浅谈术前检测输血5项的必要性

目的：加强医务人员对患者术前检测输血5项的重视，减少医院内感染。方法：回顾我院2006年1月-2007年1月检测输血5项7919例，分析各项传染病指标的阳性率，用以说明医务人员感染的潜在危险性。结果：各项传染病指标阳性率分别为谷丙转氨酶（ALT）9．89％、乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）11．3％、丙型肝炎抗体（抗-HCV）1．16％、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）0．025％、梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体（TP）1.84％。结论：术前检测输血五项不仅可以了解患者病情，提高医务人员自我防护意识，减少医院内感染，还可以作为处理医疗纠纷的依据，对医患双方都有重要意义，应引起各级医院的重视。     

患者输血前感染性指标检测的临床意义

目的：探讨对患者输血前4项感染性指标进行常规检测的临床意义。方法：对2006年1月-2007年12月7892例患者输血前进行乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙肝病毒抗体（抗HCV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒抗体检测分析。所有检测项目均严格按照试剂盒操作说明书进行,同时进行质量控制。结果：7892例患者中,HBSAg阳性率为12．8％;抗-HCV阳性率为0．78％;抗-HIV阳性率0．07％;梅毒抗体阳性率1．52％。结论：对患者输血前进行4项感染性指标检测,对于规范医疗行为、预防血液传播性疾病、减少因输血后感染引起医疗纠纷的发生均具有十分重要的作用,对患者、医院及供血单位均具有保护意义。     

4600例拟输血患者输血前4项传染病指标检测结果分析

目的：了解拟输血患者输血前传染病感染状况,减少因输血引起的医疗纠纷并探讨有关检查项目设置的必要性。方法：对4600例拟输血患者采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测其血清中乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒螺旋体抗体（抗-TP）4项常见传染病指标。结果：在4600例患者中,HBsAg阳性348例（7．57％）、抗-HCV阳性116例（2．52％）、抗-HIV阳性（经省CDC确诊）1例（O．0002％）、TP阳性77例（1．67％）。检测阳性总数为542例,总阳性率为11．78％。结论：对受血者进行输血前检测,可以减少医院感染,降低职业暴露的危险,加强医护人员的自我保护,减少因输血引起的医疗纠纷。     

受血者输血前血源性感染疾病检测意义探讨

目的：探讨我院受血者输血前乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBSAg）、丙型肝炎抗体（抗-HCV）、爱滋病抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒抗体（RPR）检测在医院感染中的临床意义。方法：对2004-2006年我院4996例受血者输血前血液HBSAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、PRP检测结果分析。结果：检出HBSAg、抗-HCV、PRP阳性率分别为10．91％、0.96％及0．10％，未检测出抗-HIV阳性。结论：受血者输血前血源性感染指标检测能更好控制医院感染，对保证安全输血及保护医患双方均有重要意义。     

手术前和输血前血液传播性疾病感染因子检测及意义

目的：通过对手术前和输血前患者乙肝5项、HCV、HIV、TP等血液传播性疾病感染因子标记物及ALT检测,探讨其在医院感染控制、化解医疗风险和减少医疗纠纷中的作用。方法：采用ELISA法检测19 592例手术前和输血前患者乙肝5项指标、丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）、艾滋病病毒抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒螺旋体抗体（抗-TP）,谷丙转氨酶（ALT）采用速率法。结果：单项HBsAg阳性率为16.09%,HBsAg加HBeAg阳性率1.62%,HBsAg加HBeAg加HBcAb阳性率7.16%,HBsAg加HBeAb加HBcAb阳性率8.49%,HBsAg加HBcAb阳性率0.51%,单项HBeAb阳性率0.59%,单项HBcAb阳性率4.76%;HBV总阳性率为38.92%。抗-HIV阳性率0.087%;抗-TP阳性率0.74%;抗-HCV阳性率1.27%;4898例ALT〉40 U/L,阳性率25%。17例抗-HIV阳性病例中HIV重叠感染HBV 7例（41.18%）;HIV重叠感染HCV 3例（17.65%）;HIV同时感染HCV和HBV三重感染2例（11.76%）。结论：①手术前和输血前进行相关感染疾病标记物的检测对防范手术和输血风险是十分必要的。②要加大经费和技术投入,最大限度的选用灵敏度高、重复性好的试剂和仪器,尽可能的采用能缩短＂窗口期＂的试剂,进一步提高检出率,才能有效地减少输血和手术医疗风险和纠纷的发生。     

4375例输血前4项检测结果分析

目的：了解患者输血前传染性病原体感染状况。方法：运用酶联免疫吸附试验法和甲苯胺不加热血清试验法对4375例住院患者进行HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、梅毒等“输血前4项”检测。结果：4375例患者检测总阳性率505例（11．54％），其中HBsAg阳性439例（10．03％）、抗-HCV58例（1．32％），抗HIV阳性2例（0．05％）、RPR6例（0．14％）。结论：进行输血前4项检测有利于患者的治疗及医院感染的预防，减少因输血而引起的医疗纠纷。     

