盐水加温冲洗法在无肝素透析中的应用效果观察

目的:探讨在无肝素透析时采用盐水加温冲洗法以改善具有高危出血倾向的血液透析患者体外血路凝血堵管情况的效果。方法:将60例有高危出血倾向的血液透析治疗患者随机分为实验组和对照组各30例,采用无肝素透析,在透析过程中对照组予常规生理盐水冲洗法,实验组予加温盐水冲洗法,观察两组透析前后动静脉端凝血功能化验指标、透析完成情况及透析器管路的凝血情况。结果:实验组相比对照组透后动静脉端凝血风险降低,透析完成率提高,透析器及管路凝血情况明显改善。结论:血液透析患者有高危出血倾向时应用盐水加温冲洗法无肝素透析可改善透析器及管路的凝血情况,达到安全、有效的透析治疗目的。     

高危出血倾向患者改良式无肝素连续性血液滤过治疗的效果

目的探讨改良式无肝素抗凝在高危出血倾向患者连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(continuous venovenous hemofiltration,CVVH)应用的可行性和安全性。方法采用自身对照法将40例具有高危出血倾向行无肝素CVVH治疗的患者按治疗单、双日分为观察组和对照组,对照组采用传统无肝素抗凝治疗68例次,观察组采用改良式无肝素抗凝治疗68例次。观察两组有效治疗时间、生理盐水冲洗量、实际超滤量、治疗前后生化指标下降值、体外循环凝血及治疗后出血并发症情况。结果两组有效治疗时间、生理盐水冲洗量、实际超滤量、治疗前后生化指标下降值、滤器和静脉壶凝血情况比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论对高危出血倾向患者行改良式无肝素CVVH治疗,同时做好无肝素抗凝的常规护理,不但能起到安全有效的抗凝效果,还可延长有效治疗时间、降低滤器和静脉壶凝血发生率,减轻护理工作量,节约成本。     

改良无肝素吸附法在高危出血倾向患者血液透析中的应用

目的:探讨改良无肝素吸附法在高危出血倾向患者血液透析(HD)中的应用。方法:将69例维持性HD患者随机分为观察组37例和对照组32例,对照组采用传统无肝素生理盐水冲洗法,观察组采用改良式吸附法无肝素透析联合盐水冲洗法。比较两组凝血功能、生化指标、有效治疗时间、生理盐水冲洗量、超滤量情况、管路及透析器凝血程度、静脉端穿刺点压迫止血时间及新出血情况等。结果:两组凝血功能、生化指标、有效治疗时间、生理盐水冲洗量、超滤量情况比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组管路及透析器凝血等级以0级、Ⅰ级为主,占69.41%,对照组以Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级为主,占65.93%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组均未出现新出血灶,动脉端、静脉端止血时间与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:改良式无肝素吸附法联合生理盐水冲洗不会影响高危出血倾向HD患者的凝血功能,但可以减少或减轻体外循环凝血程度,延长有效治疗时间,有利于溶质的清除,不会增加患者出血风险,安全可靠,值得推广应用。     

吸附法联合加温盐水冲洗法在无肝素透析中的应用研究

目的 探讨具有高危出血倾向的血液透析(HD)患者,在无肝素透析时采用吸附法联合加温盐水冲洗以减少透析器及管路的血液凝集的效果和安全性.方法 将60例次有高危出血倾向的长期血液透析患者随机分为实验组和对照组各30例次,采用无肝素透析,在透析过程中对照组予常温生理盐水冲洗法,实验组予吸附法联合加温生理盐水冲洗透析法,观察2组透析完成情况以及透析器及管路的凝集情况.结果 实验组完成透析例数显著多于对照组,透析完成率提高,透析器及管路凝血明显减少.结论 对血液透析患者有高危出血倾向时运用吸附法联合加温生理盐水冲洗于无肝素透析可减少透析器及管路的凝血,达到安全、有效的无肝素透析目的 .     

