腹部手术后钾代谢的临床研究及早期补钾对胃肠功能的影响

目的　观察腹部手术后早期补钾对胃肠功能恢复的影响。方法　测定 6 7例腹部手术前后血钾、钠、氯的变化和尿、胃肠减压液及引流液中电解质丢失量 ,并观察手术后不同时间补钾者的胃肠功能恢复情况。结果手术日和术后钾丢失平均 72 .6mmol/d ,最多达 2 76 .3mmol/d ,尿钾浓度无明显改变 ,尿钾丢失主要为尿量增加所致。术后平均补钾 49.6mmol/d ,但血钾较术前明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,5例血钾低于 3 .5mmol/L ,无 1例出现高血钾。术后早期补钾者胃肠功能恢复快。结论　只要肾功能正常 ,术后第 1d可开始见尿即补钾 ,除应常规补钾外 ,应根据尿量随时调整钾的补充量     

麻醉期间大量快速输血后血钾和酸碱平衡的观察

目的：探讨麻醉期间大量输血对钾和酸碱平衡的影响。方法：对４７例术中输血４５８０±２０６１ｍｌ的病人，于输血前、中、后分别采血进行血钾、血气和红细胞压积等１１项床边监测。结果：输血后血钾正常３１例，〈３．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ１４例（２９％），仅２例〉５．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ（４．２％）。输血中、后的血钾分别平均为３．７２±０．３４和３．７０±０．２８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，明显低于输血前的４．１０±０．１８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ（     

体外循环心内直视手术补钾用量及方法研究

目的为防治心内直视手术后低血钾室颤心脏骤停,寻求合理的补钾用量及方法。方法对３１６例体外循环手术患者采取３种不同补钾方法及用量：（１）２１例先心病人按＜０．５ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ,３０例风心瓣膜病人按０．５～１ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ预补钾总量１次加入预充液。（２）９０例按１～１．５ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ预补钾总量分２～３次加入预充液。第１次将预补量的６０％加入预充液,余量分次加入氧合器内。（３）１５４例按１．６～２．０ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ和２１例风心瓣膜病术前血清钾均＜３．８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,按２．１ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ预补钾总量的２／３～４／５加入预充液,余量加入５％ＮａＨＣＯ３内,转流３０分钟后持续氧合器内点滴,视尿量多少调整点滴速度,当排尿＞１０００ｍｌ时,每排尿＞５００ｍｌ追加钾１ｇ。结果方法１组在主动脉开放时血清钾＞４．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ者１９．４％,方法２组主动脉开放时血清钾＞４．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ者为３７．７％者,方法３组主动脉开放时血清钾＞４．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ者９４．９％。结论方法１、２组用量不足方法也不完善,方法３组用量合理,方法较完善     

外科病人围手术期钾离子水平的变化

目的 了解手术后病人血钾下降的原因及其影响因素。方法 前瞻性观察了39例外科手术病人的围手术期电解质水平的变化。结果 术后早期（术后24h）未补钾的病人，血钾有明显下降趋势。36例病人术后血钾下降，占92.31%，而术后24h尿钾无明显减少（平均24h尿钾108.92mmol/L）。根据术后血钾情况补钾3－6g,39例病人术后第1天血钾均处于正常范围内。结论 术后早期并不存在大量钾离子自细胞内向细胞外的转移，术前胃肠道准备时摄入量减少，同时细胞外钾仍在通过尿液、胃肠液等向体外丢失是导致术后低血钾的重要原因之一。术后早期根据血钾情况及时补钾则是防止术后低血钾的主要方法。     

甘露醇引起的急性肾功能衰竭

为探讨临床应用甘露醇引起急性肾功能衰竭的机制，作者总结１４例甘露醇引起的急性肾功能衰竭。甘露醇的用量平均１１００ｇ用药时间平均４．８天。发生肾衰后血钾平均升至５．４９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，血钠平均降至１１８．６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＢＵＮ平均升至５１．３ｍｇ／ｄｌ，碳酸氢盐平均降至１８．９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。其中５例监测了血浆渗透压差，平均为７７．４ｍＯｓｍ／ｋｇ·水。由于血浆渗透压差的增加引起肾血管收缩，可能是急性肾功能衰竭的病理机制。血钠的变化有可能间接反应出渗透压差的改变。在治疗上强调透析疗法的重要性。     

温血灌注中高血钾56例的预防及处理

我院近年来在体外循环心内直视手术中采用温血高钾灌注保护心肌。温血灌注早期，有７２例机器预充液中仍以１ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ加氯化钾，发生高血钾４５例（６２．５％），后期采用无钾预充共５２例，发生高血钾１１例（２１．２％）。５６例高血钾中心脏复苏时血钾含量５．...     