手术及输血前患者肝炎感染情况调查

目的：了解手术及输血前患者肝炎感染情况，探讨医源性肝炎传染的风险，避免可能发生的医疗纠纷。方法：对6147例手术及输血前患者采用ELISA法检测HBsAg、HBsAb、HBeAg、HBeAb、HBcAb、抗-HCV；采用速率法测ALT。结果：患者血液异常的总阳性率为23．6％，其中HBsAg阳性867人（阳性率14．1％）、HBcAb阳性287人（阳性率4．52％）、抗-HCV阳性88人（阳性率1．43％）、ALT阳性573人（阳性率9．32％）。结论：对患者进行手术及输血前肝炎指标检测有利于患者的治疗及医务人员的自我保护，还可减少或避免因手术及输血而引起的医疗纠纷及防止医院感染。     

手术、分娩及输血前患者血液感染性指标检测结果分析

目的:了解手术、分娩及输血前患者乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒、梅毒螺旋体及人类免疫缺陷病毒血液感染性指标的感染情况。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对手术、分娩及输血前患者行乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎抗体(抗-HCV)、梅毒螺旋体抗体(抗-TP)及人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)检测。结果:23 516例患者总阳性率为11.95%,HBsAg、抗-TP、抗-HCV及抗-HIV分别检出2 300例(9.78%)、322例(1.40%)、175例(0.74%)和13例(0.05%),HBsAg阳性率高于其他3项检测指标,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);男性患者感染性指标总阳性率显著高于女性(P<0.05);不同年度感染性指标阳性率比较差异无统计学意义。结论:对手术、分娩及输血前患者进行血液感染性标志物的检测可有效预防和减少医疗纠纷的发生,避免医源性交叉感染。     

Tp-ELISA阳性在急诊患者中的价值分析

目的：探讨Tp-ELISA阳性在急诊患者中的价值。方法：选取兰州军区兰州总医院2009年1-10月2351例急诊患者手术或输血前的标本,经ELISA方法检测抗Tp抗体。按年龄和收治科室分组,统计各组抗Tp抗体的阳性率。结果：70岁以上患者Tp-ELISA阳性率明显高于其他年龄段的患者。泌尿、肿瘤和心血管疾病患者Tp-ELISA阳性率高于其他疾病患者,但3者之间相差不明显。结论：急诊患者中存在一定比例的梅毒感染,应采用特异性、灵敏性较高的快速检测方法在手术或输血前进行梅毒抗体的检测。     

1242例受血患者输血前相关病原标志物检测结果分析

目的：对受血患者进行输血前相关病原学标志物的检测，了解患者输血前状况，预防临床输血引起的医疗纠纷。方法：用酶联免疫吸附试验技术（ELISA）对1242例受血患者进行乙肝病毒标志物以及艾滋病（HIV）抗体、丙型肝炎（HCV）抗体检测；用甲苯胺红不加热血清反应素试验对梅毒进行检测。结果：1242例受血患者HBsAg阳性率为10．15％；HBcAb（IgG）阳性率为10．15％；HBeAg阳性率为2．90％；HBeAb阳性率为6．28％；HCV抗体阳性率为0．97％；HIV抗体阳性率为0％；梅毒阳性率为0．32％。结论：HIV、病毒性肝炎及梅毒等感染途径多种多样，判断是否由输血所致，必须对受血患者进行输血前相关病原学标志物的检测，及时发现阳性患者，否则感染来源难以界定，极易造成医疗纠纷。     

Possible infectious causes in 651 patients with acute viral hepatitis during a 10-year period (1976-1985)

Six hundred and fifty-one patients with acute viral hepatitis were identified serologically between January 1976 and December 1985. Of these, 109 (17%) had hepatitis A, 135 (21%) had hepatitis B, and 407 (62%) had hepatitis non-A, non-B. The possible infectious causes for acquisition of viral hepatitis occurring within 6 months before the onset of hepatitis were analysed. Approximately 80% of cases of hepatitis A and 70% of hepatitis B had no known risk factor, while in 67% of cases of hepatitis non-A, non-B possible risk factors for infection were documented. Infectious causes for hepatitis A were ingestion of raw shellfish (11%) and previous familial contact with patients with hepatitis A (10%). For hepatitis B, risk factors included medicare (24%), such as transfusion, surgical operation, accidental needle stick and acupuncture, and sexual contact (6%). For hepatitis non-A, non-B, the most important infectious cause was medical procedures (65%). The numbers of hospital employees were 2 (2%) with hepatitis A, 15 (11%) with hepatitis B and 14 (3%) with hepatitis non-A, non-B. These data suggest that hepatitis non-A, non-B can be a kind of nosocomial disease.     

