Cataract surgery in highly myopic eyes corrected by phakic anterior chamber angle-supported lenses(1)

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence of cataract, potential causes of its development, and the outcome of cataract surgery after previous implantation of phakic angle-supported anterior chamber intraocular lenses (AC IOLs) in highly myopic patients. SETTING: Instituto Oftalmológico de Alicante, Department of Refractive Surgery, Spain. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-three highly myopic phakic eyes of 160 patients had implantation of a phakic AC IOL. Follow-up was up to 8 years (range 38.4 to 103.2 months). Eyes that subsequently developed cataract had cataract extraction and were studied during follow-up for clinical association to other preoperative or postoperative data. Cataract surgery was performed after phakic IOL explantation by phacoemulsification and posterior chamber IOL (PC IOL) implantation (Domilens-Chiron AL3). RESULTS: Nuclear cataract developed in 9 cases (3.42%) a mean of 42.91 months +/- 17.7 (SD) after phakic AC IOL implantation. Final best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) was not significantly different from that after phakic AC IOL implantation (P =.25, paired Student t test). Mean endothelial cell loss after cataract surgery was 6.87% +/- 0.42% cells/mm(2). Age at implantation of older than 40 years and axial length greater than 30. 0 mm were the 2 factors significantly related to nuclear cataract development (r = 1.69 and 1.98, respectively; P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a potential risk of nuclear cataract development after phakic AC IOL implantation to correct high myopia in patients older than 40 years and with very high (greater than 30.0 mm) axial myopia. Phakic IOL explantation, phacoemulsification, and PC IOL implantation successfully resolved this complication. The benefits in terms of BSCVA and spherical equivalent obtained after phakic AC IOL implantation were preserved after cataract surgery.     

AC-PIOL联合AK矫正超高度近视伴中高度散光

目的评估有晶状体眼前房房角支撑型人工晶状体植入（AC-PIOL）联合散光性角膜切开术（AK）治疗超高度近视合并中高度散光的安全性、有效性、可预测性。方法超高度轴性近视合并中高度散光行AC-PIOL的住院患者45例（70只眼）,其中未联合AK者（非AK组）19例（25只眼）,联合AK者（AK组）26例（45只眼）。检查裸眼远视力、最佳矫正视力、屈光状态、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼底检查、角膜地形图。结果两组患者术后裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力与术前相比均有显著性差异（P均〈0.001）;AK组患者术后散光度明显低于非AK组患者,两组间比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;AK组术后裸眼视力与术前相比的提高量明显高于非AK组患者,两组间比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论 AC-PIOL术可显著提高裸眼远视力、最佳矫正视力,预测性较好,是治疗超高度近视有效的方法;联合AK术治疗合并存在的中高度散光,可有效地降低术后散光,进一步提高术后裸眼视力。     

有晶状体眼前房型人工晶状体植入治疗高度近视疗效观察

目的 观察有晶状体眼前房型虹膜固定人工晶状体植入治疗高度近视的临床疗效.方法 对11例(17只眼)高度近视患者进行术前虹膜YAG激光周边切除,1周后接受有晶状体眼Verisyse前房虹膜固定型人工晶状体植入手术,观察术后的裸眼视力、最好矫正视力、眼压、角膜及前房内炎症变化情况.结果 11例(17只眼)均顺利在前房内植入虹膜固定的人工晶状体,其中1只眼术后第3天发现人工晶状体单侧脱位再次手术固定.术后所有患者视力较术前均增加,裸眼≤0.5者3只眼,>0.5者14只眼.16只眼眼压术后检查正常,1只眼术后眼压升高至25 mm Hg,局部加用0.5%噻吗心胺点眼,2 d后眼压恢复正常.术后所有患者角膜透明,无内皮水肿的情况.13只眼出现前房轻度闪辉,4只眼前房可见较多的炎性细胞,用药后很快控制.结论 高度近视患者有晶状体眼前房植入虹膜固定型人工晶状体是一种较好的矫正视力方法,但其远期疗效及并发症有待进一步观察.     

Lens opacity after neodymium: YAG laser iridectomy for phakic intraocular lens implantation

We describe a previously unreported complication of a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implanted in a phakic eye. The left eye of a 25-year-old patient with high myopia was treated prophylactically with neodymium: YAG (Nd: YAG) laser iridotomy prior to phakic IOL implantation. Slitlamp examination of the left eye disclosed an opacity of the anterior capsule of the crystalline lens under the iridotomy site. This case demonstrates a complication associated with Nd:YAG iridotomy prior to implantation of a phakic IOL.     

Intermittent myopic shift of 4.0 diopters after implantation of an Artisan iris-supported phakic intraocular lens

A 45-year-old man with bilateral high myopia and myopic astigmatism had uneventful implantation of a -10.5 diopters (D) Artisan iris-fixated anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) (Ophtec) in both eyes. In the first days after surgery, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was 20/16 in the right eye and 20/16 in the left; the position of the PIOL was stable. Ten days after surgery, the left eye developed a myopic shift of 4.0 D. Further examination showed that the myopia disappeared when the pupil was medically dilated. After the pupil returned to a natural position, the myopic shift reappeared. Because there were no changes in the subsequent 4 months, we decided to exclavate the IOL, rotate it by 10 degrees, and reenclavate it with less tissue. The myopic shift did not return over the following 20 months, and the UCVA was 20/20. In rare cases, iris-fixated anterior chamber IOLs may induce refractive changes related to effects on the surrounding anatomic structures. This may be corrected by phakic IOL rotation or reenclavation of the phakic IOL with less tissue.     

