急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗时血浆凝血酶抗凝血酶复合物水平的变化

目的观察急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者溶栓治疗后凝血系统的变化.方法对临床确诊的34例AMI患者和33名正常对照者,采用ELISA法检测血浆凝血酶抗凝血酶复合物(TAT),对其中6名患者溶栓前、溶栓6 h及溶栓12 h血浆TAT进行动态观察并与正常对照组进行比较.结果 AMI患者的TAT[(13.10±6.70) μg/L]较正常对照组[(6.96±3.60) μg/L]显著升高(P<0.01).6例患者TAT在溶栓治疗前[(11.60±5.10) μg/L]较正常对照组显著升高.溶栓治疗6 h后,TAT[(15.10±7.60) μg/L]较治疗前均有显著升高.溶栓治疗12 h后,TAT[(13.75±5.80) μg/L]下降接近治疗前水平,但仍高于正常人.结论 AMI患者的凝血酶活力增加,溶栓治疗后,导致TAT短时间内进一步提高.     

急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗时血浆凝血酶抗凝血酶复合物水平的变化

目的　观察急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者溶栓治疗后凝血系统的变化。方法　对临床确诊的 34例AMI患者和 33名正常对照者 ,采用ELISA法检测血浆凝血酶抗凝血酶复合物 (TAT) ,对其中 6名患者溶栓前、溶栓6h及溶栓 1 2h血浆TAT进行动态观察并与正常对照组进行比较。结果　AMI患者的TAT[(1 3.1 0± 6 .70 )μg/L]较正常对照组 [(6 .96± 3.6 0 ) μg/L]显著升高 (P <0 .0 1 )。 6例患者TAT在溶栓治疗前 [(1 1 .6 0± 5 .1 0 )μg/L]较正常对照组显著升高。溶栓治疗 6h后 ,TAT[(1 5 .1 0± 7.6 0 ) μg/L]较治疗前均有显著升高。溶栓治疗 1 2h后 ,TAT[(1 3.75± 5 .80 ) μg/L]下降接近治疗前水平 ,但仍高于正常人。 结论　AMI患者的凝血酶活力增加 ,溶栓治疗后 ,导致TAT短时间内进一步提高     

糖尿病患者血浆凝血酶-抗凝血酶和D-二聚体检测

目的　探讨糖尿病患者血浆凝血酶抗凝血酶复合物 (TAT)、D 二聚体 (D D)水平的临床意义。方法　选取 2型糖尿病患者 4 0例 ,分为微血管病变组 2 4例及单纯糖尿病组 16例 ;正常对照组 30例。采用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)测定血浆TAT和D D水平。结果　糖尿病组、正常对照组血浆TAT和D D水平分别为 (14 .95± 6 .5 4 )μg/L、(1.5 6± 0 .72 )mg/L ;(2 .6 5± 1.2 2 ) μg/L、(0 .19± 0 .0 8)mg/L ,两组相比差异有统计学意义。糖尿病微血管病变组较单纯糖尿病组及正常对照组TAT、D D含量均明显增高 (前两者TAT分别为 (2 1.34± 8.91) μg/L、(9.6 7±2 .72 ) μg/L ;D D分别为 (2 .95± 0 .84 )mg/L、(0 .2 8± 0 .0 9)mg/L ,而单纯糖尿病组较正常对照组仅TAT增高差异有统计学意义 ,D D未见明显增高。结论　糖尿病患者体内存在凝血及纤溶的变化 ,血浆TAT及D D的检测对其早期诊治有重要意义     

