蒙脱石散与消旋卡多曲治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎效果观察

目的探讨蒙脱石散联合消旋卡多曲对小儿轮状病毒性肠炎的治疗效果。方法选取2011年1月至2014年2月入住该院的206例小儿轮状病毒性肠炎患儿,根据治疗方法不同分为对照组和观察组各103例,对照组用蒙脱石散治疗,观察组用蒙脱石散联合消旋卡多曲治疗。比较两组患儿主要症状和体征改善时间、临床疗效及不良反应。结果观察组治愈率和总有效率均明显高于对照组,体征改善所用的时间短于对照组,不良反应率低于对照组,两组差异均有统计学意义。结论蒙脱石散联合消旋卡多曲治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎效果良好,体征改善时间明显缩短,且不增加不良反应。     

消旋卡多曲联合蒙脱石散治疗儿童轮状病毒性肠炎的疗效研究

目的：探讨消旋卡多曲联合蒙脱石散治疗儿童轮状病毒性肠炎的临床疗效。方法选取我院2013年2月—2014年2月收治的78例轮状病毒性肠炎患儿,随机分为对照组和观察组,各39例。对照组给予蒙脱石散治疗,观察组给予消旋卡多曲联合蒙脱石散治疗。比较两组患儿治疗总有效率,止吐、止泻、退热时间及住院时间和不良反应发生率。结果观察组患儿总有效率为94.9%（37/39）,高于对照组的82.1%（32/39）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组患儿止吐、止泻、退热及住院时间均短于对照组（P〈0.05）。两组患儿均未发生严重的不良反应。结论消旋卡多曲联合蒙脱石散治疗儿童轮状病毒性肠炎疗效确切,不良反应小。     

消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗50例小儿轮状病毒性肠炎的疗效评价

目的评价消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎的疗效。方法 100例轮状病毒性肠炎患儿,分为对照组和观察组。对照组给予蒙脱石散,观察组在对照组用药的基础上,给予消旋卡多曲颗粒。结果观察组总有效率为96.00%,高于对照组的82.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组均未见严重不良反应事件。结论消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗轮状病毒性肠炎患儿疗效可靠,副作用小。     

消旋卡多曲辅助治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎78例疗效观察

目的研究消旋卡多曲辅助治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎的临床疗效,探讨其临床适用性。方法 156例轮状病毒性肠炎患儿,随机分为实验组(78例)和对照组(78例)。对照组给予蒙脱石散剂治疗,实验组在对照组的基础上辅助消旋卡多曲治疗,观察患儿的大便性状、腹泻次数等,统计并比较两组患儿治疗的总有效率。结果治疗后,对照组总有效率为74.36%,实验组为96.15%,实验组明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论消旋卡多曲辅助蒙脱石散剂治疗轮状病毒性肠炎临床效果显著,适合临床长期推广应用。     

蒙脱石散联合消旋卡多曲治疗小儿轮状病毒肠炎的效果

目的观察蒙脱石散联合消旋卡多曲对小儿轮状病毒肠炎的治疗效果,探讨小儿轮状病毒肠炎的有效治疗措施。方法于本院就诊治疗的120例轮状病毒肠炎患儿按照随机数字表法分为3组,给予A组(n=40)患儿蒙脱石散口服治疗,B组(n=40)患儿予以消旋卡多曲口服,C组(n=40)患儿采用蒙脱石散联合消旋卡多曲治疗,对比3组的治疗效果。结果 C组退热时间明显短于A组、B组,C组治疗总有效率显著高于A组、B组,差异均有显著性(P<0.05);治疗期间,A组、B组、C组的不良反应发生率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论蒙脱石散联合消旋卡多曲治疗小儿轮状病毒肠炎的效果显著,能够快速缓解小儿症状,且不增加不良反应的发生,值得推广。     

