LC-ESI-MS／MS法快速测定人血浆中帕洛诺司琼的浓度

目的建立快速测定人血浆中帕洛诺司琼浓度的高效液相色谱串联质谱电喷雾检测（LC-ESI-MS／MS）法。方法以Agilent C18反相柱（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）为色谱柱,流动相为乙腈：0．04mol·L^-1甲酸铵水溶液（含0．04％甲酸）=80：20（V／V）,流速0．8mL·min^-1,柱温25℃,醋酸乙酯：二氯甲烷（4：1,V：V）为提取剂。样品经电喷雾离子源正离子化后,通过三重四级杆串联质谱仪,采用选择反应监测（SRM）模式对帕洛诺司琼（m／z 297．2→82．2）和内标地西泮（m／z285．1→154．0）进行测定。结果帕洛诺司琼高（8μg·L^-1）、中（5μg·L^-1）、低（0．1μg·L^-1）3个质量浓度血浆溶液的RSD均〈15％;线性范围为0．05—10μg·L^-1,回归方程为F=1．8319ρ＋0．009ρ,r=0．9964（n=9）,权重系数为1／ρ^2,分析方法的定量下限为0．05μg·L^1。结论该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速,可用于帕洛诺司琼临床血药浓度监测和药动学研究。     

盐酸帕洛诺司琼光学异构体的手性HPLC检查

目的:建立盐酸帕洛诺司琼光学异构体的手性HPLC检查方法.方法:采用CHIRALPAK AD-H手性柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温35℃,以正已烷-无水乙醇-二乙胺(60∶40∶0.05)为流动相,流速为0.4mL·min-1,检测波长为256 nm.结果:盐酸帕洛诺司琼与其光学异构体分离度良好.在0.5～50μg·mL-1范围内,盐酸帕洛诺司琼色谱峰面积与其浓度成良好线性关系,检测限浓度约为0.05μg·mL-1.结论:建立的盐酸帕洛诺司琼光学异构体杂质手性HPLC拆分检查法方便准确,可用于盐酸帕洛诺司琼的光学纯度控制.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人肝微粒体中帕洛诺司琼的含量

目的:为了研究帕洛诺司琼的体外代谢,建立人肝微粒体中帕洛诺司琼的反相高效液相色谱测定法。方法:帕洛诺司琼与人肝微粒体共孵育之后,以Nova-park C18(5μm,200×4.6mm)柱为分析柱,甲醇- 0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲盐(80:20,v/v)为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,紫外检测波长为240nm。结果:帕洛诺司琼在5-100μmol/L范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8)。检测限为0.2μmol/L(S/N≥3),定量限为1.0μmol/L(RSD=4.81%,n=3)。方法回收率为96.0%-103.0%,日内、日间RSD分别<7.0%和<10% (n=5)。结论:此法简便,准确,可用于研究帕洛诺司琼的体外代谢。     

HPLC—MS／MS测定人体血浆和尿液中帕洛诺司琼的浓度

目的建立一种简便、灵敏的测定人体血浆和尿液中帕洛诺司琼浓度的高效液相色谱一串联质谱（HPLC-MS／MS）方法。方法血浆、尿液样品分别采用甲醇沉淀处理后,选样分析。采用Agilent-ZORBAX-C18色谱柱（2．1mm×50mm,5fμm）．以乙腈-0．1％甲酸溶液为流动相,采用正离子,多反应监测方式测定样品浓度。用于定量分析的检测离子质荷电（m／z）297．2→m/z110．1（帕洛诺司琼）和DI／Z285．0→M／z193．0（内标）。结果帕洛诺司琼血浆样品在0．02～10ng·mL^-1与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9975）;定量下限（LLOQ）为0．02ng·L^-1;日内与日间RSD均〈10％;回收率在89．6％～114．0％。尿样在2．5～100ng·mL^-1与峰面积线性关系良好,7—0．9974;定量下限（LLOQ）为2．5ng·mL^-1;日内与日间RSD均〈10％;回收率在96．4％～113．4％。结论本方法简便快速、灵敏准确,适用于帕洛诺司琼在人体体内的药物动力学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定注射用盐酸帕洛诺司琼的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定注射用盐酸帕洛诺司琼的含量.方法采用Shimadzu LC-10ATvp液相色谱系统,色谱条件Diamonsil ODS(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇一磷酸盐缓冲液(4555)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,紫外检测波长241 nm,柱温25℃.结果在16.8～151.2 mg·L-1范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为A=6 026.82C-10 143,r=0.999 9(n=5),方法精密度的RSD为0.95%(n=6),稳定性的RSD为0.56%(n=9),重复性的RSD为0.90%(n=9),平均回收率为100.7%(n=9,RsD为0.43%).结论该方法简便、灵敏、专属、准确,可用来测定注射用盐酸帕洛诺司琼制荆中盐酸帕洛诺司琼的含量.     

