2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者的临床与冠状动脉造影特点分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者的临床与冠状动脉造影特点。方法回顾分析经冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病患者98例，其中合并2型糖尿病患者（DM组）41例及不合并2型糖尿病患者（非DM组）57例，比较两组的临床与冠状动脉造影特点。结果DM组高血压、血脂异常、心绞痛、心肌梗死的发生率明显增高（P〈0．05）；冠状动脉三支病变率、病变血管率及弥漫性血管病变率均明显增高。结论2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者中高血压、高血脂高发，冠状动脉呈多支病变且较严重，积极干预血糖及心血管病的其他高危因素，对防止冠心病的发生、发展及改善预后意义重大。     

糖尿病急性心肌梗死冠脉造影分析

目的对糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者的冠状动脉造影进行分析;方法将2007年6月至2009年6月我院心内科行冠脉造影检查的142例急性心肌梗死患者分为观察组56例（急性心肌梗死并发2型糖尿病）和对照组86例（急性心肌梗死无糖尿病史）,对两组的造影结果作分析;结果两组都是三支病变最多,另外是双支及单支病变。观察组三支病变、弥漫性病变明显高于对照组,单支病变明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。观察组c型病变比对照组高,A1B1病变比对照组低（P〈0．05）。两组都是前降支病变最多,左主干病变最少,观察组右冠状动脉及左主干病变比对照组高（P〈0．05）。两组前降支病变、回旋支病变差别不大;结论糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉病变严重且受累范围广泛。     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉造影分析

目的探讨冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者的冠状动脉（冠脉）造影特点。方法716例冠心病患者，均行冠脉造影检查。其中冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者340例作为观察组，冠心病不合并2型糖尿病患者376例作为对照组。对两组患者的冠脉造影资料进行分析。结果观察组多支病变高于对照组（56．2％比34．6％，P〈0．05），C型病变高于对照组（54．1％比24．5％，P〈0．05）。结论冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠脉病变广泛且复杂。     

急性下壁心肌梗死并发泵衰竭的临床特征和冠状动脉造影特点分析

目的探讨急性下壁心肌梗死并发泵衰竭的临床特征和冠状动脉解削、病变特点。方法选择2002年1月。2007年4月住院治疗的急性下壁心肌梗死并发泵衰竭患者（泵衰竭组）28例和不合并泵衰竭患者（对照组）60例，对其临床资料和冠状动脉造影资料进行回顾性分析。结果泵衰竭组平均年龄高于对照组（P〈0．05），经典冠心病危险因素≥2个者多于对照组（P〈0．05），稳定型心绞痛病史、梗死后心绞痛、合并后壁梗死发生率高于对照组（P〈0．05），肌酸激酶同工酶MB峰值高于对照组（P〈0．05），快速心律失常、胸前导联ST段压低发生率高于对照组（P〈0．05），住院时间和院内病死率高于对照组（P〈0．05），冠状动脉造影显示右冠状动脉超优势分布、合并前降支狭窄〉75％病变、右向左侧支循环建立高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论急性下壁心肌梗死并发泵衰竭有一定的易患因素和临床特征，早期成功恢复心肌再灌注是治疗的关键。     

血清炎症因子水平与2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变的相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠状动脉病变与血清C反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）的相关性。方法正常对照组49例,2型糖尿病患者196例：经冠状动脉造影分为糖尿病合并冠心病组和糖尿病冠状动脉正常组。糖尿病合并冠心病组根据病变范围分为单支病变、双支病变、三支病变组;根据病变程度分为轻度、中度、重度狭窄组。酶联免疫吸附法：（ELSA）检测：CRP、TNF-α、IL-5、sICAM-1。结果糖尿病合并冠心病组较糖尿病冠状动脉正常组CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、slCAM-1水平明显增高于;CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、sICAM-1水平与冠状动脉病变程度均呈正相关（r=0．55,0．36,0．34,0．32,P〈0．01）;双支病变组与三支病变组明显高于正常对照组及单支病变组（P〈0．01）;中度狭窄组和重度狭窄组明显高于正常对照组及轻度狭窄组（P〈0．01）。结论2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者,随着冠状动脉粥样硬化病变程度加重,血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、sICAM-1水平明显升高。炎性反应在糖尿病合并冠心病的发生、发展中起着重要作用,血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、sICAM-1水平是糖尿病合并冠心病发病的危险因素。     

