慢性萎缩性胃炎胃窦病理与内镜表现对照研究

目的探讨慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）病理学指标与内镜表现的关系。方法对46例CAG患者胃窦黏膜病理结果与内镜下各种表现、幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染情况进行对照比较分析。结果发现46例CAG患者萎缩均伴不同程度的慢性炎症,其中萎缩伴肠上皮化生32例（69．57％）,萎缩伴肠上皮化生和上皮内瘤变10例（21．74％）,与之对应镜下表现形式多种。胃镜下单红相为主（花斑样改变）表现与病理学诊断萎缩符合率60．87％（28／46）,且以轻中度萎缩为主。传统胃镜下萎缩表现与病理诊断萎缩的符合率为21．74％（10／46）,其中白相为主,血管透见或显露与病理学诊断萎缩符合率13．04％（6／46）,两种及以上胃镜下的表现共存时符合率则更低。结论用传统胃镜下萎缩的表现诊断CAG不可靠,应多作黏膜活检病理才能正确诊断。     

慢性胃炎胃镜下像与病理诊断研究

[目的]研究分析慢性胃炎镜下像与病理诊断的关系。[方法]比较1 145例经消化道内镜检查的慢性胃炎、慢性胃炎伴糜烂、反流,以及消化性溃疡、早期胃癌、胃食管反流(GERD)、食管平滑肌瘤、食管癌等伴有慢性胃炎的病例镜下像与病理诊断符合率,以及慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)、慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)的幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染率、伴肠上皮化生(IM)、异型增生(Dys)等改变。[结果]CSG镜下与病理诊断符合率低,仅为16.5%。CAG镜下与病理诊断符合率85.0%。Hp感染率低,考虑与高龄、30%的病例为多次胃镜检查、伴有GERD、早期胃癌等有关。CAG不但与长期的胃黏膜炎症有关,还与年龄有关,60-69岁、70-79岁为CAG高峰年龄;多伴有IM;与Dys密切相关,重度CAG伴Dys高达64.8%,但94.0%为轻度。[结论]诊断慢性胃炎必须胃镜结合病理检查。要研究其逆转规律首先要认真对待慢性胃炎,尽早发现微小病变。     

慢性胃炎内镜与病理诊断误差的探讨

背景:慢性胃炎是临床常见的消化系疾病,目前有内镜诊断和病理诊断两种诊断标准,两者的一致性如何,分歧原因何在,值得进一步研究和探讨。目的:了解慢性胃炎内镜诊断与病理诊断的符合率,以缩小两者间的误差,提高确诊率。方法:复习我院2000年内镜诊断为慢性胃炎者的内镜检查和活检病理报告,计算慢性胃炎内镜诊断与病理诊断的符合率。结果:共有11047例次受检查纳入统计分析。在胃窦部,内镜诊断为非萎缩性胃炎而病理诊断为慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)者926例次,内镜诊断为CAG而病理诊断为非萎缩性胃炎者1340例次,两者诊断一致者8781例次,总符合率为79.5%(κ=0.550,P<0.001)。在胃体部,内镜诊断为浅表性改变而病理诊断为萎缩性改变者43例次,内镜诊断为萎缩性改变而病理诊断为浅表性改变者143例次,两者诊断一致者383例次,总符合率为67.3%(κ=0.314,P<0.001)。结论:CAG是胃癌癌前状态之一,鉴于其诊断需依赖组织病理学检查,故强调内镜检查时应在胃窦和胃体部作多部位、多处活检,以提高CAG的确诊率。     

