 .45± 12 4.16 ) ,3周始下降 ,4周时平均为 73 .10± 49.5 2 ,至术后 12周可恢复至接近正常水平 ( 2 9.8± 37.5 6 ) ,与镜下肝细胞形态修复过程相一致。术前高胆红素血症 ( 10例 ,2 0 % )、保存损伤 (含缺血再灌注损伤共 44例 ,88% )、急性排斥反应 ( 13例 ,2 6 % )及胆漏 ( 4例 ,8% )系术后高胆红素血症的 4个主要原因 ,其血总胆红素变化趋势曲线相近 ,无原因特征性曲线。 5 0例肝移植术后无原发性肝无功能 ,受者围手术期及移植物生存率为 90 .6 % ,1年生存率约为 80 %。高胆红素血症临床治愈率为 10 0 %。结论　肝移植术后发生高胆红素血症的四大原因分别为 :保存损伤、排斥反应、术前高胆红素血症及胆道并发症。针对其原因 ,进行综合处理 ,常可取得好的临床效果。     

60例肝移植术后高胆红素血症的诊治体会

目的探索原位肝移植术后高胆红素血症的原因及处理。方法回顾性总结60例同种异体原位肝移植术后高胆红素血症的原因、诊断;提出不同的治疗方法及不足之处。结果术前高胆红素血症、原发病复发为原位肝移植术后高胆红素血症的主要原因。(1)术前高胆红素血症者占90.00%,未作特别处理,术后第1天血总胆红素明显下降,3周内降至正常;(2)原位肝移植术后肝脏缺血再灌注损伤者占95.00%,给予重组人生长激素10u×14天,术后血总胆红素1周内均逐渐升高,2周年左右达高峰,3周左右下降,1个月内基本正常。(3)急性排斥反应者占15.00%,均采用甲基强的松龙冲击治疗同时提高FK506谷值浓度、增加骁悉,多数患者总胆红素在治疗后第2天开始下降,3个月左右下降至正常;(4)胆道并发症者占11.67%,大部分患者解除胆漏或胆道狭窄后血总胆红素3周左右降至正常;(5)血管并发症导致的高胆红素血症患者占11.67%,其中,4例治愈,3例死亡;(6)原发病复发导致高胆红素血症占18.33%,均为肝脏恶性肿瘤复发所致,所有7例患者均在术后4~11个月内死亡。结论高胆红素血症是原位肝移植术后常见的并发症,病因多样而复杂,需根据血总胆红素升高的时间、辅助检查及病理学所见及时作出正确论断,才能达治疗的目的,巩固肝移植的成果。     

肝移植术后高胆红素血症的原因及处理

目的：探讨原位肝移植术后胆红素升高的原因及其处理方法.方法：回顾性分析了我院肝移植术后出现高胆红素血症40例患者的临床资料,采用临床表现与肝穿刺活检及ERCP检查的方法明确原因,分析总结其原因及相关处理方法.结果：40例肝移植患者发生术后高胆红素血症的病因包括：急性排斥反应16例（40.0%）、保存性损伤11例（27.5%）、胆道并发症7例（17.5%）、药物反应6例（15.0%）.无原发性肝脏无功能者,受者1年生存率约为90%,高胆红素血症临床治愈率为95%.结论：肝移植术后发生高胆红素血症的原因较多,机制复杂,以急性排斥反应、保存性肝损伤、胆道并发症和药物反应常见,临床上应根据其病因,进行综合处理,常可取得较好的临床效果.     

