巨孔表面全髋股骨头假体的无骨水泥置换术：附42例报告

为总结国产巨孔全髋股骨头假体行无骨水泥置换术的临床疗效，本文报告了已获２～４年随访的４２例４６髋，其中２２例植入自体骨水泥。结果骨水泥组优良率９５％，较无骨水泥组的８５％虽无统计学差异，但有所改善；骨水泥组股区痛轻度２髋，无骨水泥组中度５髋、轻度２髋，２组差异显著（Ｐ值＜０．０１）。Ｘ线片提示的巨孔区新骨增生、硬化带缺如及股矩萎缩等假体稳定征，骨水泥组显著高于无骨水泥组（Ｐ值＜０．０１）。而巨孔区、光滑段硬化带、杆端新骨增生、股矩增生、骨皮质增厚等假体静态不稳及下沉内翻移位≥２ｍｍ、髓腔扩大、界面损伤等假体动态不稳征，骨水泥组显著低于无骨水泥组（Ｐ值＜０．０１）。球粒脱落征２组均未发现。提示该假体行无骨水泥置换术疗效满意，如植入骨水泥可进一步提高疗效。     

强直性脊柱炎股骨形态及全髋置换术后的股骨假体分析

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎患者行全髋关节置换术时的假体选择方法。方法将24例（36髋）强直性脊柱炎患者设为强直性脊柱炎（AS）组，所有纳入患者术前均已出现关节强直，并进行了非骨水泥人工全髋关节置换术。对照组共30例（45髋），均系非强直性脊柱炎患者并且进行非骨水泥型全髋关节置换术。分析两组患者术前髋关节正侧位片，并且测量singh指数、髓腔张开指数、皮质形态指数和皮质骨指数，分析两组患者术后X线片，测量股骨假体的髓腔占有率，进行组间计量资料t检验，对髓腔占有率和Singh指数进行Spearman等级相关分析。结果两组间在singh指数、髓腔张开指数、皮质形态指数以及假体髓腔占有率方面存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。皮质骨指数两组间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。强直性脊柱炎患者的股骨近段出现比较显著的骨质疏松以及形态学改变，髓腔形态更接近于直立，髓腔开口处张口角度更大，骨皮质变薄。结论在没有定制型假体的情况下，对于由于强直性脊柱炎严重骨质疏松所造成的股骨近段髓腔形态呈现烟囱型改变的患者，应该选用传统水泥型假体并按照关节翻修术的方法来处理；对于髓腔形态没有出现显著改变的强直性脊柱炎患者仍可选用传统生物固定型假体；根据患者髓腔形态利用CAD技术特殊设计的个体化水泥型假体应比现有类型假体更加适合强直性脊柱炎患者。     

乌司他丁联合肾上腺素对人工髋关节置换术中骨水泥植入综合征的预防作用

目的探讨乌司他丁联合微量肾上腺素在骨水泥型人工髋关节置换术中预防骨水泥植入综合征（BCIS）发生的作用。方法回顾性研究自2010-01—2013-11施行的骨水泥型人工髋关节置换术48例．其中骨水泥植入前未用乌司他丁及肾上腺素者（对照组）36例，骨水泥植入前用乌司他丁联合微量肾上腺素者（干预组）12例。比较2组骨水泥植人前及植入后1、5、10、15min的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、指末梢血氧饱和度（SpO2）。结果对照组：血压在骨水泥注入后均有不同程度下降，骨水泥植入1min时血压显著下降（P〈0．05），5rain后开始回升（P〈0．05），10-15min时基本恢复；HR和SpO2无明显变化（P〉0．05）。干预组：骨水泥植入前30min微量泵入肾上腺素及30万U乌司他丁，骨水泥灌注前后各时间点SBP、DBP、HR、Sp02均无明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论微量肾上腺素联合乌司他丁静脉泵入能有效预防BCIS的发生。     