吸附法联合加温盐水冲洗法在无肝素透析中的应用研究

目的探讨具有高危出血倾向的血液透析（HD）患者,在无肝素透析时采用吸附法联合加温盐水冲洗以减少透析器及管路的血液凝集的效果和安全性。方法将60例次有高危出血倾向的长期血液透析患者随机分为实验组和对照组各30例次,采用无肝素透析,在透析过程中对照组予常温生理盐水冲洗法,实验组予吸附法联合加温生理盐水冲洗透析法,观察2组透析完成情况以及透析器及管路的凝集情况。结果实验组完成透析例数显著多于对照组,透析完成率提高,透析器及管路凝血明显减少。结论对血液透析患者有高危出血倾向时运用吸附法联合加温生理盐水冲洗于无肝素透析可减少透析器及管路的凝血,达到安全、有效的无肝素透析目的。     

吸附法无肝素透析的护理

[目的]探讨有出血倾向及手术前后的血液透析病人采用无肝素透析的护理方法.[方法]回顾性分析400例次有高危出血倾向及手术前后的血液透析病人采用吸附法无肝素透析的透析资料,观察无肝素透析过程中透析完成情况及透析器和管路凝血情况,总结无肝素透析中的护理问题及护理措施.[结果]395例次血流量充足者顺利完成透析,4例次血流量间断不足者治疗3.0 h～3.5 h下机,1例次更换透析器及管路完成治疗.[结论]有出血倾向及手术前后的血液透析病人采用吸附法无肝素透析过程中,根据病人不同情况个性化设置盐水冲洗间隔时间,既可保证病人顺利完成治疗,又可适当减轻护理人员工作量,也避免增加病人不必要的超滤率.     

吸附法无肝素透析的护理

[目的]探讨有出血倾向及手术前后的血液透析病人采用无肝素透析的护理方法。[方法]回顾性分析400例次有高危出血倾向及手术前后的血液透析病人采用吸附法无肝素透析的透析资料,观察无肝素透析过程中透析完成情况及透析器和管路凝血情况,总结无肝素透析中的护理问题及护理措施。[结果]395例次血流量充足者顺利完成透析,4例次血流量间断不足者治疗3.0h~3.5h下机,1例次更换透析器及管路完成治疗。[结论]有出血倾向及手术前后的血液透析病人采用吸附法无肝素透析过程中,根据病人不同情况个性化设置盐水冲洗间隔时间,既可保证病人顺利完成治疗,又可适当减轻护理人员工作量,也避免增加病人不必要的超滤率。     

吸附法无肝素血液透析在出血患者中的应用

目的探讨对合并出血的血液透析患者应用无肝素血液透析方法及临床护理干预模式。方法随机选择35例合并活动性出血或有出血倾向的血透患者为观察组,应用吸附法无肝素血液透析164例次,观察临床出血症状,另选择32例无明显活动性出血的血透患者为对照组,应用全身肝素化血液透析160例次,监测两组透析前和透析后的凝血功能,凝血功能数据以（均数±标准差）表示,用t检验,观察两组每例次透析时透析器及透析管路的凝血情况,透析器及透析管路凝血程度评价标准以0～Ⅲ级表示。结果吸附法元肝素血液透析无临床出血症状加重的现象;透析前后凝血功能差异元显著性意义;两组间凝血程度差异无显著性意义。结论吸附法元肝素血液透析操作简便、安全,不影响患者的全身凝血机制,元加重高危出血患者出血倾向的危险,不失为血液透析中可选用的一种抗凝方法。     

改良式冲洗法用于无肝素透析预防静脉壶凝血的效果观察

目的改善无肝素血液透析患者透析器及静脉壶凝血程度,提高治疗安全性。方法对60例行无肝素血液透析治疗的患者,采取自身对照法进行研究,对照组采用传统透析器冲洗法,实验组采用改良式冲洗法,每组透析60例次,比较两种冲洗方法透析结束后透析器及静脉壶凝血情况。结果两组所致透析器凝血情况比较无统计学意义(P0.05),实验组所致静脉壶凝血发生率明显低于对照组,两组比较有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论改良式冲洗法能有效降低透析体外循环管路静脉壶凝血程度且没有增加盐水冲洗量,有利于提高治疗安全性。     