胃粘膜肠上皮化生的内镜分析

目的探讨内镜下胃粘膜肠上皮化生诊断的可行性及准确度。方法应用放大或普通型内镜对受检者的胃底、胃体及胃窦进行仔细观察，详细描述肠上皮化生的表现特点并至少于胃窦小弯、大弯及胃体各取活组织检查(简称活检)一块，收集同期病理诊断肠上皮化生的病例并将内镜表现与病理进行对照分析。结果同期病理组织学诊断肠上皮化生患者329例。根据内镜下的特异性肠上皮化生的表现淡黄色结节型、瓷白色小结节型、鱼鳞型和弥漫型，内镜诊断肠上皮化生134例，经活检病理证实128例，内镜诊断符合率95.5％。胃粘膜活检诊断而内镜未予诊断者201例，内镜检查诊断肠上皮化生的总符合率38.9％。轻、中、重度肠上皮化生内镜诊断率不同，分别为23.8％、48.5％和51.7％。而放大内镜对轻、中、重度肠上皮化生诊断准确率分别为47.5％、78.5％和75.4％，明显高于普通型内镜组 的14.9％、28.6％和34.9％，差异有显著性(P＜0.05)。结论胃粘膜肠上皮化生内镜表现除淡黄色结节型和弥漫型外，尚有鱼鳞型和瓷白色小结节型，这四种典型的肠上皮化生形态学特征，是内镜诊断肠上皮化生的特异型标志。这四种肉眼形态学特征与病理肠上皮化生程度无关，但肠上皮化生程度与内镜诊断呈平行关系。放大内镜对肠上皮化生诊断率明显高于普通型内镜。     

慢性萎缩性胃炎内镜诊断与病理结果对照分析

目的 探讨胃镜下表现对萎缩性胃炎(CAG)的诊断价值。方法 对55例内镜诊断的CAG与病理结果进行对照分析，分别计算镜下CAG各种表现对病理诊断CAG、肠上皮化生及异型增生的敏感性和特异性。结果 55例患者中内镜诊断CAG30例、CAG合并浅表性胃炎(CAG)25例；病理诊断CAG36例、CSG8例、CAG合并CSG11例。内镜直视与病理诊断相比较，符合率为85．45％。CAG内镜下的各种表现对病理诊断的敏感性为12．77％～51．06％。镜下某些表现对CAG的病理诊断有较高的特异性，如花斑样改变和扁平隆起分别达87．50%、75．00％；白相为主、血管透见伴扁平隆起及花斑样改变伴隆起糜烂的特异性均达l00%。镜下粗糙不平、颗粒样改变对诊断肠上皮化生的价值较大，其敏感性和特异性分别达66．67％、71．74％。白相为主、血管透见对诊断异型增生的敏感性达71．74％；隆起糜烂对诊断异型增生的特异性达68．89％。结论 胃镜直视下的花斑样改变，粗糙不平、颗粒样改变，白相为主、血管透见分别对CAG、肠上皮化生、异型增生的病理诊断有较高的价值，但正确的诊断仍必须结合胃镜直视与黏膜活检。     

慢性萎缩性胃炎的相关因素及内镜与病理诊断比较的临床意义

目的 探究慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)的临床相关因素并比较临床中胃镜诊断与病理诊断结果的差别。方法通过在我院进行胃镜及病理检查的994例病人的临床相关因素资料、胃镜及病理检查结果的分析和差异的比较，了解慢性萎缩性胃炎的相关因素以及胃镜诊断与病理诊断结果差异的原因。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎和慢性非萎缩性胃炎在平均年龄、吸烟史、酗酒、既往有胃或十二指肠病史上有显著差异；肠上皮化生和活动性炎症伴随CAG的比例分别为91．2％、76．7％，明显比不伴CAG的比例(分别为8．8％、23．3％)高，两者有高度相关性。CAG在不同部位的萎缩程度有差别：胃窦部CAG以轻中度萎缩为主，重度萎缩很少。而在胃体部cAG和胃窦兼胃体部cAG病人中，重度萎缩占有相当的比例。正常胃黏膜与CAG内镜下诊断以及不同部位间的CAG内镜下诊断为正常胃黏膜、胃窦部CAG、胃窦兼胃体部CAG和胃体部CAG与病理诊断比较的符合率分别为52．5％、37．5％、8％、25％。结论慢性萎缩性胃炎与多方面因素有关，以胃窦部多见，在病理诊断上与胃黏膜的活动性炎症及肠上皮化生有关。胃镜诊断与病理诊断的符合率不高，要提高CAG诊断的正确率，必须在提高胃镜检查技术的同时结合黏膜病理活检。     