凝血酶生成试验在预测血管性血友病患者出血倾向中的作用

目的:评估凝血酶生成试验(thrombin generation test, TGT)在预测血管性血友病(von Willebrand disease,vWD)患者出血倾向中的应用价值。方法 :选取2018年1月至2019年7月就诊于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院的vWD患者38例,并根据出血严重程度分为轻度出血组(包括8例1型患者)、中度出血组(包括8例2A型和6例2M型患者)和重度出血组(包括2例2N型、6例重型1型和8例3型患者)。另选同期相同年龄段的5名健康体检者作为正常对照组。采集乏血小板血浆,分别检测患者与正常对照者间在1 pmol/L组织因子(tissue factor, TF)和5 pmol/L TF试剂激活下的凝血酶生成能力的差异,并分析TGT各参数[凝血酶生成峰值(以下简称峰值)、凝血酶生成潜力(endogenous thrombin potential, ETP)、达峰时间(time to peak, tt Peak)等]与患者血浆血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,v WF)抗原(vWF∶Ag)水平、vWF活性水平(vWF∶Act)及凝血因子Ⅷ活性(FⅧ∶C)间的相关性。结果:在1 pmol/L TF激活下,正常对照组的峰值显著高于轻度出血组、中度出血组及重度出血组(P0.05),重度出血组的峰值显著低于轻度出血组及中度出血组(P均0.01),ETP和tt Peak仅在重度出血组与其余各组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.01)。在5 pmol/L TF激活下,各组间峰值差异缩小,且正常对照组与轻度出血患者组的峰值间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),ETP、tt Peak值在各组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。此外,在1 pmol/L TF激活下的峰值与患者FⅧ:C间的相关性最好(相关系数R~2为0.65);在1 pmol/L、5 pmol/L TF激活下,TGT参数(ETP和tt Peak)与患者vWF∶Ag、vWF∶Act间的相关性较弱(R~20.5)。结论 :1 pmol/L TF激活下TGT参数的峰值可较好地反映不同出血严重程度vWD患者的出血倾向。     

冠心病患者血清氧化低密度脂蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α与冠状动脉病变程度的相关性研究

目的 氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)在冠心病(CHD)的发生、发展过程中均发挥着重要作用,本研究旨在探讨ox-LDL、TNF-α与冠状动脉病变程度的关系.方法 170例行冠状动脉造影(CAG)患者根据造影结果分为对照组66例和(CHD)组104例.收集空腹静脉血,用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测ox-LDL水平,用放射免疫测定法检测TNF-α水平.CHD组患者分急性心肌梗死(AMI)、不稳定型心绞痛(UA)及稳定型心绞痛(SA)组;单支、双支及多支病变组;轻度、中度及重度狭窄组.结果 CHD组ox-LDL水平较对照组明显升高,(559.58±113.80) μg/L vs (461.01±115.91)(P＜0.01);AMI组ox-LDL水平高于UA组及SA组,(609.75±127.35) μg/L vs (543.03±92.07) μg/L,(515.07±111.81) μg/L(P＜0.01);重度狭窄组ox-LDL水平较轻度狭窄组和中度狭窄组均明显升高,(597.45±113.93) μg/L vs (522.43±75.25) μg/L,(538.84±123.64) μg/L(P＜0.01 或 ＜0.05).CHD组TNF-α水平组较对照组明显升高,(10.06±2.78) ng/L vs (8.07±4.81) ng/L(P＜0.01);AMI组、UA组TNF-α水平高于对照组,(10.68±2.45) ng/L,(9.83±2.64) ng/L vs (8.07±4.81) ng/L(P＜0.01 或＜0.05).结论 ox-LDL水平及TNF-α水平与冠心病病变严重程度呈一定相关性.     

冠心病患者血浆抗凝血酶Ⅲ活性和纤维蛋白原水平的临床价值

目的 探讨血浆抗凝血酶Ⅲ活性和纤维蛋白原水平在冠心病患者中的临床应用.方法 测定急性心肌梗死（AMI）组、不稳定型心绞痛（UA）组、稳定型心绞痛（SA）组和健康对照组血浆抗凝血酶Ⅲ活性和纤维蛋白原水平,并进行比较.结果 AMI组、UA组及SA组血浆AT-Ⅲ活性（％）分别为89.04±13.32,86.64±11.07和102.33±9.39.AMI组、UA组及SA组血浆AT-Ⅲ活性与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.AMI组、UA组及SA组血浆Fib含量（g/L）分别为3.93±1.42,3.83±1.12和3.20±0.73.AMI组和UA组血浆Fib水平与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;AMI组和UA组血浆AT-Ⅲ活性较SA组明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 AT-Ⅲ活性及Fib水平的变化是鉴别各种冠心病发生的敏感性指标.     

