结直肠癌肝转移的外科治疗

目的:探讨结直肠癌肝转移外科手术治疗的疗效和影响术后生存率的有关因素,总结提高远期疗效的措施.方法:对行外科手术治疗的51例结直肠癌肝转移作临床回顾分析,对治疗中相关因素进行对比分析.结果:全组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为92.2%、47.1%、33.3%.分析表明癌灶数目、手术方式、术后综合治疗等是影响远期疗效的重要因素.结论:早发现早切除是提高治愈性切除率的关键,采用手术为主的综合治疗可有效地提高结直肠癌肝转移的远期疗效.     

63例大肠癌肝转移患者的回顾性临床分析

目的 回顾性分析影响大肠癌肝转移患者预后的因素,并探讨手术切除加化疗、肝动脉栓塞灌注化疗、姑息化疗治疗大肠癌肝转移的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2001年至2007年间63例大肠癌肝转移患者的临床资料,采用多因素分析方法(Cox模型)分析大肠癌肝转移患者的临床特征、治疗方法及与预后的关系,并比较不同治疗方法的疗效.结果 63例大肠癌肝转移患者中位无疾病进展时间为6个月(0～50个月),中位生存期8个月(1～33个月).单因素生存分析显示术后至发生肝转移时间少于24 个月、术前CEA水平>15ng/ml、淋巴转移数、单纯肝动脉栓塞灌注化疗和姑息化疗的患者预后不良,P<0.05;多因素生存分析发现,治疗方法和术前CEA水平是影响预后的危险因素.结论 采用手术切除加化疗治疗大肠癌肝转移患者疗效较好.     

大肠癌伴肝转移的治疗及预后因素分析:附52例报告

目的:探讨大肠癌肝转移手术切除的疗效及影响术后生存率的因素，以改进提高远期疗效的措施。 方法:对52例手术治疗的大肠癌肝转移患者进行随访，比较11例生存5年以上与41例生存5年以内的患者的临床病理资料。结果:全组术后1，3，5年生存率分别为75%，30.8%和21.2%。影响患者愈后的因素主要有：原发癌病理类型、肝转移病灶数目、手术方式及时机选择，术后治疗（均P<0.05）。结论:根治切除以及加强术后综合治疗是提高远期疗效的关键。     

大肠癌肝转移的早期诊断和治疗：附89例报告

总和分析大肠癌肝转移的早期诊断与治疗结果。方法对 大肠癌肝转移病人通过胚原Ｂ超,门静脉造影下ＣＴ扫描检查,提出早期诊断措施。对肝转移根治切除２１例与肝转移灶未切除４０例行放疗,插管化疗,等治疗后进行３、５年生存率的比较。结论大肠癌肝转移以早期诊为和术根治性切除肝转移灶治疗效果最好。     

大肠癌肝转移的治疗进展

肝脏是大肠癌最常见的远处转移器官,正确地处理肝转移是提高大肠癌总体疗效的主要措施之一。手术切除为治疗肝转移的首选,随着相关技术的发展、并发症的减少,手术指征逐步放宽,对手术时机掌握的认识也在发生着变化;对肝转移不能切除的病人,术前化疗是使病人获得手术切除机会的重要方法,术后辅助治疗降低了术后复发率和转移率;肿瘤射频消融与手术联合应用,能使初始不可切除的肝转移癌病人获得长期生存机会。因此,积极的多学科综合治疗,能有效延长病人的生存期,改善患者的预后。     

大肠癌肝转移的诊断及外科治疗

目的：总结和分析大肠癌肝转移的早期诊断和手术治疗。方法：通过对大肠癌肝转移病例进行回顾性分析,讨论大肠癌的早期诊断及外科手术切除治疗等相关问题。结果：18例中,依靠CT、B超及CEA定量检测获得诊断者10例,术中探查获得诊断者8例。手术方式分为肝段切除、肝楔形切除及肿瘤剜出术。生存5年者2例,生存4年者3例,生存3年者5例,生存2年者5例,生存1年者3例。结论：手术治疗是大肠癌肝转移最有效 的治疗方法,主流术式应为不规则肝切除,切缘距肿瘤＞1．0cm为大肠癌肝转移的根治性切除术。     

大肠癌术后肝转移的外科治疗

目的: 探讨大肠癌术后肝转移的手术治疗效果. 方法: 对20例大肠癌术后肝转移病人施行手术切除及/或肝动脉/门静脉插管化疗(DDS),结合文献对手术适应证、手术方式以及随访结果进行分析. 结果: 全组无手术死亡.所有患者跟踪随访2年,1年、2年存活率分别为85.0%和45.0%. 结论: 手术切除是治疗大肠癌术后肝转移的最有效治疗方法.     