腹部择期手术前后电解质变化及术后早期补钾对胃肠功能的影响

为观察腹部择期手术前后电解质变化及早期补钾对胃肠功能恢复的影响,对６９例患者术前和术后电解质水平进行了测定,并观察了术后不同时间补钾者的胃肠功能恢复情况。结果：术后血Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－水平均较术前有明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,但仍在正常值范围,而血Ｃａ２＋及血Ｍｇ２＋手术前后无显著变化;术中输血量与血Ｋ＋变化无明显相关性;术后早期补钾者胃肠功能恢复快。本组资料结果提示：只要肾功能正常,术中输血不会引起高血钾,因此术后第１天可开始见尿补钾     

择期手术患者围手术期体内血钾变化的临床观察

观察围手术期体内血钾的变化规律，探讨血钾发生变化的机制及围手术期补钾的方法。对30例择期手术患者随机分成3组（各n＝10），不补钾组、慢补钾组、快补钾组，观察围手术期血清钾、尿钾、红细胞压积的变化。结果表明：三组麻醉前血清钾比术前降低（P＜0．05），慢补钾组术后24小时血钾恢复至术前水平，另二组仍低于术前水平（P＜0．05）。交感神经兴奋是术前血钾下降的主要原因，术毕血钾降低与血液稀释有关。认为择期手水患者从术中即开始补钾是可取的方法。     

风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术后血清钾与室性心律异常的研究

目的　探讨风湿性心脏瓣膜病瓣膜置换术后血清钾与室性心律异常的相对关系。方法　双盲法对１００ 例风湿性心脏瓣膜置换病人分别与术后４８ 小时内随时记录室性心律异常发生情况,定时检查记录血清钾与室性心律异常的关系。结果　血钾＜ ３．５ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ 组,发生室性心律失常为８７ ．２ ％ ;血钾３ ．５ ～３．９ ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ 组为４３ ．３ ％ ;血钾４．０ ～４ ．５ ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ 组为２２．７ ％ ;血钾＞ ４ ．５ ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ 组为６．８ ％ 。血钾＜ ３ ．５ ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ组与＞４ ．５ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ组相比,两组差异有极显著性（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１）。结论　风湿性心脏瓣膜病瓣膜置换术后室性心律异常与血清钾的高低有着直接关系。血清钾浓度的高低是室性心律异常的主要因素之一。     

肾移植术后早期长时间无尿的原因及处理

肾移植术后早期长时间无尿是指肾移植术后３ｄ以内即出现无尿并持续３周以上。我院自１９７９年１０月～１９９６年８月共行尸体肾移植术５９４例（６４０次）,其中术后早期长时间无尿３１例,发生率为４．８％。现报告如下。１　临床资料本组３１例,男２１例,女１０例,年龄２５～６２岁,平均３８．２岁。原发病为慢性肾炎尿毒症２９例,糖尿病肾病尿毒症２例。尿毒症病程２５ｄ～２年３个月。入院时尿素氮１６．２～２８．６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,肌酐９８６～１６２０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,５例乙型肝炎表面抗原＋,６例心脏明显扩大伴心包积液,２…     

Prevention of hypophosphatemia during postoperative routine glucose administration

The main study comprised 16 patients undergoing colon surgery. On the day of operation and the 3 following days 100 g of glucose was infused at the rate of 0.3 g/kg/h. Half the patients had 10 mmol of phosphorus added to each 1 000 ml 10% glucose solution. The investigation demonstrated that two different kinds of hypophosphatemia occur in the immediate postoperative period. A significant decrease in fasting plasma phosphate was found at the first, second and the third postoperative morning, most pronounced at the second day (1.20 +/- 0.05 to 0.78 +/- 0.07 mmol/l). A significant correlation between these changes and the corresponding 24-hour phosphorus balance was demonstrated (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). The falls in fasting phosphate could not be prevented by phosphorus addition because an amount of phosphorus corresponding to the amount added was excreted in excess in the urine. The plasma phosphate was decreased furthermore during and even 4 hours after the 5-hour glucose infusion (from 0.76 +/- 0.05 to 0.49 +/- 0.07 nmol/l at the end of the infusion at the second day). This hypophosphatemia was prevented by the phosphorus addition.--In average 3% of the infused sugar was lost in the urine. The solitary examples of higher losses (10-20%) were not followed by a higher urinary production. It is therefore concluded that 0.3 g glucose/kg/h is a suitable infusion rate in the immediate postoperative period.     