冠心病患者血清同型半胱氨酸和尿酸水平变化及临床意义分析

目的探讨冠心病患者血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和尿酸(UA)水平变化及其临床意义。方法选择120例冠心病患者为研究对象(冠心病组),并按照冠心病类型分为稳定性心绞痛组(SA组,n=32)、不稳定性心绞痛组(UA组,n=74)和急性心肌梗死组(AMI组,n=14);另选择同期在本院体检科就诊的100例健康者为对照组。采用免疫比浊法检测所有研究对象的血清Hcy、UA和C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平,比较各组间差异,并分析血清Hcy和UA与CRP的相关性。结果冠心病组患者血清Hcy[冠心病组和对照组分别为(18.64±6.42)和(5.52±1.64)mg/L]、UA[冠心病组和对照组分别为(418.64±42.53)和(312.32±22.46)μmol/L和CRP[冠心病组和对照组分别为(9.85±2.12)和(2.25±0.84)mg/L]水平均明显高于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。AMI组患者血清Hcy[AMI组、SA组和UA组分别为(24.83±5.23)、(12.54±2.52)和(17.64±3.84)mg/L]、UA[AMI组、SA组和UA组分别为(442.53±45.25)、(343.63±23.54)和(389.46±36.72)μmol/L]和CRP[AMI组、SA组和UA组分别为(12.27±2.53)、(3.72±1.32)和(7.47±1.64)mg/L]水平明显高于SA和UA组患者,3组间差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。相关性分析结果显示血清Hcy、UA水平和CRP水平呈正相关(相关系数r值分别为0.384、0.362,均P0.05)。结论冠心病患者血清Hcy和UA水平明显升高,并且与冠心病的严重程度密切相关,检测血清Hcy和UA水平有助于预测心血管事件的发生。     

基质金属蛋白酶9在心肌梗死患者外周血白细胞表达的研究

目的探讨白细胞中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)在急性心肌梗死(AMI)病理生理机制中的作用。方法用电化学发光法及比浊法检测30例AMI患者与30名正常人血浆肌钙蛋白(Tn)、循环白细胞培养上清液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量;用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血浆MMP-9的含量及逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测白细胞中MMP-9 mRNA的表达水平。结果AMI患者SOD的含量在6 h[(23±5)ng/mL]及1周内[(71±11)ng/mL]较正常人[(124±8)ng/mL]显著降低(P<0.001),Tn[6 h:(173±24)μg/L,1周:(126±13)μg/L]、MDA[6 h:(523±87)μg/L,1周:(341±78)μg/L]、MMP-9[6 h:(697±143)μg/L,1周:(597±102)μg/L]较正常人[Tn:(45±8)μg/L,MDA:(87±9)μg/L,MMP-9:(342±165)μg/L]显著增高(P<0.05)。MMP-9与MDA的变化水平呈正相关(r=0.73,P<0.05),与SOD的含量呈负相关(r=-0.79,P<0.01)。AMI患者循环白细胞MMP-9 mRNA表达显著增强。结论AMI患者循环白细胞处于炎性状态,MMP-9 mRNA表达增强,并可能由此导致血浆MMP-9水平增高。监测血浆MMP-9的水平有可能成为了解AMI发生发展的一个重要诊断指标。     

男性急性冠状动脉综合征患者性激素水平与内皮素、血管性假血友病因子改变的关系

目的探讨性激素水平与血管内皮功能的关系及性激素内环境紊乱在男性急性冠脉综合征(ACS)发生中的作用.方法用放射免疫法和酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法测定了61例男性ACS患者[其中急性心肌梗死(AMI)30例,不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)31例]和30例男性健康志愿者的血清雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)和睾酮(T)水平及血浆内皮素(ET-1)、血管性假血友病因子(vWF)水平.结果 ACS(AMI和UAP)患者E2、E2/T明显高于正常对照组[E2(125.09±30.60) ng/L和(107.50±38.40) ng/L vs (61.60±44.00) ng/L,E2/T:24.86±12.59和18.23±9.77 vs 8.87±8.50,均P＜0.01],而T水平明显低于正常对照组(5.71±1.78) μg/L和(6.63±1.98) μg/L vs (9.11±2.26) μg/L,P＜0.01),性激素水平失衡(主要表现为E2/T的改变)与血浆ET-1、vWF水平之间存在明显的正相关关系.结论高E2血症及T水平降低在男性ACS的发病中起重要作用.男性ACS性激素水平失衡与内皮功能之间可能存在着密切的联系.     