无肝素透析在肾衰竭合并高危出血56例中的应用及护理

目的：探讨对合并高危出血的血液透析患者应用无肝素血液透析方法及临床护理。方法：对56例高危出血患者行吸附法无肝素血液透析。观察有无出血加重及透析器和管路凝血情况。结果：吸附法无肝素血液透析无临床出血症状加重的现象,未发生透析器严重凝血。结论：吸附法无肝素血液透析操作简便、安全,不影响患者的全身凝血机制。无加重高危出血患者出血倾向的危险,是血液透析中一种可选用的抗凝方法。     

高危出血患者血液透析不同的抗凝护理方法和安全性比较

目的 探讨4种不同抗凝方法用于高危出血患者血液透析中的安全性、可行性和护理特点.方法 将有高危出血倾向的血液透析患者128例随机分成4组,A组采用30%枸橼酸钠局部体外抗凝(RCA)透析,B组采用鱼精蛋白中和肝素的局部肝素抗凝法,C组采用低分子肝素抗凝,D组采用无肝素透析.分别观察4组患者出血、体外循环的凝血情况、不良反应以及护理特点.结果 (1)A组透析68例次,均顺利完成透析;B组透析60例次中发生6例次出血或原有出血加剧;C组透析64例次中发生8例次出血或原有出血加剧;D组透析66例次中8例次因透析中出现体外循环Ⅲ级凝血而终止透析.(2)透析过程中A组有3例次、B组有2例次出现不良反应,经处理后症状缓解,可继续进行透析.C、D组均无不良反应出现.结论 RCA用于高危出血患者血液透析是安全可行的,护理方法也简便易于掌握.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the efficacy, safety and feasibility of the four kinds of anticoagulation method in hemodialysis patients with high risk of hemorrhage. Methods 128 patients with high risk of hemorrhage who had undergone hemodialysis were randomly divided into four groups. In group A, 68patients were resorted with 30% regional sodium citrate anticoagulation(RCA). In group B, 60 patients were treated with local heparin anticoagulation. In group C, 64 patients were treated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). In group D, 66 patients received no heparinization hemodialysis. The changes of bleeding, clotting function, adverse effect and nursing strategies were studied. Results All patients of group A completed regular hemodialysis with satisfactory indices, 6 cases with bleeding and primary bleeding aggravated in group B, 8 cases with bleeding and primary bleeding aggravated in group C, 8 cases occurred grade three coagulation and finished dialysis in group D. 3 cases in group A and 2 cases in group B occurred adverse reaction, but no adverse reaction was seen in group C and D. Conclusions RCA is safe,effective and can be easily handled in regular hemodialysis. It is an ideal dialysate for hemodialysis in patients with high risk of hemorrhage.     

不同比例的硫酸鱼精蛋白与肝素钠在高危出血倾向患者血液净化中的应用效果

目的探讨不同比例硫酸鱼精蛋白与肝素钠在高危出血倾向患者连续性血液净化与维持性血液透析中的抗凝效果及安全性。方法 2011年1月至2013年7月,便利抽样法选取在第二军医大学长征医院南京分院血液净化中心治疗的具高危出血倾向的危重病患者18例为研究对象。按入院先后将其分为对照组和观察组,每组9例。观察组患者采用硫酸鱼精蛋白与肝素钠1∶1.2的比例进行治疗,而对照组患者采用1∶1的比例进行治疗。观察两组患者的抗凝效果、出血情况、治疗前后患者凝血参数的变化及患者的预后。结果在连续性血液净化治疗中和普通透析治疗中,两组患者的凝血级别及凝血率的差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。两组患者治疗前后,APTT的差异均有统计学意义(P0.01),观察组患者治疗后APTT低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组有1例肠癌晚期患者治疗期间排出柏油样大便,其他患者在治疗期间均未发生出血情况。除对照组有1例肠癌晚期患者离世外,其余患者经治疗后均恢复良好。结论对伴高危出血倾向的危重病患者行连续性血液净化及血液透析治疗时,体外局部肝素钠抗凝1∶1.2的效果较好,能满足患者透析的抗凝要求,不增加严重出血的危险性。     