Diuresis with continuous infusion of furosemide after cardiac surgery

We prospectively evaluated the diuretic effect of furosemide administered by bolus injection and by continuous infusion in 18 cardiac surgery patients. Nine patients were randomly assigned to receive 0.3 mg/kg of furosemide as a bolus injection at time 0 and again 6 hours later (nine patients) or 0.05 mg/kg per hour of furosemide as a constant infusion for 12 hours (nine patients). There were no significant differences between groups with respect to age, weight, creatinine clearance, changes in serum sodium and potassium levels, total urinary concentrations of sodium and potassium, or total urine volume for 12 hours. Diuresis during continuous infusion of furosemide was less variable from hour to hour than after bolus injection of furosemide and was sustained throughout the infusion period. Although the continuous infusion of furosemide will not provide the rapid and vigorous diuresis that is necessary in some clinical situations, it may be useful whenever a gentle, sustained diuresis is desired.     

腺瘤型原发性醛固酮增多症临床延迟诊断原因分析

目的 探讨肾上腺腺瘤型原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛症)发病特点和临床延迟诊断的可能原因.方法 腺瘤型原醛患者118例,发病年龄(37.3±8.4)岁,确诊年龄(44.5±10.1)岁.原发性高血压病患者46例作为对照,年龄(45.6±14.2)岁.比较2组患者病程、夜/昼尿量比、血浆肾素活性、血浆醛固酮浓度、卧立位醛固酮试验、立位醛固酮/肾素比值等指标,分析原醛症延迟诊断原因.结果 原醛症患者血钾浓度(2.65:0.7)mmol/L、尿钾浓度(56.04±31.2)mmol/24 h、立位血浆肾素活性(2.1±1.2)μg·L-1·h-1、血浆醛固酮浓度(840.5±527.1)pmol/L、立位醛固酮/肾素比值254.2±153.4,原发性高血压病患者分别为(3.9±0.5)mmol/L、(13.0±5.3)mmol/24 h、(9.3±3.4)μg·L-1·h-1、(393.9±216.4)pmol/L、23.9±15.5,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P相似文献   

Systemic Effects of Multidose Hypothermic Potassium Cardioplegia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in serum and urine potassium before, during, and after the administration of potassium cardioplegia using a solution containing 28 mEq/L of potassium chloride in 20 consecutive patients with acquired heart disease. The data obtained suggest that the concentration of potassium administered does not result in inordinately elevated serum potassium levels (peak, 4.6 ± 0.18 mEq/L at 2 hours of multidose hypothermic potassium cardioplegia) during or after infusion. Additionally, the urinary excretion of potassium increased during infusion and eventually exceeded the amount of potassium infused. While hypothermic potassium cardioplegia appears to be a safe and efficient method of myocardial protection, continued surveillance of postoperative potassium levels remains necessary to detect obligatory urinary potassium excretion following cardiopulmonary bypass and operation.     

Elevation of serum and urine tumor necrosis factor levels after transurethral resection of the prostate]

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that inflammatory cytokines are major mediator of the acute phase protein response after surgery. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the degree of surgical trauma and the change of serum and urine cytokine levels after transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P). METHOD: Serum and urine concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL 6), and interleukin-1 (IL 1) were evaluated in 55 patients who underwent TUR-P and in 23 patients who underwent abdominal surgery. The samples were collected periodically before and after an intervention, and the concentrations of cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The concentration of serum TNF was significantly increased 6 hours after TUR-P. Since serum TNF level was not increased after abdominal surgery, serum TNF level was significantly higher after TUR-P than after abdominal surgery. Serum IL 6 and IL 1 levels were not increased after TUR-P. Urine levels of TNF, IL 6 and IL 1 were significantly increased after TUR-P, meanwhile no significant elevation of urine cytokine levels was recognized in the patients who underwent abdominal surgery. The elevation of urine cytokine levels was thought to be caused by the increased production of cytokines at the surgically resected sites. The urine TNF level after TUR-P was increased related to the resected tissue volume and irrigation fluid volume. The preoperative urinary tract infection caused excessive elevation of the urine TNF level after TUR-P. The urine TNF level after TUR-P also tended to be increased depending on the degree of postoperative pyrexia. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the unique response of TNF to TUR-P. Measurement of serum and urine TNF levels after TUR-P can be a useful index for evaluating the perioperative condition of the patients undergoing TUR-P.     

