恶性胸腺瘤的外科治疗(附28例分析)

恶性胸腺瘤多无特殊临床表现。传统的病理诊断对胸腺瘤良、恶性鉴别帮助不大，而术中检查肿瘤包膜是否完整，是否向周围组织、器官侵犯可为良恶性判断提供重要依据。恶性胸腺瘤均予术后放疗以提高生存率。本组28例恶性胸腺瘤外科治疗经验，其中7例合并重症肌无力，占25％。术后5年，10年生存率分别为63．2％和40％，生存率和分期相关（P＜0．05）。我们认为Masaoka分期法是一种较实用的分期法，其分期情况对指导术后治疗和判断予后有重要参考价值。手术切除虽是胸腺瘤首选治疗，但对于术中发现肿块和大血管关系密切，手术危险性极大时，要行姑息性切除，术后放疗仍可有较好疗效。对于合并重症肌无力者，强调经胸骨正中切口，以达到彻底切除胸腺及全部脂肪组织的目的。     

胸腺切除范围对早期胸腺上皮肿瘤预后的影响

背景与目的探采用中国胸腺肿瘤协作组胸腺肿瘤多中心回顾性数据库,探讨胸腺切除范围对早期胸腺上皮肿瘤预后的影响。方法选择Masaoka-Koga分期I期、II期且术前没有接受新辅助治疗的患者,根据术中胸腺切除程度,分为胸腺切除组及胸腺瘤切除组。对比分析两组患者的临床特点及预后差异。结果共有1,047例患者纳入研究,其中胸腺切除组入组796例患者、胸腺瘤切除组入组251例患者。对于术前合并重症肌无力（my-asthenia gravis, MG）的患者,胸腺切除组术后的MG的缓解率明显优于胸腺瘤切除组（91.6%vs 50.0%,P<0.001）。胸腺切除组的10年总体生存率（overall survival, OS）为90.9%,胸腺瘤切除组的10年OS为89.4%,两者之间没有统计学差异（P=0.732）。胸腺切除组术后复发率为3.7%,胸腺瘤切除组术后复发率为6.2%,两组之间无统计学差异（P=0.149）。进一步分层分析显示,对于Masaoka-Koga I期患者,胸腺切除组和胸腺瘤切除组在复发率上没有差异（3.2%vs 1.4%,P=0.259）;然而在Masaoka-Koga II期患者中,胸腺切除组的复发率明显低于胸腺瘤切除组的复发率（2.9%vs 14.5%,P=0.001）。结论胸腺切除是治疗胸腺上皮肿瘤的标准手术方式,特别是对于Masaoka-Koga II期及合并MG的患者。     

胸腺瘤切除术中机器人辅助胸腔镜技术的应用

目的:应用达芬奇外科系统施行胸腺瘤切除术,为胸腺瘤切除提供一种新的思路和方法.方法:选择合适的患者,分别作光源孔和手臂操作孔,应用达芬奇外科系统进行胸腺瘤切除术,同时行周围纵隔脂肪清扫术.观察患者术后并发症和住院时间.结果:手术时间120 min,术中失血20 mL;术后患者恢复迅速,术后第3天拔除胸管,无术后并发症,术后第5天出院.结论:应用达芬奇外科系统进行胸腺瘤切除是安全的,手术视野暴露完全,能够达到开胸手术的要求.本文经验为进一步应用达芬奇外科系统施行胸部肿瘤手术提供了参考.     

浸润性胸腺瘤的综合治疗（附22例报告）

目的：研究综合治疗浸润性胸腺瘤对手术切除及预后的影响。方法：22例浸润性胸腺瘤按照Massoka分期：Ⅲ期19例，Ⅳ期3例，采用术前AEP方案化疗、手术切除、术后辅助放疗的综合治疗。结果：术前化疗完全缓解12例，部分缓解10例。14你手术完全切除，8你大部分切除，手术完全切除率63.6％（14/22），高于不行术前化疗的同期胸腺瘤病人。化疗完全缓解者术后标本未见肿瘤细胞。结论：术前AEP方案化疗，手术切除、术后辅助放疗的综合治疗，能提高浸润性胸腺瘤手术切除率。由于随诊资料不全，无法进一步判定病人的远期疗效。     

