RP-HPLC测定注射用复方甘草酸苷中甘草酸铵含量和有关物质

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定注射用复方甘草酸苷中甘草酸铵的含量和有关物质。方法:采用 Symmetry C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以2%醋酸-乙腈(65:35)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为256 nm,进样量为20μL。结果:甘草酸铵线性范围为40～400μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),最小检测量为6.23 ng。结论:本法精密度好,结果准确、可靠、灵敏,可用于注射用复方甘草酸苷含量测定和有关物质检查。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定冬菊利咽合剂中6种成分的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定冬菊利咽合剂中绿原酸、隐绿原酸、木犀草苷、异绿原酸A、甘草苷和甘草酸铵的含量。方法采用Agilent TC-C_(18)(2)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相乙腈-0.1%磷酸,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min~(-1);检测波长334 nm;柱温30℃。结果绿原酸、隐绿原酸、甘草苷、木犀草苷、异绿原酸A、甘草酸铵分别在4.289～85.78μg·m L~(-1)(r=0.9995)、3.430～68.60μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996)、7.215～144.30μg·m L~(-1)(r=0.9999)、4.146～82.92μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997)、3.723～74.46μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)、18.73～374.60μg·m L~(-1)(r=0.9999)内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率均在98.7%～101.5%,RSD均在1.1%～2.5%。结论该方法简便准确,重复性与稳定性好,可用于冬菊利咽合剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定儿童回春颗粒中哈巴苷和哈巴俄苷的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定儿童回春颗粒中哈巴苷和哈巴俄苷的含量。方法色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.3mL·L~(-1)磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);检测波长:210nm;进样量:10μL;柱温:25℃。结果哈巴苷与哈巴俄苷的线性范围分别为0.296~5.92μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 9)和0.103~2.06μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 8);平均回收率分别为99.3%(RSD=0.50%)和98.9%(RSD=0.72%)。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可作为儿童回春颗粒的质量控制方法。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定氨咖敏片中3组份的含量

目的:建立用 RP-HPLC 法测定氨咖敏片中氨基比林、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏含量的方法。方法:用 Kromasil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.3%十二烷基硫酸钠溶液-磷酸(60:40:0.02)(用三乙胺调 pH 至3.3)为流动相,流速1.0ml·min~(-1),检测波长215 nm。结果:氨基比林、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏分别在30.2～90.5μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 9),2.8～8.4μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 6)和10.1～30.2μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 9)范围内呈线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.4%,RSD=0.3%(n=9),99.6%,RSD=0.5%(n=9)和99.3%,RSD 0.4%。结论:本法简单、快速和准确,适用于氨咖敏片质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定复方甘草酸苷片中甘氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定复方甘草酸苷片中甘氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量。方法采用AgilentHC-C18(2)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(50%磷酸调节pH值至2.5)(5∶95)为流动相;流速:0.8 mL/m in;检测波长:200 nm;柱温:30℃。结果甘氨酸与蛋氨酸均在0.10～1.0 mg/mL的浓度范围内有良好的线性关系(r=1.000 0和0.999 9);平均回收率分别为100.29%和99.58%;RSD分别为0.97%和0.75%(n=9)。结论此法简便、快速、准确,适用于同时测定复方甘草酸苷片中甘氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定匹林咖敏片中3组分的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法同时测定匹林咖敏片中3组分咖啡因、阿司匹林和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。方法:色谱柱为ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C_(18)(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-4.3%冰醋酸溶液(17:83),柱温30℃,流速为1.0ml·min~(-1),检测波长为262nm。结果:咖啡因、阿司匹林和马来酸氯苯那敏的线性范围分别为:3.2～50.6μg·ml~(-1)(r=1.000 0)、24.5～392μg·ml~(-1)(r=1.000 0)和0.4～6.6μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 9);平均回收率分别为99.2%,99.3%,99.5%,RSD分别为1.1%,0.7%,0.6%。结论:方法快速、简便,适用于控制药品质量。     

HPLC双波长法同时测定意大利牛舌草中3种成分的含量

目的建立同时测定意大利牛舌草中咖啡酸、芦丁和紫云英苷含量的HPLC法。方法采用πNAP COSMOSIL C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);以乙腈(A)-2mL·L-1磷酸(B)为流动相,进行梯度洗脱;流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);柱温:30℃;紫云英苷、咖啡酸和芦丁的检测波长分别为266,341和341nm。结果咖啡酸、芦丁和紫云英苷分别在0.348 8~22.32(r=0.999 9),1.813~116.0(r=0.999 9)和0.241 3~15.44μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 8)范围内质量浓度与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.6%(RSD=1.28%),101.1%(RSD=0.66%)和99.8%(RSD=3.75%)。3批意大利牛舌草样品中咖啡酸、芦丁和紫云英苷的平均含量分别为84.27±2.19,720.77±62.85和63.63±4.33μg·g~(-1)。结论该方法操作简便、重复性好、准确度高,为意大利牛舌草的质量控制提供了实验依据。     

RP—HPLC法测定小儿感冒颗粒中连翘苷的含量

目的:提高小儿感冒颗粒质量标准。建立 HPLC 法测定小儿感冒颗粒中连翘苷的含量。方法:采用 C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相:乙腈-水(20:80),流速1.0mL·min~(-1)检测波长为277nm。结果:连翘苷的线性范围为0.0548～1.7536μg(r=0.999),精密度 RSD 为1.5%,重复性试验 RSD 为1.9%,方法回收率为96.1%(RSD=1.2%,n=6)。结论:本方法准确,灵敏度高,可用于小儿感冒颗粒质量标准控制。     

HPLC法测定妇科养荣丸中芍药苷的含量

目的:建立测定妇科养荣丸中芍药苷的高效液相色谱法。方法:C_(18)色谱柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈- 0.05 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾(16:84),流速1.0 ml·min~(-1);检测波长230 nm。结果:线性范围:0.195～1.952μg·ml~(-1),r= 0.9998,平均回收率:96.8%(n=5,RSD=1.2%)。结论:建立的高效液相色谱法测定含量,准确、快速、重现性好。     

獐牙菜属及近缘植物中4种有效成分的HPLC定量分析

目的:比较獐牙菜属及近缘植物中獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、芒果苷、齐墩果酸的含量,为资源利用提供依据。方法:獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、芒果苷色谱条件:ZORBAX SB-C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),流动相甲醇-水(含0.1%磷酸)的比例在0→30 min 内由20:80线性变化至30:70,检测波长240 nm,流速0.60 mL·min~(-1),柱温30℃。齐墩果酸色谱条件:ZOR-BAX SB-C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相乙腈-水(含0.1%磷酸)(75:25),检测波长210 nm;流速1.0 mL·min~(-1);柱温40℃。结果:獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、芒果苷及齐墩果酸的线性范围为0.155～19.0μg(r=0.9999),0.0186～1.24μg(r=0.9999),0.00680～1.36μg(r=0.9998),0.150～3.90μg(r=0.9996),回收率分别为101.2%(RSD=1.6%),99.4%(RSD=1.2%),102.6%(RSD=1.5%),99.3%(RSD=1.8%)。结论:本实验说明在民间作为獐牙菜使用的植物中都含有4种有效成分,但种间差异较大。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.