胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植5例报告

目的开展和进一步总结胰肾一期联合移植术的经验。方法回顾性总结４年来共实行胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植术５例的方法、疗效及并发症的预防和治疗。结果本组５例于术后移植胰腺和移植肾均发挥了正常功能,术后第１～１０天均停用胰岛素,空腹血糖在正常范围。术后并发症常见,计本组出现的并发症为胰周感染或脓肿３例,十二指肠残端瘘１例,化学性或细菌性膀胱炎４例,移植胰巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）感染１例,代谢性酸中毒２例,肺部感染２例和急性排斥反应１例。并发症经处理后大多都能得到控制。本组中有２例已分别存活４年６个月和３年５个月,１例术后３周死于移植肾急性排斥反应多器官功能衰竭。结论胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植对治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病并发晚期尿毒症具有肯定的临床疗效,较其它移植有许多优点。术后并发症的预防和正确治疗是影响病人长期存活的重要因素     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植5例报告

目的 进一步总结胰十二指肠肾一期联合移植术的经验。方法 回顾性总结4年来共实行的5例胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植术的方法、疗效及并发症的预防和治疗。结果 5例术后移植胰腺和移植肾均发挥了正常功能,术后第1－10d均停用胰岛素,空腹血糖在正常范围。术后并发症的发生仍很常见,部分病人出现了诸如胰周感染,脓肿,十二指肠残瘘,化学性或细菌性膀胱炎,移植胰CMV感染,代谢性酸中毒,肺部感染和急性排斥反应等1个或多个并发症。并发症经处理后大多都能得到控制。5例中有两例已分别存活4年6个月和3年5个月,1例术后3周死于移植肾急性排斥反应多器官衰竭,另2例术后至今已10－11个月仍存活较好。结论 胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植对治疗1型糖尿病并发晚期尿毒症具有肯定的临床疗效,较其它移植有许多优点。术后并发症的预防和正确治疗是影响病人长期存活的重要因素。     

肝胰十二指肠联合移植一例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨肝胰十二指肠联合移植治疗终末期肝病合并1型糖尿病的疗效。方法 2003年9月对1例终末期肝病合并胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的患者行同期原位肝、异位胰十二指肠联合移植。结果 术后移植胰腺功能良好,完全脱离胰岛素治疗。术后1周发生移植肝急性排斥反应,经激素冲击治疗后逆转。患者已存活1年9个月,肝脏及胰腺功能均正常,一般情况良好。结论 肝胰十二指肠联合移植是治疗终末期肝病合并糖尿病的有效方法。     

改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、肾一期联合移植(附2例报道)

目的 报告2例改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植的外科技术和治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒平的效果。方法 2000年6-9月,2例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的患者接受胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植,移植胰的外分泌采用空肠内引流,不作Roux-en-Y型吻合,结果 移植后,立即停用胰岛素,肾功能1-5d恢复正常,无外科并发症,未发生排斥反应,患者目前已分别存活5个月和2个月,移植胰和移植肾功能均正常,一般情况良好。结论 改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植技术简单、安全,是治疗I型糖尿病并发尿毒症的较好术式。     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植三例体会

报告３例Ⅰ型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者接受全胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植，术后术移植胰及肾功能恢复良好，停用胰岛素后，停用胰岛素后，血肌酐、尿素氮降至正常。本组其中２例胰肾有功能存活分别为３年和２年。例３因移植肾急性排斥，多器官衰竭于术后第２２天死亡。作者认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿病和尿毒症。     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的体会

作者报告了３例糖尿病并发尿毒症患者行胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的经验。患者术后胰腺和肾功能均恢复良好，停用胰岛素，血肌酐（Ｃｒ）、尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）降至正常。２例术后１周并发胰周脓肿，经引流痊愈。作者认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿病和尿毒症。本组２例胰肾有功能存活分别为３年和１年１１个月。     

胰,十二指肠及肾一期联合移植：（附一例报告）

本文报告１例Ｉ型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者行胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植。术后移植物及肾功能恢复良好，停用胰岛素，血肌酐（Ｃｒ）、尿毒氮（ＢＵＮ）降至正常，术后１周并发胰周脓肿，经引流痊愈。故认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿病和尿毒症。     

胰液肠内引流式胰肾同期联合移植(附一例报告)

目的 观察胰肾联合移植治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病能功能衰竭的效果。方法 为１例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭的患者施行胰肾同期联合移植,移植胰的外分泌采用肠内引流。结果 移植胰术后第１ｄ恢复正常功能,移植肾术后第３ｄ恢复正常功能,术后１周停用胰岛素,空腹及餐后血糖正常,未发生急性排斥反应及肠内引流术式的相关并发症。结论 肠内引流式同期胰肾联合移植是治疗糖现合并肾功能衰竭的较好术式。     