Citrate anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration: a metabolic challenge

OBJECTIVE: Feasibility and safety evaluation of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) versus systemic heparinization for continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. DESIGN AND SETTING: Combined retrospective and prospective observational study performed in a secondary multidisciplinary intensive care unit of the Ospedale Civico Lugano Switzerland. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Twelve hemodynamically unstable patients (median APACHE II score 26, interquartile range 22-29) in whom heparin was judged to be at least temporarily contraindicated. A switch from RCA (predilution setting; same iso-osmotic replacement and dialysis fluid) to heparinization or vice versa was recommended for the final evaluation; 56 dialyzers were used for RCA (1,400 h) and 39 for heparinization (1,271 h). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Median dialyzer life span was 24.2 h (interquartile range 17.4-42.3) for RCA and 42.5 h (20.6-69.1) for heparinization. Fluid control and dialysis quality were similar in the two groups and required no additional intervention. The risk of significant hypocalcemia and metabolic alkalosis was higher at the beginning of the RCA program and decreased with the further training of the staff. Seven bleeding episodes occurred with heparinization vs. three in RCA. CONCLUSIONS: RCA may be a safe and useful form of anticoagulation which is more expensive than heparinization but helps to minimize bleeding risk. The risk of metabolic complications is higher at the beginning of a new RCA program. For centers lacking experienced staff we suggest reserving this technique for patients with rapid clotting of the extracorporeal circuit if treated without anticoagulation.     

心内直视术中应用不同剂量鱼精蛋白拮抗肝素的临床对比分析

目的：通过临床对比研究心内直视术中不同剂量鱼精蛋白拮抗肝素，为低剂量鱼精蛋白使用的合理性提供依据。方法：比较1105例心内直视术中用传统剂量鱼精蛋白拮抗肝素患者（回顾性调查）和1000例用低剂量鱼精蛋白拮抗肝素患者（前瞻性研究）的鱼精蛋白毒副反应、术后出血和输血量、肝素反跳现象、追加鱼精蛋白情况和围体外循环期白陶土激活的的激活凝血时间（ACT）变化趋势。结果：传统剂量组的鱼精蛋白毒副反应发生率（4．8％）显著高于低剂量组（3．0％），P〈0．05；两组病人围体外循环期ACT变化趋势、追加鱼精蛋白情况、术后引流量、输血量和肝素反跳率无显著差别（P〉0．05）。结论：体外循环结束后降低拮抗肝素的鱼精蛋白剂量可显著减少鱼精蛋白毒副反应，不但能有效逆转肝素抗凝，且并不增加术后非外科性出血和输血量，是一种合理的鱼精蛋白拮抗肝素的方法。     

局部枸橼酸抗凝在活动性出血及高危出血倾向患者血液透析中的应用

目的进一步探讨局部枸橼酸抗凝(RCA)技术在高危出血倾向患者尤其是活动性出血患者血液透析中应用的安全性及实施注意事项.方法46.7%(1.6mol/L)的枸橼酸钠由透析器动脉端滴注,含钙(1.75 mmol几)碳酸氢盐透析液及空心纤维透析器.观察RCA的抗凝效果及可能的并发症,主要是出血及低钙血症等.结果38例活动性出血及高危出血倾向的急、慢性肾衰患者,共行115例次RCA透析,无引起或加重出血者,但有5例次伴严重代谢性酸中毒患者发生低钙血症表现.结论RCA血液透析适用于活动性出血及高危出血倾向的患者.低钙血症是其主要的并发症.     