HPLC-MS/MS法快速测定人血浆中氟哌噻吨浓度及生物等效性研究

目的 建立测定人血浆中氟哌噻吨浓度的高效液相串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS),用于氟哌噻吨美利曲辛片的生物等效性研究.方法 以Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18(4.6mm×150mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为乙腈(含1%甲酸):0.02mol/L甲酸铵水溶液(80:20,V:V),流速:0.8ml/min;柱温:40℃,以醋酸乙酯:二氯甲烷(4:1,V:V)为提取剂.样品经电喷雾离子源正离子化后.通过三重四级杆串联质谱仪.采用选择性反应监测(SRM)对氟哌噻吨(m/z 435.2→305.1)和氯普噻吨(m/z 316.2→231.1)进行测定.结果 氟哌噻吨的高(1μg/L)、中(0.5μg/L)、低(0.05μg/L)3个浓度的平均回收率分别为101.01%、96.19%和106.63%,日内(n=5)、日间(n=3)RSD均小于15%;分析方法的最低定量限为0.025μg/L.线性范围为:0.025～2.5μg/L,回归方程为:F=0.6625ρ+0.0049,r=0.997(n=7),权重为1/ρ2.结论 该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速,可用于临床血浓监测和药动学研究.     

猪血浆中格拉司琼质量浓度的LC-MS/MS测定方法及应用

目的建立猪血浆中格拉司琼质量浓度液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测方法,考察格拉司琼经皮给药后药物动力学行为。方法色谱柱:Diamonsil C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-5 mmol·L-1醋酸铵-甲酸(体积比为45∶55∶0.1),采用液液萃取法,以多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)扫描方式,测定巴马小型猪经皮给予格拉司琼贴剂后血浆中药物的质量浓度。结果猪血浆中格拉司琼质量浓度在0.020²0.0μg·L-1内线性关系良好,r=0.995 9;日内和日间精密度RSD≤13.4%;格拉司琼的平均提取回收率为63.8%20.0μg·L-1内线性关系良好,r=0.995 9;日内和日间精密度RSD≤13.4%;格拉司琼的平均提取回收率为63.8%⁶6.7%(n=6),基质效应为101.4%66.7%(n=6),基质效应为101.4%¹05.8%(n=6);格拉司琼在巴马小型猪血浆中主要药物动力学参数:t1/2为(18.0±1.4)h,ρmax为(15.3±4.0)μg·L-1,MRT为(91.9±4.9)h,Ke为(0.04±0.00)h-1,AUC0-216为(1.22±0.35)mg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞为(1.23±0.35)mg·h·L-1。结论该方法适用于格拉司琼贴剂在巴马小型猪体内药物动力学行为的研究,贴剂可延长格拉司琼作用时间。     

盐酸帕洛诺司琼3个光学异构体的分离与测定

目的:建立盐酸帕洛诺司琼中3个异构体的分离和含量测定方法。方法:采用以替考拉宁手性柱CHIROBIOTIC TTM(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-冰醋酸-三乙胺(100:0.5:0.3),流速:0.5 mL·min-1;检测波长:238 nm。结果:盐酸帕洛诺司琼与3个异构体分离良好,保留适宜;3个异构体在2μg·mL-1至20μg·mL-1范围内,线性良好(r=0.9992～0.9999),进样精密度良好(RSD=0.88%～1.7%,n=5)。结论:方法专属性好、精密度高,适用于盐酸帕洛诺司琼异构体的测定。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中甲氧氯普胺的浓度

目的建立测定人血浆中甲氧氯普胺浓度的LC-MS/MS方法。方法采用Alltech Alltima C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,3μm),以5 mmol.L-1乙酸铵-乙腈-甲醇(体积比为50∶40∶10)为流动相,流速为0.2 mL.min-1,血浆样品在碱性条件下液-液萃取,通过电喷雾离子化四极杆串联质谱,以多离子反应监测(MRM)方式进行检测。用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z300.20→m/z227.00(甲氧氯普胺)和m/z152.20→m/z134.00(内标,苯丙醇胺)。结果甲氧氯普胺线性范围为0.5~200.0μg.L-1,最低定量限为0.5μg.L-1,平均回收率为(71.38±6.35)%,日内和日间精密度均小于15%。结论该法适用于临床药物浓度监测和药物动力学的研究。     

反相高效液相色谱法检测盐酸帕洛诺司琼及其有关物质

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法分离盐酸帕洛诺司琼及其有关物质的方法。方法采用Agilent ZORBAX Ec ilipse C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-25 mmol.L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(含0.1%三乙胺,用磷酸调pH值至4.0)(25∶75)为流动相,检测波长为210 nm,流速:1.0 mL.m in-1。结果帕洛诺司琼能与杂质及降解产物分离。结论本方法准确、简便,适用于盐酸帕洛诺司琼和有关杂质及降解产物的检查。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.