改良式胰液肠腔引流胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植(附二例报告)

目的 研究改良式胰液肠腔引流胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的效果、术式、用药量及并发症。方法 对2例1型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者施行改良式胰液肠腔引流胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植，术后早期应用他克莫司(FK506)、霉酚酸酯(MMF)、皮质激素和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)进行免疫治疗。监测胰腺、肾功能恢复。结果 2例患者术后第3—5天肌酐、尿素氮恢复正常，术后第5—10天停用胰岛素，移植胰腺分泌功能正常。例1术后第7天出现FK506中毒，尿量减少，经调整FK506用量及血液透析过度，术后第25天肾功能恢复正常；例2术后第20天并发消化道出血，使用生长抑素及基因重组凝血因子Ⅶa等治疗痊愈。随访3—24个月，移植胰和移植肾功能均正常，一般情况良好。结论 改良式胰液肠腔引流胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭的较好术式，优质供体及良好配型可减少并发症的发生。     

胰肾联合移植的外科技术探讨

目的 探讨胰液空肠引流式胰肾联合移植的外科技巧和临床应用.方法 中山大学附属第一医院2005年1月-2009年6月共施行了10例胰肾同期联合移植术(SPK),供体胰、十二指肠和肾均采用腹部多器官联合切取方式获得,经腹主动脉、肠系膜上静脉对胰腺及十二指肠同时快速灌注降温.移植胰的外分泌采用胰十二指肠一空肠内引流吻合方式.术后早期均以抗CD25单克隆抗体进行免疫诱导治疗,采用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯及皮质激素预防排斥反应.结果 10例移植手术均获得成功.供体胰十二指肠和肾的热缺血时间为(5.9±2.6)min;移植肾平均冷缺血时间为(5.2±2.2)h,移植胰平均冷缺血时间为(9.3±3.6)h.术后3例出现移植胰伤口感染,经治疗后3～12周愈合.2例出现胰十二指肠一空肠吻合口出血,均经保守治疗止血而治愈.未发生与胰液引流相关的外科并发症.1年内3例发生了急性排斥反应,2例经激素冲击和抗淋巴细胞球蛋白治疗而被逆转;1例顽固性急排患者术后39 d在持续肾脏替代治疗过程中并发脑血管意外死亡.其余9例均痊愈,随访6～12个月,完全停用胰岛素.结论 获取质量良好的供体器官及合理血管整形,是保证胰肾联合移植成功的前提;改进的胰液空肠外分泌引流术式的方法是可靠的.     

Pancreas Transplantation From Living Donors: A Single Center Experience of 20 Cases

Living donor pancreas transplantation (LDPT) has several advantages over deceased donor pancreas transplantation (DDPT), including better HLA matching, shorter ischemic time, and shorter waiting time. It remains an attractive option for diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with end stage renal disease. We reviewed 20 cases of LDPT performed in Asan Medical Center between October 1992 and March 2015. Six cases (30%) were pancreas transplantation alone (PTA), and the rest (70%) were simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK). Relations of donor and recipient were parents in 7 (35%), siblings in 6 (30%), spouse in 6 (30%), and cousin in 1 (5%). Graft survival in SPK at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years was 91.7%, 83.3%, 83.3%, and 83.3%, respectively, and that in PTA recipients was 50%, 33.3%, 16.7%, and 16.7%, respectively (p = 0.005). Causes of graft failure in SPK were thrombosis (one case), and rejection (one case), whereas those in PTA were noncompliance (two cases), thrombosis (one case), reflux pancreatitis (one case), and chronic rejection (one case). In terms of pancreas exocrine drainage, two grafts (25%) maintained their function in bladder drainage, while all grafts maintained in enteric drainage p < 0.05). Seven (35%) donors experienced minor pancreatic juice leakage and one underwent reoperation due to postoperative hematoma. Most donors maintained normoglycemia and normal renal function. However, two donors developed DM (at 1 and 90 months postdonation), and were treated with oral hypoglycemic agents. Graft survival in PTA recipients was poorer than in SPK due to poor compliance and bladder drainage–related problems. The surgical and metabolic complication rates of donors can be minimized by applying strict donor criteria. Therefore, LDPT with enteric drainage is an acceptable treatment for SPK.     