胸腺肿瘤诊断和治疗的有关问题 (附73例报告)

目的：探讨良性胸腺瘤复发原因及胸瘤新的分类方法、恶性胸肿瘤的影像学诊断特点、手术方式、合并重症肌无力患者的处理、胸腺肿瘤术后治疗等。方法：１９７５年１月－１９９５年１２月手术治疗的７３例胸腺肿瘤和囊肿。结果：总结了恶性胸腺瘤的ＣＴ特征,恶性胸腺肿瘤应争取全胸腺及用脂肪组织切除,重视合并重症肌无力的围手术期 和潜在恶笥胸腺瘤术后应放疗,复发病例再手术仍能获得较好疗效。结论：提出了一种胸腺瘤新的分类方     

32例重症肌无力伴胸腺瘤患者手术治疗疗效评价

背景与目的:重症肌无力是一种自身免疫性疾病,主要累及神经肌肉接头,约1/4的患者同时伴有胸腺瘤的发生,手术治疗无论对于重症肌无力或胸腺瘤这两种独立疾病都是十分有效的手段.为研究同时伴胸腺瘤的重症肌无力患者在手术治疗后的转归,我们回顾性分析我院手术治疗的伴胸腺瘤重症肌无力患者的临床资料和随访结果.方法:收集2001年1月至2006年12月手术治疗的32例胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力患者的临床资料并进行随访,观察胸腺瘤复发情况和重症肌无力术后转归,并对患者年龄、性别、病理类型和重症肌无力严重程度等因素进行分析.结果:围术期死亡1例,随访期内胸腺瘤复发1例,30例患者在随访期内(14～61个月)没有出现肿瘤复发;术后7例患者重症肌无力达到完全缓解,13例达到部分缓解,9例维持稳定,2例病情加重,总有效率为64.5%.具有不同年龄、性别、病理类型和重症肌无力严重程度等因素的患者之间,有效率的差异均无显著性(P＜0.05).结论:胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力患者手术治疗应当尽可能完整切除肿瘤、胸腺组织及周围脂肪组织,术后对侵袭性肿瘤患者进行放疗,对肿瘤复发患者可以实行再次手术切除,术后重症肌无力可以得到不同程度的缓解.     

重症肌无力胸腺瘤患者手术治疗体会

目的总结胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力(MG)患者的围手术期处理方法及治疗效果.方法回顾分析1990年1月～2003年1月接受外科手术治疗的28例胸腺瘤合并MG患者的临床资料,其中恶性胸腺瘤6例.行胸腺及周围浸润组织完全切除22例,胸腺瘤部分切除6例.结果全组无手术死亡,术后早期发生MG危象7例,经及时气管插管或气管切开行呼吸机辅助呼吸等治疗,均抢救成功.术后随访1～10年,MG完全缓解22例,部分缓解4例.按Osserman临床标准分型:Ⅰ型13例,ⅡA型8例,ⅡB型6例,Ⅲ型1例.结论合并MG胸腺瘤患者手术治疗效果肯定,加强围手术期处理,减少MG危象的发生,是降低并发症及病死率的关键.     

胸腺囊肿(附16例报告)

目的：探讨胸腺囊肿的诊断、治疗。方法：天津市医科大学附属肿瘤医院1960年1月至2007年6月共收治胸腺囊肿16例，其中男5例，女11例；年龄22～78岁，平均44.6岁；病期2天－2年，平均99．8天。术前胸片、CT、MRI检查诊断：胸腺囊肿1例，皮样囊肿1例，14例诊断前纵隔肿瘤（前上纵隔肿瘤12例，前中纵隔肿瘤2例）。结果：16例均行手术治疗，其中15倒完整切除：胸骨柄上颈横切口3例，胸骨正中切口3例，左腋径第二肋间切口1例，右后外切口5例，左后切口3例。1例右纵隔胸腺囊肿与心包及上腔静脉粘连，未能全切除，病理检查：肿瘤有完整包膜，囊肿，内含暗红色液体，多为单层。病理诊断为胸腺囊肿，无手术并发症，随访4个月～10年，患者完全生存。结论：胸腺囊肿为纵隔良性肿瘤，易误诊，但囊肿必须有朐腺组织才能确诊，手术切除可治疗。     