大肠癌伴肝转移同期切除的预后分析

目的分析大肠癌(结肠癌和直肠癌)伴肝转移行同期切除影响患者预后的相关因素。方法采用多因素回归分析方法回顾性分析3 7例大肠癌伴肝转移患者行同期切除的临床资料;选取11项相关因素进行分析。结果年龄,门静脉化疗泵内局部化疗,组织学分型,淋巴结转移,肝转移灶位置,大小,数目对患者的生存时间有影响。结论大肠癌伴肝转移行同期切除术中术后行门静脉化疗泵内局部化疗可以改善患者的预后,延长其生存期,并且后者是惟一可控因素。     

大肠癌伴肝转移患者预后因素初步探讨

目的初步探讨影响大肠癌伴肝转移患者的预后因素。方法选取58例鞍山市中心医院2001年4月至2006年5月外科手术治疗的大肠癌伴肝转移患者,部分患者术后全身化疗或肝动脉插管化疗,对其临床资料进行统计分析。结果本组大肠癌肝转移患者占同期大肠癌患者11．2％。原发灶切除、辅助治疗方式、肝转移灶切除、术前CEA水平为影响生存的独立预后因素。年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、分化程度、肝转移灶数目与预后无关。术前CEA〉36ng／ml、原发灶未切除、转移灶未切除患者的生存时间[（5．88&#177;3．68）个月]显著低于其他患者[（19．04&#177;7．40）个月]。结论治疗方式对大肠癌肝转移患者预后影响显著,应积极切除原发灶、治疗转移灶。肝动脉插管化疗优于全身化疗。术前CEA水平是重要的预后指标。     

结直肠癌肝转移患者的预后因素分析

目的：分析结直肠癌伴肝转移患者手术切除后影响术后生存率的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析54例手术治疗的结直肠癌肝转移患者的临床及随访资料,对相关因素行单因素和多因素分析。结果：单因素分析显示,原发癌分化程度、淋巴转移、肝转移灶数目、肝转移灶肿瘤大小、手术方式及是否术后进行综合治疗等为影响患者预后的因素（均P<0.05）;多因素分析表明,手术方式、淋巴结转移和原发肿瘤分化程度是主要危险因素（均P<0.05）。结论：及早发现并进行根治切除以及加强术后综合治疗是提高本病远期疗效的关键。

     

Surgery for colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver. Optimizing the results of treatment

Overall, hepatic resection appears to be an important means of curing patients with metastatic colorectal cancer isolated to the liver. The only absolute contraindication to surgery was the impossibility of a radical removal of tumor: if residual disease will remain after the hepatic resection, this operation is not indicated. A possible second contraindication to surgery is the presence of tumor in the hepatic or celiac lymph nodes. Such metastases from liver metastases signal a biologic grade of tumor that is almost sure to spread to other sites. However, one patient of the 25 in this group did survive long term when positive lymph node groups were dissected. Further clinical experience with this form of the disease along with trials of regional adjuvant therapies such as intraperitoneal chemotherapy may be needed. The presence of extrahepatic metastases at the time of liver resection should be considered a relative contraindication to this surgery, but if the patient can be made clinically disease free, long-term disease-free survival may result. It seems imperative that all patients with hepatic metastases be evaluated by an experienced hepatic surgeon for a curative resection. If the patient has between one and four metastases, a 25 per cent long-term disease-free survival rate can be expected. Patients who have a radical resection of more than four metastases should be considered to be in an experimental group in whom more data are needed. In our current state of knowledge, making such patients clinically disease free is their only chance for long-term survival. Other factors besides the number of metastases that will affect the prognosis of the patient include the disease-free interval between colorectal resection and liver resection, the pathologic margin of resection on the liver specimen, and the presence or absence of mesenteric lymph node metastases from the primary cancer. These factors should be considered when determining the prognosis in a given patient and should be used as stratification variables in prospective trials. However, from our analysis of available data, these factors should not be considered contraindications to hepatic resection.     