Possible infectious causes in 651 patients with acute viral hepatitis during a 10-year period (1976–1985)

ABSTRACT— Six hundred and fifty-one patients with acute viral hepatitis were identified serologically between January 1976 and December 1985. Of these, 109 (17%) had hepatitis A, 135 (21%) had hepatitis B, and 407 (62%) had hepatitis non-A, non-B. The possible infectious causes for acquisition of viral hepatitis occurring within 6 months before the onset of hepatitis were analysed. Approximately 80% of cases of hepatitis A and 70% of hepatitis B had no known risk factor, while in 67% of cases of hepatitis non-A, non-B possible risk factors for infection were documented. Infectious causes for hepatitis A were ingestion of raw shellfish (11%) and previous familial contact with patients with hepatitis A (10%). For hepatitis B, risk factors included medicare (24%), such as transfusion, surgical operation, accidental needle stick and acupuncture, and sexual contact (6%). For hepatitis non-A, non-B, the most important infectious cause was medical procedures (65%). The numbers of hospital employees were 2 (2%) with hepatitis A, 15 (11%) with hepatitis B and 14 (3%) with hepatitis non-A, non-B. These data suggest that hepatitis non-A, non-B can be a kind of nosocomial disease.     

Prevalence of hepatitis G virus in liver disease.

The prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) in liver disease of non-A, -B, -C viral hepatitis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C was determined. Two of 44 patients (4.5%) with liver injury without any hepatitis A, B or C marker were positive for HGV. One of five cases of hepatocellular carcinoma was positive for HGV. One of three cases with fulminant hepatitis was positive for HGV. This case was negative at the onset of fulminant hepatitis and became positive after plasmapheresis. No patient with acute (n=8) or chronic (n=5) hepatitis or liver cirrhosis (n=8) was positive for HGV in non-A, -B, -C liver disease. One of 30 patients with various HBV-positive liver diseases and nine (17.3) of 52 patients with type C liver disease were positive for HGV. In patients with hepatitis C, four (28.6%) of 14 HGV-co-infected patients were complicated with diabetes mellitus compared with four (10.5%) of 38 single hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients (not significant). In 12 HGV-positive patients, eight of 10 (80%) had a history of blood transfusion. In HCV-positive patients, co-infection with HGV was not a risk factor in patients with diabetes mellitus as a complication. HGV appeared to cause non-A, -B, -C hepatitis rarely, and its main route of infection was blood transfusion.     

A prospective study of posttransfusion hepatitis in Taiwan.

In a follow-up study of 6 months or more of two hundred and ninety-six patients who had received blood transfusion, 37 (12.5%) developed acute posttransfusion hepatitis. Patients with posttransfusion hepatitis had significantly higher donor numbers and transfusion amounts than patients without hepatitis. Frequency was not related to the age, sex or hepatitis B carriage of recipients. There were no cases of fulminant hepatitis. Of 37 patients with hepatitis, 36 were diagnosed as non-A, non-B hepatitis and one as hepatitis B. Twenty-two (59.5%) of the 36 patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis seroconverted to hepatitis C antibody. Two of these were positive for hepatitis C antibody before transfusion and 12 were negative for hepatitis C antibody. Thirty-three of the 36 patients were followed-up for more than 6 months after the onset of hepatitis. While 13 of the 33 patients recovered, the remaining 20 (60.6%) patients still had persistent liver test abnormalities 6 months after the onset of hepatitis. Seventeen (85%) of the 20 patients who developed chronic hepatitis were hepatitis C antibody positive. In contrast, only four (30%) of the 13 patients who recovered after acute hepatitis were positive for the hepatitis C antibody. Chronicity rate was not related to the patient's sex, age, transfusion amount or donor number. Our results suggest a high frequency of posttransfusion hepatitis C in Taiwan and that the infection has a high risk of chronicity.     

Serologic and clinical study of post-transfusion viral contamination after cardiac surgery. Excluding human immunodeficiency virus

The incidence of post-transfusion viral contamination after cardiac surgery is variable but not negligible. The serological and clinical features of such contamination were determined in a series of 100 consecutive patients seen between June, 1983 and January, 1984. The ELISA technique was used for hepatitis A and B viruses and cytomegalovirus on three samples of blood taken before (S1), and 15 days (S2) and 2 to 3 months (S3) after surgery. In case of hepatitis further investigations were performed for heterophilic infectious mononucleosis antibodies and for hepatitis B virus DNA. The transient appearance at S2 of anti-cytomegalovirus antibodies brought by transfusion was observed in 40% of the cases; seroconversion occurred in 4% (cytomegalovirus 3, hepatitis B virus 1), and 5% of the patients developed clinical and biochemical hepatitis without serological markers.