充血性心力衰竭患者激活素A、基质金属蛋白酶9及N端脑钠肽前体水平的变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者血浆激活素A(ACT-A)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和N端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平变化及临床意义.方法 应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别测定86例CHF患者治疗前后及30例正常人血浆ACT-A、MMP-9和NT proBNP水平,并进行统计学分析比较.结果 ①CHF组ACT-A、MMP 9和lgNT-proBNP水平分别为(2.94±1.44) μg/L、(260.01±88.23) μg/L和(5.51±1.73) ng/L明显高于对照组(1.03±0.27) μg/L、(80.51±28.66)μg/L和(4.11±0.16) ng/L(均P＜0.01);②心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级组ACT-A分别为(1.72±0.25) μg/L、(2.33±0.51)μg/L及(4.78±0.78) μg/L,MMP-9水平分别为(142.60±50.43) μg/L、(225.14±33.03) μg/L及(310.27±75.77) μg/L,lgNT-proBNP水平分别为(4.67±0.35) ng/L、(5.48±1.07) ng/L及(5.91±1.47) ng/L,以上指标均为CHFⅢ级高于CHFⅡ级,CHFⅣ级高于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级(均P＜0.01).③CHF组治疗后血浆ACT A、MMP-9和lgNT-proBNP水平分别为(2.17±0.79) μg/L、(184.50±52.40) μg/L和(4.39±0.87) ng/L显著低于治疗前水平(2.94±1.44) μg/L、(260.01±88.23) μg/L和(5.51±1.73) ng/L(均P＜0.01).④CHF组血浆ACT A、MMP-9与lgNT-proBNP呈正相关(r＝0.732、0.771,P＜0.05).结论 CHF患者血浆ACT-A、MMP-9和NT-proBNP水平较正常人显著升高,且这些指标随着心功能恶化而明显升高.对其血浆浓度的测定有助于CHF的早期诊断和分级.     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

胃癌DNA含量与E-cad、EGFR表达的关系及其意义

目的　探讨胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR表达的关系 ,评价其在浸润、转移潜能及预后判断中的作用。方法　应用图像分析仪及SP免疫组化法检测 30例正常胃黏膜上皮、30例不典型增生和 5 0例胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR蛋白表达情况。结果　①正常胃黏膜上皮、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌组的DI、PI、S %、>5c %逐渐增高 ,与胃癌分期、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。②E cad在正常胃黏膜上皮阳性表达率 10 0 % ,EGFR呈阴性表达 ;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌E cad阳性表达率逐渐降低 ,EGFR的阳性表达率逐渐升高 ,且差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;E cad表达减弱、EGFR表达升高与胃癌分化差、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。③E cad表达阴性的胃癌DNA指数及EGFR表达水平显著高于E cad阳性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　检测DNA含量及E cad、EGFR蛋白表达有助于胃癌的早期诊断及转移潜能和预后的判断。     

Quality and suitability of antimicrobial discs: theoretical and practical sources of error and variability

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The use of antimicrobial discs remains one of the main methods for assessing antibiotic activity. Most discs are made to one of three main standards (FDA, WHO, DIN); these all describe an assay method for assessing the quality of discs using a linear method. Theory predicts a curved relationship, and this is backed up in many cases in practice. In such cases, the assays are potentially invalid. Other sources of uncertainty arising from the manufacturing processes employed are also discussed.

Areas covered: This includes error arising from applying FDA, WHO, and DIN standards, the manufacturing techniques employed, and variation in the materials used in production. The need for a specification that relates directly to the use of the discs is also discussed.

Expert opinion: Manufactured discs, some of which may be out of specification due to curvature and other sources of error, have been used to establish quality zone sizes. Quality zone sizes have then been used to measure the quality of discs. This circular quality system where there is no quantitative check is potentially unsafe. In the many decades of their use, there has been no comprehensive check on the quality of manufactured discs using quantitative, validated assays.