经食道超声心动图观测非骨水泥型全髋关节置换术中心腔内栓子

目的采用经食道超声心动图（TEE）观察非骨水泥型全髋置换术心腔内栓子的发生率、发生的时段和程度及其对呼吸循环的影响。方法选择14例ASAⅡ-Ⅲ级在全麻下行非骨水泥型全髋置换术的患者,术中用TEE观察手术开始、磨锉髋臼、植入髋臼假体、股骨锉髓、股骨假体植入和关节复位各时间段心腔内栓子的发生率和程度;同时行有创血压监测和动脉血气分析,观察循环呼吸系统的变化。结果所有患者的右心房均观察到了“阵雪样”的栓子影像,其中植入髋臼假体、扩髓、股骨假体植入及关节复位时最显著;心率（HR）、脉氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼末二氧化碳（ETCO2）、氧分压（PO2）全程无明显变化,收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）在关节复位后明显下降（P〈0．01）。结论TEE观察非骨水泥型全髋关节置换术中普遍存在着心腔内微栓子,应引起高度萤视。     

髋部骨矿骨密度在人工全髋关节置换后的改变

目的：观察人工全髋关节置换术后在假体周围的髋骨骨矿量（BMC）骨密度（BMD）的改变规律。方法：采用DPX－L骨密度仪连续追踪调查52例人工全髋关节置换术后3、6、12、24和36个月的髋骨假体周围的BMC和BMD，以术前、后健侧髋为对照，进行分析研究。结果：发现术后3、6个月BMC和BMD均较术前下降（P≤0．05），患髋经12－24个月运动练习，BMC和BMD逐渐增加，至36个月时达到或接近健侧髋骨水平并获得稳定（P≤0．01）。结果显示BMC和BMD的改变与人工全髋关节的固定方式即骨水泥固定与生物型固定无明显关系（P＜0．01）。结论：人工全髋关节置换术后6个月内BMC和BMD呈不同程度下降，患髋经12－24个月运动练习，BMC和BMD逐渐增加，至36个月时达到健侧髋骨的水平并获得稳定，与固定方式无明显关系。     

应用抗菌素骨水泥旷置分期翻修治疗人工髋关节置换术后感染

目的 评估应用抗菌素骨水泥旷置分期翻修（TSEA）治疗髋关节置换术后感染的疗效。方法 1998年1月～2005年1月，采用TSEA治疗8例髋关节置换术后感染患者，所有患者均行细菌培养检查，一期清创假体取出滴注2例，清创后假体取出加PR-40抗菌素骨水泥支架旷置6例；二期翻修采用非骨水泥假体3例，骨水泥型假体3例，混合髋2例；手术前后髋关节功能通过Harris评分评估。结果 4例细菌培养为金黄色葡萄球菌，3例为混合感染，1例细菌培养阴性。一期处理后所有伤口均愈合，一、二期平均间隔5．5个月。术后平均3年4个月随访时髋关节Harris评分由术前31．1分提高至62．9分。结论 TSEA是治疗髋关节置换术后感染非常有效的方法，其中碘氟浸泡髓腔和抗菌素骨水泥旷置是主要手段。骨水泥复合万古霉素对耐受甲氧西林金黄色球菌人工关节感染治疗有效。     

下腔静脉过滤器对骨水泥植入综合征的预防作用研究

目的 研究下腔静脉过滤器(rvcr)对骨水泥植入综合征(BCIS)的预防作用. 方法雄性绵羊10只,体质量25～30 kg,随机分为A组(不植入IVCF)和B组(植入IVCF)(n=5).麻醉后B组绵羊先在1250 mA透视机透视下,由颈内静脉经右心房在.肾下极5 cm处下腔静脉内植入IVCF.后将两组绵羊离断股骨颈扩髓腔,植入10 mL骨水泥,并逐渐增加髓腔内压,同期观测血压、心率、中心静脉压(CVP)和血气变化,心前区超声心动图动态实时显示心腔内情况改变.术毕分离肺脏,油红染色观察肺组织病理变化.结果 A组绵羊植入骨水泥后,当将股骨髓腔压力增加至120mm Hg时,右心房、右心室内即出现了点状不均匀回声,且随髓腔压力继续增加,点状回声变成大量雪花状叫声影,并伴血压、PaO2明显下降,25 min后收缩压下降至(80±11)mm Hg(P＜0.01),Pa02降至最低(P＜0.05),而心率、CVP进行性升高,血气分析示呼吸性酸中毒合并代谢性酸中毒,病理提示肺动脉血管内广泛散布大量脂肪栓子,血管腔阻塞;而B组绵羊在植入骨水泥后,在股骨髓腔内压升至400 mm№时尚未观察到右心腔出现脂肪栓子回声影,且血压、PaO2、心率、CVP较植入前未见明显降低或升高(P＞0.05),血气分析结果示通气正常,肺组织脂肪油红染色阴性. 结论 IVCF可有效预防骨水泥植入而引起的BCIS的发生.     