肝移植术后高胆红素血症的鉴别诊断

目的 探讨肝移植术后高胆红素血症的发生规律和特点,提高鉴别诊断和治疗的正确率,方法 总结5例肝移植术后高胆红素血症的发生频度、诊断和治疗效果,分析导致高胆红素血症的各种可能因素,提出鉴别诊断的要点。结果 5例肝移植共经历了11次高胆红素血症,其中急性排斥反应3例,肝内胆汁淤滞2例,胆总管内支撑物堵塞、CsA毒性反应以及肝动脉血栓形成各1例,均及时诊断并治愈,肝外胆道进行性狭窄、慢性排斥反应、供肝原发性无功能、以及乙肝复发各1例次,由于未能及时诊断导致治疗失败。结论 高胆红素血症是肝移植术后常见并发症,原因和机理错综复杂。了解肝移植术后恢复过程的规律,根据胆红素升高的时间,辅助检查结果以及病理学所及时作出正确诊断,是治疗成功的关键。     

肝移植术后早期高胆红素血症的临床研究

目的探讨原位肝移植术后1月内导致高胆红素血症的原因,并提出其防治措施。方法通过对41例原位肝移植患者1月内的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学及移植肝病理学检查等资料回顾性分析,确定肝移植术后早期高胆红素血症的原因,并提出相应的防治措施。结果本组术后早期发生高胆红素血症的主要原因包括：保存（含再灌注损伤）（35例,85．4％）,胆道并发症（18例,43．9％）,急性排斥反应（13例,31．7％）,血管并发症（5例,12．2％）,感染并发症（20例,48．8％）,术前高胆红素血症（12例,29．2％）,药物毒性反应（4例,9．8％）。通过对其原因及时处理,于术后满1月时28例高胆红素血症基本消失,临床治愈率为68．3％（28／41）,6例效果不明显,7例死亡。结论肝移植术后早期高胆红素血症通常是多种原因同时或相继作用所致,其中保存及再灌注损伤、胆道并发症、急性排斥反应以及感染并发症是最常见的原因,早期病因诊断、根据不同的病因作相应的处理是提高其治愈率的关键。     

肝移植术后高胆红素血症的诊断和防治

高胆红素血症（Hyperbilirubinemia）是指血清总胆红素大于25．6umol／L、非结合胆红素大于17umol/L或者结合胆红素大于5．13umol／L,是肝移植术后最常见的临床表现之一。肝移植术后如恢复顺利,一般血胆红素和肝酶在1周至10天左右逐渐下降至正常范围,且两者的下降是平行的。如血胆红素值居高不下或下降缓慢或下降后再度升高均为异常现象,应引起临床医生的注意,及时查明原因,以便对症治疗。但由于其原因较多而复杂,且一些原因交错在一起,常使鉴别诊断陷入困境以致延误治疗。本文将肝移植术后高胆红素血症归纳为肝脏因素、胆道因素、血管因素和药物因素四大类,分别就其原因、诊断和防治作一综述。     

肝移植术后高胆红素血症的常见原因

肝移植术后高胆红素血症常见原因包括:供肝质量问题,急慢性排斥反应,病原体感染等;胆道和血管、药物及其他因素亦可致本症发生。笔者就肝移植术后高胆红质的原因进行综述。     

肝移植术后早期胆漏患者的护理

回顾性分析11例肝移植术后胆漏病例的临床护理.提出肝移植术后密切观察引流液性质及量,早期发现胆漏;根据胆汁引流量、胆漏原因、全身情况等给予不同的护理是改善预后的关键.     

胆瘘引流方式的选择及评价

1　资料与方法1 .1　一般资料男 2 4例 ,女 2 1例 ,年龄 40 -70岁 ,平均 5 2 .4± 3 .4岁。其中单纯胆囊切除术后 1 4例 ,T管拔除术后 2 4例 ,肝癌术后 6例 ,肝破裂修补术后 1例。1 .2　诊断标准根据 B超确定腹腔内胆汁或者腹腔引流管引流胆汁的量而确定 ,凡手术当天和术后第 1 d腹腔引流胆汁的总量超过 1 5 0 ml,或术后第 1 d胆汁量在 1 0 0 ml以上者则视为胆瘘 [1 ]。本组 45例均符合以上的标准 ,其中有 4例引流量超过 60 0 ml/d。1 .3　方法(1 )　非手术引流共 3 7例 ,胆囊切除术后 9例 ,拔 T管术后所致胆瘘 2 1例 ,肝癌术后 6例 ,肝破…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.