血糖异常的冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点

目的：了解血糖异常的冠心病患者冠状动脉病变的特点。方法：选取150例选择性冠状动脉造影诊断为CHD的患者按血糖结果分为两组,血糖异常组71例,血糖正常组79例,比较两组患者的临床及冠状动脉病变特点。结果：两组资料在年龄、性别、吸烟、体重指数、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇及心肌梗死等方面无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;血糖异常组高血压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇较血糖正常组高且有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。血糖异常组冠状动脉病变程度明显加重,多支病变、弥漫病变发生率明显增加（P〈0．05）。结论：血糖异常的冠心病患者多同时合并其他冠心病危险因素,其冠状动脉病变程度严重,多支病变、弥漫病变多见。     

老年冠心病患者危险因素和冠脉造影分析

目的探讨老年冠心病患者的危险因素，冠状动脉病变特点与中青年的区别。方法对34例住院的老年（年龄≥65岁）、27例中青年（年龄〈65岁）冠心病患者的临床和冠状动脉造影资料进行回顾性的分析和比较。结果老年冠心病患者高血压、糖尿病、空腹血糖明显高于中青年患者（P〈0．05）；冠状动脉造影阳性率明显高于中青年组（P〈0．05）；双支、多支病变明是显高于中青年组（P〈0．05）；中重度病变明显高于中青年组（P〈0、05）；但吸烟、饮酒、甘油三脂（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、体重指数（BMI）显著低于中青年患者（P〈0．05）。结论高血压、糖尿病、空腹血糖异常是老年冠心病患者的危险因素；老年冠心病患者的冠脉病变以双支、多支、中重度病变多见。     

早发冠心病患者危险因素和冠状动脉病变的性别差异

目的探讨女性早发冠心病（CHD）患者的心血管危险因素和冠状动脉病变特征。方法纳入753例经冠状动脉造影确诊为早发CHD患者，分为男性组507例和女性组246例。对两组3个常见心血管危险因素（糖尿病、血脂异常和高血压）和冠状动脉病变特征进行对比分析。结果早发CHD男性组和女性组平均年龄相近；女性组糖尿病患者比例（33．74％）高于男性组（19．13％），差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。高血压、血脂异常患者比例在性别间差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。心肌梗死多见于女性（37．40％）。早发CHD单支病变占49．14％，部位以前降支为主（70．65％），两组冠状动脉造影结果比较，狭窄程度、狭窄支数和累及分支血管比例差别均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论女性早发CHD患者糖尿病比例高于男性；冠状动脉病变严重程度和男性相当。     

心电图与冠状动脉造影诊断急性冠状动脉综合征相关病变血管的对比研究

目的 观察急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者心电图（ECG）与冠状动脉造影（CAG）结果的关系。方法 对107例由急诊科收入院的ACS患者的ECG及CAG结果进行分析。结果（1）不稳定型心绞痛及非sT段抬高的急性心肌梗死患者血管病变情况复杂，单支、2支、3支病变均占一定比例；急性前壁心肌梗死单支病变以左前降支病变为主，2支以上病变均包含左前降支病变；急性下壁心肌梗死单支病变以右冠状动脉病变为主，2支以上病变均包含右冠状动脉病变。（2）ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死与非ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死单支病变发病率差异无统计学意义（36％vs28％，P〉0．05），2支以上病变发病率差异也无统计学意义（64％vs63％，P〉0．05）。（3）〈65岁组单支病变发病率明显高于≥65岁组（46％vs18％，P〈0．01），〈65岁组2支以上病变发病率明显低于≥65岁组（48％vs78％，P〈0．01）。（4）ECG诊断ACS相关病变血管的特异度为100．0％，敏感度为33．3％。结论 ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死患者ECG能基本确定相关病变血管，而非ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死及不稳定型心绞痛患者ECG不易确定相关病变血管，应尽早行CAG检查明确诊断；年龄越大，患者冠状动脉病变情况越复杂，亦应尽早行CAG检查。     

血清Apo—B／Apo—A的比值升高于2型糖尿病患者的意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血脂水平及Apo—B／Apo—A的比值及其之间的关系。方法回顾性分析60例2型糖尿病患者的冠状动脉造影资料。结果糖尿病合并冠心病组TG、LDL-C、Apo—B／Apo—A比值明显高于非糖尿病冠心病组（P〈0．05）,其中甘油三酯（TG）,Apo—B／Apo-A比值明显高于非糖尿病冠心病组（P〈0．001）,胆固醇（Tc）、HDL—C水平无明显变化（P〉0．05）结论对2型糖尿病患者在严格控制血糖的同时,要注意纠正脂代谢异常,尤其是注意Apo—B／Apo-A比值升高、TG、LDL—C．对控制2型糖尿病患者心血管疾病的发生有积极意义。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.