慢性萎缩性胃炎内镜与病理学诊断的临床分析

[目的]分析慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)内镜诊断与病理诊断的符合率及其相关要素。[方法]收集626例内镜诊断为慢性萎缩性胃炎患者为研究对象,统计内镜检查与病理学诊断的符合率。[结果]内镜诊断626例慢性萎缩性胃炎患者,其内镜与病理诊断的符合率为47.6%,胃体和胃角萎缩的检出率比胃窦低,但肠化的检出率比胃窦高;取材数量1块的胃镜符合率为27.27%,2块胃镜符合率为45.61%,≥3块胃镜符合率为62.34%。[结论]内镜诊断CAG的符合率较低;建议取≥3块活检数,更多的活检数能提高诊断的准确性。     

82例胃黏膜高级别上皮内瘤变患者中鉴别浸润性胃癌的临床研究

目的 应用常规内镜及共聚焦激光显微内镜(CLE)对胃黏膜高级别上皮内瘤变(HGIEN)患者病灶行再次检查,从中鉴别浸润性胃癌.方法 选取2005年1月至2010年12月间上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院消化科82例胃镜活检病理检查为HGIEN者,男性61例,女性21例,其中38例行普通胃镜检查,44例除普通胃镜检查外还接受了CLE检查.对比内镜活检病理诊断,符合指征者行手术及病理学检查.结果 82例患者中经复查证实,良性溃疡或炎性反应8例(24.4％),胃黏膜低级别上皮内瘤变12例(14.6％),HGIEN 10例(12.2％),浸润性胃癌52例(63.4％).浸润性胃癌患者中分化型癌36例,未分化型癌16例.CLE诊断为浸润性胃癌的21例中,17例(81.0％)与病理学诊断一致,CLE诊断与病理诊断一致性参数κ值=0.7250.结论 从内镜活检病理诊断胃黏膜HGIEN患者中鉴别浸润性胃癌是必要的.     

共聚焦激光显微内镜诊断幽门螺杆菌感染患者的价值

目的 探讨荧光素染色下共聚焦激光显微内镜(confocal laser endomicroscopy,CLE)对幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染患者的诊断价值.方法 2009年6月至2009年11月,选择伴有上消化道症状(上腹部不适、腹胀、早饱、反酸、嗳气)及为行胃癌筛查而行胃镜检查的患者纳入研究.通过回顾分析行CLE检查且已确诊为Hp感染的患者20例和10例Hp阴性对照者的胃黏膜CLE图像,并与相应靶向活检的组织学图像相比较,制定出CLE下Hp感染诊断标准.在前瞻性研究中将CLE诊断结果 与Hp最终检测结果 进行比较,分析CLE诊断标准的观察者之间一致性,并将CLE图像与相应组织病理学结果 进行对比分析.结果 72例患者纳入前瞻性研究,Hp阳性34例,CLE正确诊断31例,CLE诊断总准确率、敏感性和特异性分别为88.9%、91.2%和86.8%.荧光素渗出伴细胞脱落诊断特异性最高(97.4%),荧光素渗出+胃小凹水肿扭曲敏感性最高(88.2%).CLE诊断标准具有较高的观察者之间一致性(Kappa值分别=0.72和0.87).CLE下Hp感染图像与活动性炎症高度相关(P＜0.001).结论 CLE可在细胞水平准确辨别正常胃黏膜和Hp感染的胃黏膜,对Hp感染有可靠的诊断价值.     

内镜下胃窦黏膜红白相间表现对慢性萎缩性胃炎的诊断价值

慢性萎缩性胃炎（chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG）是癌前病变,以往报道内镜下萎缩表现与病理诊断相关性差[1].为提高CAG内镜下肉眼诊断结果与病理诊断结果的符合率,我们于2009年1月至10月间对胃窦红白相间不同表现的黏膜取材后进行了病理学检查,报道如下.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.