腹腔镜联合胸腔镜一期切除结直肠癌肺转移的疗效及预后因素

目的：探讨腹腔镜联合胸腔镜（双镜）一期切除结直肠癌肺转移的疗效及预后相关因素。方法：回顾性分析35例结直肠癌同时肺转移患者的临床资料,其中17例进行了双镜一期手术切除（双镜手术组）,术后接受化疗;其余18例仅接受全身化疗（非手术组）,比较两组疗效并分析双镜手术患者的预后因素。结果：双镜手术组患者原发性病灶及肺转移灶均达到R0切除。双镜手术组与非手术组1、2年生存率分别为82.3%、44.4%（P=0.028）和52.3%、22.2%（P=0.001）。单因素分析显示,肺转移瘤数量（P=0.002）及纵膈淋巴结阳性（P<0.001）与患者术后生存有关,而患者的性别、年龄,原发肿瘤部位、病理类型、T分期,肺转移瘤大小、切除方式,手术前CEA水平,化疗方案均与其术后生存时间无关（均P>0.05）;多因素分析显示,肺转移瘤数量（P=0.005）、纵膈淋巴结转移（P=0.006）是患者术后的预后独立影响因素。结论：结直肠癌肺转移双镜一期手术切除可提高患者的总生存率;肺转移瘤数量及有无纵膈淋巴结转移是影响术后预后的独立因素。

     

OncoSurge: a strategy for long‐term survival in metastatic colorectal cancer

OncoSurge is a combined modality strategy for the management of colorectal cancer with hepatic metastases. It has emerged as a result of new and expanded patient selection criteria for resectability of metastases, coupled with more effective neoadjuvant and postoperative chemotherapy. By bringing together these developments in surgery and medical oncology, the new approach promises to increase significantly the resectability rate and long‐term survival in colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases. Surgery for colorectal liver metastases should now be considered across a range of clinical circumstances that would historically have been contraindications to resection. These contraindications include multiple or bilobar metastases, large tumour size, a Dukes stage C or poorly differentiated primary tumour, synchronous detection of metastases with the primary tumour, disease in elderly patients, or a resection margin of less than 1 cm. None of these criteria should necessarily exclude a patient from resection, because although they may be associated with a less favourable prognosis they do not exclude the possibility of long‐term survival. Non‐resectable extrahepatic disease and portal lymph node involvement, however, remain contraindications to resection in most circumstances. Retrospective studies of neoadjuvant therapy have indicated that a regimen based on low dose oxaliplatin, 5‐fluorourucil (5‐FU) and leucovorin increased the overall resectability rate of patients presenting with hepatic colorectal metastases from 20% to 30%, with 13.6% of patients with unresectable metastases becoming eligible for curative resection. More recently, studies using more potent oxaliplatin‐based regimens have reported significantly higher resectability rates of at least 40%, with 5‐year survival of 50% reported in one large study among patients whose liver metastases were resected after initial neoadjuvant therapy for unresectable tumours. Following resection, postoperative therapy based on a combination of hepatic artery infusion (HAI) and systemic chemotherapy reduces hepatic recurrence and increases survival, but more potent systemic therapy is required to reduce the rate of extrahepatic recurrence. Studies are now in progress combining HAI with oxaliplatin‐based systemic therapy to address this issue. By combining a more inclusive approach to surgery with more effective neoadjuvant and postoperative chemotherapy, the OncoSurge treatment model is likely to increase significantly the number of patients with hepatic colorectal metastases who can be treated with curative intent, and thus has the potential to improve overall patient survival.     

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??Treatment strategies for management of colorectal cancer liver metastases YE Ying-jiang, WANG Shan. Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China Corresponding author:YE Ying-jiang, E-mail:yjye101@yahoo.com.cn Abstract Liver metastases is the most common distant metastasis of colorectal cancer. Surgical resection is believed the only effective treatment for metastatic hepatic cancer currently. With increased experience and multiple disciplines development, the surgical indication for metastatic liver cancer has been expanded gradually, and the standard of hepatic surgery has also been improved constantly. Importantly, multidisciplinary team (MDT) model remains the fundamental for optimal treatment for liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. The participation of MDT brings more opportunities for metastatic liver cancer, and improves the surgery outcomes indirectly. Diagnostic radiology is an important way for R0 resection of metastatic liver cancer; the intraoperative ultrasound increases metastatic liver cancer detection rate and surgery safety. Preoperative chemotherapy brings operation opportunity for those patients with initially unresectable lesions, and postoperative adjuvant therapy contributes to reduce the post-operation recurrence and metastasis. Radiofrequency ablation combined with hepatic resection provides unresectable metastatic liver cancer the best opportunity for long term survival.     