消旋卡多曲联合蒙脱石散对小儿轮状病毒性肠炎患者血清CRP及ESR水平的影响

目的:探讨消旋卡多曲联合蒙脱石散对小儿轮状病毒性肠炎患者血清CRP及ESR水平的影响.方法:选取2015年4月～2016年8月在我院接受治疗的轮状病毒性肠炎患儿80例,随机分成两组,每组40例.对照组服用蒙脱石散,观察组在对照组基础上加服消旋卡多曲.比较两组疗效及患儿血清CRP及ESR水平.结果:对照组临床症状消失时间明显长于观察组,ESR和CRP水平明显高于观察组,差异显著(P<0.05);对照组总有效率(75.00％)明显低于观察组(92.50％),差异显著(P<0.05).结论:消旋卡多曲联合蒙脱石散对小儿轮状病毒性肠炎疗效确切,能显著降低血清CRP及ESR水平,改善临床症状,减轻患儿的痛苦,促使患儿早日恢复健康.     

消旋卡多曲颗粒联合蒙脱石散治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎疗效观察

目的对消旋卡多曲颗粒联合蒙脱石散治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎的临床疗效进行分析。方法 114例婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎患者,随机分为两组;对照组56例采用蒙脱石散治疗;观察组58例在对照组基础上加用消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗。对比两组治疗效果、不良反应及症状消退时间。结果观察组治疗总有效率显著高于对照组,大便次数恢复时间、大便性状恢复时间、止泻时间及总疗程时间均显著短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组患儿治疗期间均无严重不良反应发生。结论在婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎治疗中消旋卡多曲颗粒联合蒙脱石散具有显著疗效,可促使患者病程大幅缩短,迅速改善患儿临床症状,不良反应发生率低,值得在临床中推广。     

消旋卡多曲联合酪酸梭酸活菌治疗小儿轮状病毒肠炎疗效观察

目的 观察消旋卡多曲联合酪酸梭酸活菌治疗小儿轮状病毒肠炎的疗效.方法 将70例轮状病毒肠炎患儿随机分成两组,分别予治疗组消旋卡多曲联合酪酸梭酸活菌及对照组单剂蒙脱石散荆治疗.对两组在总有效率、大便性状、大便次数控制方面进行统计分析..结果 治疗组总有效率94.29%.对照组总有效率77.1%,二者相比有显著差异(P<0.05).治疗组在大便性状、大便次数控制天数方面均短于对照组(P<0.01).结论 消旋卡多曲联合酪酸梭酸活菌对小儿轮状病毒肠炎有显著疗效,值得在临床推广.     

消旋卡多曲联合思密达治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎临床观察

目的研究分析消旋卡多曲联合蒙脱石散(思密达)治疗小儿轮状病毒性肠炎的临床治疗效果。方法小儿轮状病毒肠炎患儿80例,随机分为对照组和观察组,各40例。对照组患者采用口服思密达治疗,观察组采用消旋卡多曲联合思密达治疗,对比观察两组患者的临床治疗效果、止泻时间以及不良反应发生率情况。结果观察组在治疗后的总有效率达到97.5%,显著高于对照组患者的80.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者的止泻时间为(3.2±0.7)d,显著低于对照组患者的(4.9±1.3)d,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者出现1例不良反应,对照组没有出现不良反应。结论对于小儿轮状病毒性肠炎患者采用消旋卡多曲联合思密达治疗的临床效果显著,且不良反应发生率低,值得临床广泛推广。     

消旋卡多曲颗粒联合蒙脱石散治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎临床观察

目的:探讨消旋卡多曲颗粒联合蒙脱石散治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎的临床效果.方法:选取我院2015年2月～2016年7月收治的71例婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎患者作为研究对象并根据随机综合序贯法分组,对照组(n=35)采用蒙脱石散治疗,观察组(n=36)予以消旋卡多曲颗粒联合蒙脱石散治疗,观察对比两组治疗效果.结果:观察组总有效率为94.4％,明显高于对照组的71.4％(P<0.05);观察组大便次数恢复正常时间、大便性状恢复正常时间、止泻时间、治疗时间均明显短于对照组(P<0.05).结论:消旋卡多曲颗粒联合蒙脱石散治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎的临床效果突出,值得推广.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.