骨水泥阻塞骨干髓腔后远侧骨干骨内压和骨血流改变的实验研究

[目的]探讨骨水泥阻塞股骨近中段骨干髓腔后对股骨远端骨内压和骨血流的影响.[方法]采取兔左侧股骨髓腔内灌注PMMA骨水泥而右侧不灌注作为正常对照的方法,制作骨水泥阻塞股骨近中段骨干髓腔的兔动物模型.将32只实验兔分成5组,随机取出8只不做模型作为正常对照组,其余24只制作模型后,根据不同的观察时间段随机分成术后当天（T0）、术后4周（T4）、术后8周（T8）、术后16周（Ti6）4个观察组,每组6只.使用生理测压仪,对正常和模型动物双侧股骨远端骨内压进行测量和比较.采用核素骨显像（ECT）方法,对模型动物双侧股骨远端动态和静态显像进行检测和比较.[结果]（1）骨内压：正常兔股骨远端双侧骨内压无差异性（P＞0.05）：T0、T4、T8、T16实验侧骨内压明显增高,双侧有差异性（P＜0.01）.造模后在不同观察时间段对照侧骨内压均无差异性（P＞0.05）,实验侧处于持续骨内高压状态,T0与T4、T0与T8、T0与T16、T4与T8、T8与T16均无差异性（P＞0.05）,T4与T16有差异性（P＜0.05）;（2）核素骨显像：T0、T4实验侧核素计数均比对照侧明显降低,T8、T16实验侧核素计数均超过对照侧,T16最高;各时间段实验侧/对照侧核素计数比值中T0与T8、T0与T16、T4与T16、T8与T16、T4与T8均有差异性（P＜0.05）,而T0与T4无差异性（P＞0.05）.核素骨动态和静态显像的变化趋势完全一致.[结论]骨水泥阻塞股骨近中段骨干髓腔后严重破坏了骨内和髓内的血液循环状态,引起了局部血流动力学的改变.导致股骨远端的骨内压和骨血流发生了一系列的变化,骨内压持续升高并长期存在.     

骨矿改变在人工全髋关节置换术的监测

目的：研究人工全髋关节置换术后髋周骨矿含量的改变。方法：对骨水泥型人工全髋关节置换的25例27髋,在术后不同时段用DEXA测定髋周5个区域的骨矿含量,并与其各自合适的对照作配对样本t检验。结果：术后1个月内（平均23d)测定组显示第4区骨矿量显著增加（P＜0．05）;术后4－6月（平均4．4月）和7－12月测定组显示5个区骨矿量无显著增减（P＞0．05）;术后14－49月（平均27．4月）测定组显示第2区和第5区骨矿量显著降低（P＜0．05）;第1区也有明显降低趋势（P＝0．064）。结论：骨水泥型人工全髋置入后髋周承重部位骨矿量在12月内改变不大;术后约2年在髋臼周围和股骨小粗隆部骨矿明显丢失,与置入假体后产生应力遮挡可能有关。     

生物型和骨水泥型股骨假体全髋关节置换术治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的临床效果对比

目的：对比老年骨质疏松股骨颈骨折使用生物型股骨假体柄与骨水泥型股骨假体柄行全髋关节置换术治疗效果。方法对本组进行老年骨质疏松股骨颈骨折100例（100髋）进行的全髋关节置换术根据手术方式分为A组（股骨假体柄骨水泥型全髋关节置换术,60髋）, B组（股骨假体柄生物型全髋关节置换术,40髋）。对比两组髋关节功能、关节活动度、髋关节影像学特点及术后疼痛情况。结果老年骨质疏松股骨颈骨折行全髋关节置换术,采用生物型股骨假体柄与骨水泥型股骨假体柄的全髋关节置换术临床疗效对比差异显著（ P＜0.05）。结论对于老年骨质疏松股骨颈骨折行全髋关节置换术,应用骨水泥型者股骨假体柄术后近期疗效明显优于生物型,但它有诱发深静脉血栓栓塞和骨水泥危象的风险。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.