电视胸腔镜胸腺瘤切除术

目的总结电视胸腔镜腺瘤切除术的临床经验。方法自2003年9月～2007年12月,我院胸腔镜手术治疗胸腺瘤22例。术后病理为良、恶性胸腺瘤和畸胎瘤。结果手术时间平均为122分钟,术中平均出血50ml,术后平均放置胸管时间48小时,平均住院时间5天。平均随诊2．5年,无肿瘤复发。结论胸腔镜治疗胸腺瘤和重症肌无力的短期随诊疗效满意。     

胸腺瘤35例外科治疗体会

目的对35例胸腺瘤进行临床分析，总结不同分期胸腺瘤手术特点与预后关系。方法对1992年1月-2003年1月收治的35例胸腺瘤患者进行随访，了解胸腺瘤治疗和预后关系。结果本组无手术死亡，随访所有患者，逐年失访7例。2例分别在术后2个月、3个月因重症肌无力、发生肺部感染及呼吸衰竭死亡，2例术后10个月、18个月分别死于肿瘤复发和远处转移。其余24例情况良好。结论临床分期和手术方式与预后相关，尽可能扩大切除胸腺，Ⅱ期以上胸腺瘤术后需辅助放疗。     

Single-port robotic inguinal lymph node dissection: A safe and feasible option for penile cancer

IntroductionInguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) is essential to the accurate staging of advanced penile cancer and in determining prognosis. Open ILND is associated with significant morbidity. The robotic-assisted approach has been described with comparable nodal yield with the advantage of decreased postoperative complications when studied with the multiport robotic platform. This video shows our approach for an ILND with the Intuitive single port (SP) robotic platform.MethodA 54-year-old man underwent a partial penectomy for a penile mass that revealed squamous cell carcinoma invading the corpus spongiosum (pT2). Patient had non-palpable lymph nodes on physical examination. We proceeded with the bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection using the Intuitive da Vinci Single-Port Robot.ResultsA standard template dissection was performed on both sides. Due to nodal enlargement noted on the pre-operative CT scan on the right side, superficial and deep ILND were performed on that side. Intra-operative frozen section pathologies of superficial lymph nodes were negative on the left side. Bilateral saphenous veins were preserved. Total procedure time was 4 hours and 51 minutes in duration with minimal blood loss noted (<30 mL). Pathology revealed one 4.5cm superficial positive node on the right with no extra-nodal extension and no other positive nodes. No complications were noted. He was discharged on post-operative day 1 with minimal pain or leg swelling.ConclusionsWe describe the technique and feasibility of ILND using the SP robotic platform. This approach has the potential to reduce morbidity with comparable nodal dissection as the open approach.     

达芬奇机器人系统与胸腔镜在肺癌根治术中的近期疗效比较及经验探讨

目的:对比分析达芬奇机器人与胸腔镜辅助非小细胞肺癌根治术的近期效果,同时结合本中心开展的经验,探讨达芬奇机器人使用过程中的心得体会.方法:分析2016年8月至2020年9月于天津医科大学肿瘤医院行手术治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者的相关临床数据,分为达芬奇机器人组和胸腔镜辅助组,两组分别纳入467例,进行围手术期关键指标分析....     