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation: portal versus systemic venous drainage of the pancreas allografts

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation is considered a valid therapeutic option for patient with type I diabetes mellitus and end-stage diabetic nephropathy. This study was performed to determine whether the technique of pancreas venous drainage affects patient survival as well as graft survival and function. From October 1996 to April 1999 34 uremic patients with type I diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to two groups: the first group (SV group=17) received SPK transplantation with systemic venous drainage, and the second group (PV group=17) received pancreas allograft with portal drainage. A Roux-en-Y loop was performed in all the patients. Patient follow-up included clinical course and metabolic studies. At 1 yr, patient survival rates were 88.2% in the SV group and 94.1% in the PV group while graft survival rate was 76.4% in both groups. Several surgical complications were attributed to the enteric drainage without any graft failure in both groups. One venous thrombosis occurred in each group. No significant differences have been evidenced in kidney and pancreas function. The preliminary results of this randomized trial did not evidence any significant differences between portal and systemic venous drainage of pancreas allograft.     

Pancreas-kidney transplantations with primary bladder drainage followed by enteric conversion: graft survival and outcomes

BACKGROUND: In the Leiden University Medical Centre, a two-step approach is routinely used in simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantations: primary bladder drainage (BD) followed by elective enteric conversion. The rationale for this approach is to prevent the short-term disadvantages of primary enteric drainage (intra-abdominal abscesses, pancreas graft loss) and the long-term urological complications related to bladder drainage. Aim of the present study is to evaluate survival and (urological) complications of this approach compared to enteric drainage (ED). METHODS: Patient records of all 98 SPK transplantations in the period 1997-2004 were reviewed for complications during the initial hospitalization until 30 days after discharge, and to assess urological complications and graft survival until the last hospital visit. Median duration of follow-up was 4.3 years for pancreas graft survival, 4.7 years for kidney graft survival, and 4.8 years for patient survival. RESULTS: Patient survival was significantly better in BD patients than in ED patients (chi2=9.89 P<0.01). Pancreas graft survival was also better in BD patients after adjustment for the longer pancreas warm ischemia time in BD patients (P=0.05). The survival rates in our patient population seem higher than reported by the International Pancreas Transplant Registry, particularly in BD patients. Urological complications occurred in nine BD patients (10.3%), comparable to the rates reported for enteric-drained grafts. CONCLUSIONS: This two-step approach of SPK transplantation results in excellent survival rates, with urological complication rates comparable to those reported for enteric-drained grafts, and may thus be viewed as a safe and effective procedure of SPK transplantation.     

改良式胰肾联合移植1例并文献复习

目的探讨改良式胰肾联合移植治疗2型糖尿病合并终末期肾病的移植效果。方法为1例2型糖尿病合并终末期肾病患者行改良式胰肾联合移植,其中移植胰腺的外分泌采用胰液空肠内引流术式,将供胰十二指肠节段与受体上段空肠直接行侧侧吻合。结果术后围手术期移植肾稳定泌尿,3800～4500ml/24h,3d后血清肌酐降至正常水平。术后胰腺功能恢复顺利,血、尿淀粉酶逐渐下降并稳定在正常范围,空腹血糖也于术后10d恢复至正常值范围以内。切口一期愈合,于术后两周出院。随访27个月移植肾功能正常,胰腺功能正常,未发生血栓、胰瘘、胰腺炎、排斥反应等并发症。结论改良式胰肾联合移植技术简单、安全,胰液经空肠引流更接近消化生理,是治疗糖尿病合并终末期肾病的有效手术方式。     

Kidney-pancreas transplantation: single-center experience at a university hospital in Turkey

INTRODUCTION: One treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with end-stage nephropathy is combined pancreas-kidney transplantation, which can be performed either simultaneously (SPK) or following kidney transplantation (PAK). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between February 2003 and November 2004, 14 patients, including 10 males and 4 females of overall mean age of 31.3 +/- 6.1 years (range, 23-44 years), presented with end-stage renal disease secondary to type 1 diabetes mellitus. Five patients (35.7%) received SPK; 7 patients (50%) received PAK; and 2 patients (14.3%) received simultaneous pancreas and living-related kidney (SPLK) transplantations. RESULTS: Two among 14 pancreas grafts were lost in the early postoperative period secondary to venous thrombosis despite anticoagulation including 1 with poor portal drainage. Insulin therapy was reinitiated in 1 patient after a second rejection episode in the seventh postoperative month. By the ninth median follow-up month (range, 1-21 months), all kidney grafts were functioning. CONCLUSION: Our single-center short-term experience with 14 consecutive kidney-pancreas transplantations suggests that while the pancreas transplant is effective and safe to reestablish normoglycemia, this transplant creates additional surgical and immunosuppressive stresses on the patient.     