Clinical study of perioperative changes in plasma potassium

Forty adult patients undergoing non-cardiac major surgery were divided into 2 groups. Group A (n = 20) was anesthetized by balanced intravenous procaine anesthesia and group B (n = 20) by epidural block. Blood volume, urine output, potassium in plasma as well as urine, pH, glucose, aldosterone, cortisol and insulin were measured from 24 hours before operation to 48 hours after operation. Evident perioperative trend of hypokalemia in patients with normal renal function was most likely due to the following factors: potassium loss prior to operation, improper pre- or post-operative replacement of fluids, perioperative stress, increasing of blood insulin and urine potassium excretion. Our results run against to the general concept that it may not be necessary to supply potassium with 72 hours after operation.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在腹部肿瘤术后急性肾功能衰竭中的应用

目的 探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在腹部肿瘤手术后急性肾功能衰竭中应用的临床意义.方法 对31例腹部肿瘤术后急性肾功能衰竭患者采用连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗,比较治疗前、后电解质、血肌酐、尿素氮以及动脉血气分析的变化.结果 31例患者中30例存活,1例死亡.存活患者经连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过后血尿素氨和肌酐均逐渐下降直至恢复正常;经连续性静脉.静脉血液滤过后4～5 h血钾可降至正常范围;酸中毒得到纠正、动脉血氧分压明显升高,尿量分别于连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过后5～20 d恢复正常,所有患者经连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过后水肿得到明显改善.结论 连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过是治疗腹部肿瘤术后急性肾功能衰竭的一种有教、方便而安全的方法.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在腹部肿瘤术后急性肾功能衰竭中的应用

目的 探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在腹部肿瘤手术后急性肾功能衰竭中应用的临床意义.方法 对31例腹部肿瘤术后急性肾功能衰竭患者采用连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗,比较治疗前、后电解质、血肌酐、尿素氮以及动脉血气分析的变化.结果 31例患者中30例存活,1例死亡.存活患者经连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过后血尿素氨和肌酐均逐渐下降直至恢复正常;经连续性静脉.静脉血液滤过后4～5 h血钾可降至正常范围;酸中毒得到纠正、动脉血氧分压明显升高,尿量分别于连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过后5～20 d恢复正常,所有患者经连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过后水肿得到明显改善.结论 连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过是治疗腹部肿瘤术后急性肾功能衰竭的一种有教、方便而安全的方法.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在腹部肿瘤术后急性肾功能衰竭中的应用

目的 探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在腹部肿瘤手术后急性肾功能衰竭中应用的临床意义.方法 对31例腹部肿瘤术后急性肾功能衰竭患者采用连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗,比较治疗前、后电解质、血肌酐、尿素氮以及动脉血气分析的变化.结果 31例患者中30例存活,1例死亡.存活患者经连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过后血尿素氨和肌酐均逐渐下降直至恢复正常;经连续性静脉.静脉血液滤过后4～5 h血钾可降至正常范围;酸中毒得到纠正、动脉血氧分压明显升高,尿量分别于连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过后5～20 d恢复正常,所有患者经连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过后水肿得到明显改善.结论 连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过是治疗腹部肿瘤术后急性肾功能衰竭的一种有教、方便而安全的方法.     

混合糖电解质注射液在腹部中等以上手术病人术后补液中的应用

目的探讨混合糖电解质注射液在腹部中等以上手术病人术后补液中的应用。方法2006年12月至2007年5月中国人民解放军南京军区南京总医院全军普通外科研究所将63例胃肠外科中等以上手术后病人随机分为治疗组(混合糖电解质注射液,31例)和对照组(复方电解质葡萄糖注射液,32例),术后连续输注3d,1500mL/d,其他不足的液体及电解质按病人需要再补充。监测病人术后输液前、输液后0h、2h血糖变化,输液前和连续输液3d后血葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、锌、肝肾功能、尿糖和尿酮体的变化,观察生命体征及不良反应情况。结果由于较快恢复进食等原因对照组有3例拒绝输液脱落、治疗组有1例脱落,均未出现相关不良反应和肝肾功能损害。两组病人术后血糖均较术前有所升高,输液后连续3d治疗组血糖增加幅度均低于对照组,术后第1天输液后2h和术后第2天输液时血糖与入院时差值治疗组小于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P=0.009,0.043)。输液后第3天两组病人血葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶均有所下降,其中治疗组下降幅度低于对照组,差异无显著性意义。治疗组输液后血锌明显增加,与对照组相比差异有显著性意义(P=0.021)。结论腹部中等以上手术后成年病人术后应用混合糖电解质注射液,既可以有效补充血容量和能量,又能补充微量元素锌,同时对血糖水平影响较小。