Fully robotic total gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer

PurposeRobotic surgery with technical advantages was shown to make complex maneuvers easier and more precise for gastric surgery [1]. This video demonstrates our technique on robotic total gastrectomy with the da Vinci Xi platform for gastric cancer.Methods68-year-old female was presented with persistent epigastric abdominal pain and underwent upper endoscopy showed ulcerated mass extended from the cardia to the lesser curvature. Histopathology showed gastric adenocarcinoma. After patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, decision was made to proceed with surgery.ResultsInitially, greater curvature dissection was started by division of the gastrocolic ligament with entering the lesser sac with monopolar scissors and bipolar forceps. The right gastroomental vessels were identified and divided at their root along with lymph nodes. After ligation of the right gastric vessels, dissection was extended to retrieve lymph nodes around the left gastric vessels. Duodenum was circumferentially dissected and transected 2 cm distal to the pylorus. Subsequently, extended lymphadenectomy was started with suprapancreatic lymph node dissection to retrieve lymph nodes around the common hepatic artery and celiac axis. Spleen-preserving dissection of the lymphatic tissue of the distal splenic artery and the splenic hilum was performed. The distal esophagus was divided with robotic stapler. Fully robotic end-to-side esophagojejunal anastomosis was constructed. For the reconstruction of gastrointestinal continuity after total gastrectomy, side-to-side jejuno-jejunal anastomosis was performed. Total operative time was 5 hours and estimated blood loss was 20 cc.DiscussionTotally robotic gastrectomy with D2-lymphadenectomy is a safe technique for gastric cancer and provides intracorporeal suturing in reconstructing the anatomy.     

Single-site robotic surgery in gynecologic cancer: a pilot study

Objective

To discuss the feasibility of single-site robotic surgery for benign gynecologic tumors and early stage gynecologic cancers.

Methods

In this single institution, prospective analysis, we analyzed six patients who had undergone single-site robotic surgery between December 2013 and August 2014. Surgery was performed using the da Vinci Si Surgical System. Patient characteristics and surgical outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Single-site robotic surgery was performed successfully in all six cases. The median patient age was 48 years, and the median body mass index was 25.5 kg/m² (range, 22 to 33 kg/m²). The median total operative time was 211 minutes, and the median duration of intracorporeal vaginal cuff suturing was 32 minutes (range, 22 to 47 minutes). The median duration of pelvic lymph node dissection was 31 minutes on one side and 27 minutes on the other side. Patients'' postoperative courses were uneventful. The median postoperative hospital stay was 4 days. No postoperative complications occurred.

Conclusion

When used to treat benign gynecologic tumors and early stage gynecologic cancers, the single-site da Vinci robotic surgery is feasible, safe, and produces favorable surgical outcomes.     

Robotic distal pancreatectomy for a neuroendocrine tumor in an 11-year-old child

IntroductionOver the past decade, robotic pancreatic surgery has gained popularity. Although anatomically comparable, the small size of pediatric patients might impede the use of the surgical robot due to the size of the robotic arms. Pediatric pancreatic resection is rarely indicated, hence only few cases of pediatric robotic pancreatic resection have been described (Hagendoorn et al., 2018; Lalli Raj, 2019-4) [1,2]. To the best our knowledge, no video literature exists on robotic pediatric pancreatic tail resections. Aim of this video was to demonstrate the set-up and surgical technique of robotic distal pancreatectomy in a child.MethodsThis video illustrates fully robotic distal pancreatectomy in an eleven-year-old child. The patient had a past medical history of tuberous sclerosis complex. On surveillance imaging a non-functional neuroendocrine tumor was detected in the pancreatic tail for which a distal pancreatectomy was indicated.ResultsAfter general anesthesia, the patient was placed in supine position on a split-leg table in anti-Trendelenburg. Four robotic trocars were placed and the da Vinci Xi robotic system was docked. Two laparoscopic assistant ports were placed. A spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy was performed. Postoperative recovery was unremarkable and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 6.ConclusionThis video illustrates robotic distal pancreatectomy in an eleven-year-old child. Meticulous port placement, adjusted to the patient's habitus, is an essential element.     

Recent advances of robotic surgery and single port laparoscopy in gynecologic oncology

Two innovative approaches in minimally invasive surgery that have been introduced recently are the da Vinci robotic platform and single port laparoscopic surgery (SPLS). Robotic surgery has many advantages such as 3-dimensional view, the wrist like motion of the robotic arm and ergonomically comfortable position for the surgeon. Numerous literatures have demonstrated the feasibility of robotic surgery in gynecologic oncology. However, further research should be performed to demonstrate the superiority of robotic surgery compared to conventional laparoscopy. Additionally, cost reduction of robotic surgery is needed to adopt robotic surgery into gynecologic oncology worldwide. SPLS has several possible benefits including reduced operative complications, reduced postoperative pain, and better cosmetic results compared to conventional laparoscopy. Although several authors have indicated that SPLS is a feasible approach for gynecologic surgery, there have been few reports demonstrating the potential advantages over conventional laparoscopy. Moreover, technical difficulties of SPLS still exist. Therefore, the advantages of a single port approach compared to conventional laparoscope should be evaluated with comparative study, and further technologic development for SPLS is also needed. These two progressive technologies take the lead in the development of MIS and further studies should be performed to evaluate the benefits of robot surgery and SPLS.     