3%复方枸橼酸钠局部抗凝血液透析在活动性出血肾衰竭患者中的应用

目的评价3%复方枸橼酸钠局部抗凝血液透析(Regional Citrate Anticoagulation Hemodialysis,RCAHD)在活动性出血肾衰竭患者中应用的安全性。方法9例活动性出血肾衰竭患者12次行RCAHD,检测透析前后肾功能、电解质,并测定透析前后及透析器动、静脉端活化凝血时间(ACT),观察RCAHD的溶质清除效能及对电解质、出凝血指标的影响。结果所有患者均可完成4~4.5 h透析,透析器静脉端和静脉壶均有轻微凝血,但不影响跨膜压;透析后肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)明显降低(P<0.01),二氧化碳结合力(CO2-CP)明显升高(P<0.05);尿素清除指数(Kt/V)、尿素氮减少率(URR)分别为(1.43±0.26)%和(71.0±5.1)%,达到充分透析标准;动脉端前ACT较静脉端延长约51%,透析前后ACT正常。结论对活动性出血肾衰竭患者行枸橼酸钠局部抗凝血液透析安全、有效。     

出血倾向病人血液透析抗凝方法研究进展

介绍了出血危险度分级,从低分子肝素抗凝法、鱼精蛋白中和肝素抗凝法、局部枸橼酸抗凝法、生理盐水冲洗法、吸附法及特殊材料膜透析器的应用方面综述了出血倾向病人血液透析抗凝方法。     

长托宁在CPB体外循环瓣膜置换术鱼精蛋白不良反应中的应用

[目的]评价长托宁对体外循环瓣膜置换术(CPB-VR)鱼精蛋白不良反应的临床疗效.[方法]择期成人行CPB-VR中患者59例,随机分为两组:长托宁组 (A组,n=28),对照组(B组,n=31).麻醉诱导前10 min两组分别给予长托宁0.02 mg/kg和等体积生理盐水.观察各组鱼精蛋白不良反应发生情况,记录注射即刻...     

Anticoagulant regimens in acute continuous hemodiafiltration: a comparative study

Objective To compare and contrast different heparin regimens for extracorporeal circuit anticoagulation in patients receiving acute continuous hemodiafiltration (ACHD).Design Prospective controlled randomized comparisons of the following regimens: 1) Low dose (500 IU/h) prefilter heparin versus regional anticoagulation in patients on continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration (CAVHD) via A-V shunt. 2) Low dose pre-filter heparin versus no anticoagulation in patients receiving CAVHD via femoral cannulae. 3) Low dose pre-filter heparin versus regional anticoagulation in patients on continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHD). 4) An assessment of the consequences of the use of no anticoagulant in patients predicted to be at high risk of hemorrhagic complications on treatment with CVVHD.Setting University Teaching Hospital ICU.Patients 64 ICU patients with acute renal failure.Measurements and main results Haemofilter survival during shunt CAVHD was significantly prolonged by the use of regional anticoagulation compared to the use of low dose heparin (mean filter survival: 57.1 h versus 42.9 h;p<0.05). In CAVHD using femoral cannulae, no significant differences in haemofilter survival were found between anticoagulation with low dose heparin and the use of no anticoagulant (mean filter survival: 55 h versus 52.5 h; NS). During CVVHD, regional anticoagulation compared to low dose heparin produced a trend towards prolonged filter life which was, however, not statistically significant (mean filter survival: 40.5 h versus 31.4 h; NS). In patients assessed to be at high risk of bleeding, CVVHD without anticoagulation provided a mean filter survival of 40.9 h (95% CI 27-54.8 h).Conclusions Regional anticoagulation leads to longer filter survival than low dose heparin in shunt CAVHD. A regimen of no anticoagulation during femoral CAVHD leads to a filter life similar to that of low dose heparinization. During CVVHD, regional anticoagulation and low dose heparin are associated with similar filter survival times. In patients assessed to be at high risk of bleeding, treatment with CVVHD without anticoagulation results in adequate filter survival.