Prognostic factors after cryotherapy for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the prognostic importance of different patient and tumor characteristics in cryotherapy for liver metastases from colorectal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Hepatic cryotherapy has been used as a treatment of nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer in almost 1000 patients worldwide, and its safety and efficacy are well established. However, tumor eventually recurs in most patients and they die of their disease. The knowledge of prognostic factors would allow the selection of patients who are more likely to benefit from this treatment and patients who may need additional treatment. METHODS: Between April 1990 and May 1997, 195 patients were treated with hepatic cryotherapy. Out of this group, the authors identified 116 patients with colorectal cancer who received cryotherapy for ablation of liver metastases. Survival was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method, using the log-rank test for univariate analysis for significance of possible prognostic factors. For multivariate analysis, a Cox regression was used. RESULTS: One patient (0.9%) died of postoperative myocardial infarction. The total perioperative morbidity rate was 27.6%. Median survival and the 5-year survival rate were 26 months and 13.4%. The following factors were identified as independently associated with a favorable outcome: low presurgical serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), small (< or =3 cm) diameter of cryoablated metastases, absence of untreated extrahepatic disease at laparotomy, absence of nodal involvement at primary resection, complete cryotreatment, synchronous development of liver metastases, and good or moderate differentiation of the primary tumor. Although univariate analysis suggested a favorable prognosis in patients who did not receive blood transfusion during surgery and patients younger than 51 years, this was not confirmed in multivariate analysis. In addition, normalization of the serum CEA level after treatment was an important prognostic marker in the subgroup of patients with elevated serum CEA levels before surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic cryotherapy is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer, with promising results regarding survival. The prognostic factors established in this series may allow better patient selection to improve the outcome in suitable patients.     

影响结直肠癌肝转移手术切除患者预后的多因素分析

目的 探讨影响结直肠癌肝转移患者手术切除的预后因素。方法 收集1995-2001年间收治的结直肠癌肝转移手术切除患者103例的资料，用Kaplan-Meier法计算术后生存率，以Cox模型进行多变量分析。结果 患者术后1、3年无瘤生存率分别为73．8％和43．7％，术后1、3年累积生存率分别为7g．6％和49．5％。单因素分析显示：术前血清CEA水平、转移灶与原发灶的治疗间隔时间、术中切缘情况、肝门淋巴结转移、肝内卫星灶的存在与否、肝转移灶的最大直径、数目及有无包膜影响患者的术后肝内复发和术后累积生存率，而术后化疗可以提高患者的累积生存率。多因素分析显示：转移灶与原发灶的治疗间隔时间、切缘情况、肝内卫星灶的存在与否和肝转移灶的最大直径是影响肝内复发和累积生存率的独立因素，而肝门淋巴结转移是影响累积生存率的独立因素，有无包膜是影响肝内复发的独立因素。结论 手术切除是结直肠癌肝转移有效的治疗手段。转移灶与原发灶的治疗间隔时间、切缘情况、肝内卫星灶、肝转移灶的大小和包膜、肝门淋巴结转移等是患者预后的独立影响因素。     

Management of colorectal liver metastases

Hepatic metastases occur in 60% of patients following resection for colorectal cancer. Liver resection is the only curative option, with one third of resected patients alive at five years. In those developing recurrence in the liver following resection, further liver surgery may be curative, with similar 5 years survival rates of about 30%. Until recently surgery was feasible in only 15–25% of patients with colorectal liver metastases. New strategies, such as downstaging chemotherapy, portal vein embolization and two‐stage hepatectomy, may increase the resectability rate by 15%. Earlier detection of liver metastases would increase resectability, although good follow‐up trials are lacking. Once suspected, colorectal liver metastases are staged by spiral CT, CT portography and MRI, which have similar overall accuracies. Mortality following liver resection is less than 5% in major centres, with a morbidity rate of 20% to 50%. Prognostic scoring systems can be used to predict the likely cure rate with resection. Pulmonary metastases occur in 10–25% of patients with resected colorectal cancer, but are limited to the lung in only 2% of cases. In these selected cases surgery provides long‐term survival in 20–40%, and repeat lung resection has shown similar rates. For patients with unresectable disease, chemotherapy and ablation techniques have been demonstrated to prolong survival, although chemotherapy alone has been shown to improve quality of life.