Placement of 125I implants with the da Vinci robotic system after video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection: a feasibility study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of using the da Vinci robotic system for radioactive seed placement in the wedge resection margin of pigs' lungs. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection was performed in the upper and lower lobes in pigs. Dummy (125)I seeds embedded in absorbable sutures were sewn into the resection margin with the aid of the da Vinci robotic system without complications. In the "loop technique," the seeds were placed in a cylindrical pattern; in the "longitudinal," they were above and lateral to the resection margin. Orthogonal radiographs were taken in the operating room. For dose calculation, Variseed 66.7 (Build 11312) software was used. RESULTS: With looping seed placement, in the coronal view, the dose at 1 cm from the source was 97.0 Gy; in the lateral view it was 107.3 Gy. For longitudinal seed placement, the numbers were 89.5 Gy and 70.0 Gy, respectively. CONCLUSION: Robotic technology allows direct placement of radioactive seeds into the resection margin by endoscopic surgery. It overcomes the technical difficulties of manipulating in the narrow chest cavity. With the advent of robotic technology, new options in the treatment of lung cancer, as well as other malignant tumors, will become available.     

Recent advances in single-site/incision robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy

IntroductionSingle-site robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (ssRARP) has been successfully applied to treat prostate cancer. This review aims to describe the recent advances of surgical approaches, working accesses and novel robotic platforms in ssRARP.Material and methodsA systematic literature search was performed by searching the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus databases in December 2022 to identify all literature related to ssRARP.ResultsA total of 48 relevant studies were found worldwide from 2008 to 2023. Since the introduction of ssRARP, various modifications of this technique in surgical approaches, working accesses and novel robotic platforms have been developed. The application of ssRARP using the da Vinci SP platform has shown great superiority with encouraging clinical outcomes.DiscussionThere has been a potential shift toward ssRARP using the da Vinci SP platform due to its potential advantages in terms of lower blood loss, minimal postoperative pain, better cosmetic outcome and rapid recovery. More convincing evidence, further technical improvement and higher cost-effectiveness are needed for its widespread acceptance.     

Lymphocyte subsets in human thymoma studied with monoclonal antibodies

Lymphocyte subsets were investigated using OKT series monoclonal antibodies and flowcytometry in 16 cases of thymoma. From the viewpoint of lymphocyte subsets, thymoma could be divided into three types: thymus lymphocyte type, peripheral lymphocyte type, and intermediate type. In thymus lymphocyte type, the number of OKT-6+ cells exceed that of OKT-3+ cells, and are more than 50%. In peripheral lymphocyte type, the number of OKT-6+ cells are less than that of OKT-3+ cells and less than 10%. In intermediate type, OKT-6+ cells are between 10% and 30%. These three types correlate well with the histologic features with respect to the number and distribution of lymphocytes in thymoma tissue. Lymphocytes were infiltrating abundantly and intermingled in the tumor cell nests in thymus lymphocyte type, and were infiltrating rather scantly and outside the nests in peripheral lymphocyte type.     

Robotic pancreatoduodenectomy for a solid pseudopapillary tumor in a ten-year-old child

Background

Pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple resection) in children is feasible though rarely indicated. In several pediatric malignancies of the pancreas, however, it may be the only curative strategy [1]. With the emergence of robotic pancreatoduodenectomy as at least a clinically equivalent alternative to open surgery [2], it remains to be determined whether the pediatric population may potentially benefit from this minimally invasive procedure. Here we present, for the first time, a video of setup and surgical technique of robotic pancreatoduodenectomy in a child.