Case Report: Pancreas Graft With a Duodenal Complication Rescued Using Total Duodenectomy

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation is the treatment of choice for type 1 diabetics with end-stage renal disease. Recently patients with type 2 diabetes have been considered for transplantation. Despite that the patient and graft survival rates have improved over the past years, it continues to be a procedure with high surgical complication rates. We herein report a case of a pancreatic graft with a duodenal complication rescued using a total duodenectomy, a procedure that is seldom used. A 57-year-old type 2 diabetic underwent a SPK transplantation with systemic-enteric drainage. He was converted to a Roux en Y at day 7 for a small duodenal fistula without peritonitis. At day 13, with good graft function, he presented with gastrointestinal and abdominal bleeding. At laparotomy he had a congestive duodenum with intraluminal bleeding and an anastomotic fistula. We performed a total duodenectomy with enteric drainage. The patient was discharged home on day 39 with a pancreatic fistula on intramuscular Octretotide that lasted for 3 months. He was never readmitted and has good pancreas and kidney function at 16 months of follow-up. We think this is an option to rescue a pancreas graft with duodenal complications in selected cases.     

Platelet counts are persistently increased following simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation

BACKGROUND: Increased platelet counts has been reported to be a sequela of pancreas transplantation and even incriminated in the increased rate of thrombosis of pancreas grafts. The aim of the study was to measure the platelet counts after simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantations compared to kidney transplants alone in diabetic patients. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study included 57 patients who received simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplants (SPK), from 1985 to 2000 and had functioning grafts for more than 1 month. The control patients were 38 type I diabetic recipients of kidney transplants alone (KTA), matched for sex, era, and immunosuppression. The platelet counts, white cell counts, and hemoglobin were analyzed on the preoperative day, weeks 1 to 6, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year. RESULTS: The mean age of the SPK group was significantly lower than that of the KTA group (39.8+/-8.3 versus 48.2+/-11.7, P<.01). Significantly higher platelet counts were demonstrated during weeks 2 to 6, which persisted at 3 months and at 1 year among the SPK compared to the KTA group. Although significantly higher white cell counts and lower hemoglobin levels were seen among the SPK versus KTA group during weeks 3 to 6, it did not persist after 3 months. CONCLUSION: The mean platelet counts of patients with simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation was significantly higher than that of diabetic patients with kidney transplants alone. This thrombocytosis persisted up to the first year and cannot be explained by an increased amount of blood loss or higher infectious complications in the SPK group. Routine antiplatelet prophylaxis is recommended in this group of patients.     

Enteric drainage of a pancreas allograft is safe for patients with celiac sprue

Enteric drainage of exocrine secretions in whole organ pancreas transplantation is generally avoided in patients with pre-existing small bowel disease; however, bladder drainage is associated with a 20% rate of urinary tract-related complications. This is a case report of a type 1 diabetic patient with celiac sprue and renal failure. We performed a simultaneous cadaveric kidney pancreas transplant enterically draining the exocrine pancreas. There were no complications. The patient is now more than 6 months post-transplant with excellent function of both renal and pancreas allografts. We conclude that enteric drainage of pancreas allografts in patients with celiac sprue may be performed safely. Whole organ pancreas transplantation is being performed with greater success than ever before, mostly as a result of lessons learned from past experience (1). Enteric drainage of allograft exocrine secretions is preferred for simultaneous pancreas/kidney (SPK) recipients to avoid urinary tract complications associated with bladder drainage. However, most agree that diabetics with pre-existing bowel disease should have bladder drainage of allograft exocrine secretions, so as to prevent the devastating complication of a bowel leak. We describe here a successful case of enteric drainage of an SPK transplant in a patient with celiac sprue. We believe that, when carefully performed, enteric drainage of pancreas allografts is a safe approach for diabetic patients with celiac sprue, and may avert the serious complications associated with bladder drainage.     

Pregnancy outcomes in simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant recipients: a national French survey study

Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) is currently the best therapeutic option for patients with type 1 diabetes and terminal renal failure. Renal transplantation restores fertility enabling women to pursue pregnancies. However, scarcity of available data on pregnancy outcomes in SPK impedes fair medical counseling. Medical files of all pregnancies that lasted ≥3 months among recipients of functional SPK performed between 1990 and 2015 in France were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty‐six pregnancies in 22 SPK recipients were identified. Main maternal complications included gestational hypertension (53.8%) and infections (50%). Cesarean section was performed in 73% of cases. Overall fetal survival was 92.6% with a mean gestational age of 34.2 ± 3 weeks. Four children (16.7% of live births) had a birth weight <10th percentile. Endocrine pancreas graft function remained stable during pregnancy. An acute kidney rejection occurred in two patients, one of which resulting in graft loss. Kidney and pancreas graft survival was, respectively, 96% and 100% at 1 year postconception and did not differ from controls. Pregnancy in SPK is feasible, but patients should be informed of the risks for the fetus, the mother, and the grafts. Planning of pregnancy in SPK women is key to allow a personalized multidisciplinary monitoring, which represents the most straightforward approach to optimize outcomes.