Fixed, dilated pupil after phakic intraocular lens implantation

A 26-year-old man with degenerative high myopia had bilateral anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (IOL) implantation under general anesthesia. The preoperative slitlamp examination was normal. No mydriatic drops were used before, during, or after the procedure. Postoperatively, the intraocular pressure (IOP) in the right globe increased to 60 mm Hg. After the IOP was controlled, the pupil became fixed and dilated. Iris fluorescein angiography was obtained and delayed filling of the iris capillary plexus with large areas of no perfusion was observed in the right eye. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of Urrets-Zavalia syndrome was made. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Urrets-Zavalia syndrome after phakic IOL implantation.     

Long-term complications of bilateral posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation

A 34-year-old woman had posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PCP IOL) implantation to correct high myopia in both eyes. Five years postoperatively, the patient presented with a decrease in visual acuity from central anterior subcapsular cataract formation in both eyes and IOL dislocation in the left eye. In vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea showed markedly decreased endothelial cell density in both eyes and the presence of bright endothelial microdeposits possibly related to pigmentary dispersion. Gonioscopy showed angle pigmentary deposits with no intraocular pressure increase. The patient was successfully treated by removing the PCP IOLs and performing phacoemulsification with in-the-bag IOL implantation in both eyes. This led to a recovery of visual acuity. This case report presents the rare occurrence and surgical management of cataract formation, IOL dislocation, and severe endothelial cell loss as a late complication of PCP IOL implantation.     

Exchange of a posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens in a highly myopic eye

A 38-year-old woman had posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (IOL) implantation as a secondary refractive procedure to correct residual refraction (20/50 with -16.50 -1.50 x 80) in May 1998, 3 years after intrastromal corneal ring segment surgery for high myopia (-30.00 diopters). Ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed an oversized lens, leading to malpositioning. Moreover, the patient remained undercorrected (20/40 with -5.25 -0.75 x 120). Ten months later, the phakic IOL was uneventfully exchanged for a shorter one with the correct dioptric power. It was well placed in the posterior chamber. The patient's visual acuity was 20/30 with -2.25 -0.75 x 145, very close to the refraction in the fellow aphakic eye (20/30 with -2.50 -0.75 x 75). Patient satisfaction with the final visual outcome was high. Accurate ciliary sulcus measurement is critical for proper phakic IOL sizing.     

Ten-year follow-up of a ciliary sulcus-fixated silicone phakic posterior chamber intraocular lens

In 1992, a ciliary sulcus-fixated, silicone, phakic posterior chamber intraocular lens (PPC IOL) (Adatomed, Fyodorov type) was implanted in both eyes of a 42-year-old white woman to correct high myopia (right eye, -17.0 diopters [D]; left eye, -11.5 D). In the right eye, localized cortical opacification was present in the anterior part of the natural lens preoperatively but did not progress during a 10-year follow-up period. With Scheimpflug photography, it was possible to detect a space between the natural lens and the IOL that was not evident on slitlamp examination. Maintenance of space between an IOL and the natural lens appears to be an important factor in preventing cataract formation after PPC IOL implantation.     

有晶状体眼悬浮型后房型人工晶状体植入治疗高度近视

目的观察和探讨悬浮型后房型有晶状体眼人工晶状体（PC-PRL）植入术治疗高度近视的效果及安全性。方法回顾性病例研究。38例（68眼）高度近视患者（近视度为-11.25～-20.00 D）植入PC-PRL。术前及术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月对患者的视力、眼压、角膜内皮细胞计数、前房深度及PC-PRL位置进行观察。采用重复测量方差分析比较PIOL术后不同时间段的等效球镜的差异。结果术后6个月时,所有患者UCVA均≥4.7,达到或高于术前BCVA（F=6.813,P<0.01）;术后7例（10眼）早期眼压升高,经降眼压治疗后眼压正常;术后前房深度较术前有所下降（F=32.952,P＜0.01）,小梁虹膜水平/垂直夹角、房角开放距离、拱高均无明显变化（P＞0.05）,未见虹膜膨隆,房角阻滞;术后PIOL位置稳定,与晶状体距离稳定。结论PC-PRL植入术治疗高度近视效果确切,预测性好,手术安全。     

有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状体植入术矫正高度近视术前、术后眼轴测量方式的选择

目的明确有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状体植入术前及术后眼轴长度在不同设定条件下测量结果的差异,确定术后眼轴测量的方式,为术后发生的白内障进行人工晶状体测算提供指导。方法选取行有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状体植入术患者70例(135眼),分别于术前1周及术后3个月行IOL-Master、A超测量眼轴长度。IOL-Master测量方式分别为正常眼(Phakic眼)及人工晶状体眼(Pseudophakic PMMA)模式;A超测量方式分别为正常眼及特殊眼模式,其中正常眼晶状体声速设为1641m·s-1,特殊眼晶状体声速设为1555m·s-1。将所得数据进行统计学分析。结果术前,A超测量眼轴长度为(27.81±0.22)mm,IOL-Master测量眼轴长度为(28.02±0.22)mm。术后,A超在正常眼模式下测量眼轴长度为(27.82±0.22)mm,与术前相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.425),特殊眼模式下为(26.40±0.21)mm,与术前相比差异有显著统计学意义(P=0.000);术后,IOL-Master在Phakic模式下测量眼轴长度为(28.01±0.22)mm,与术前相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.326),PseudophakicPMMA模式下为(28.12±0.22)mm,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状体植入术后眼轴长度随测量方式的变化而变化。但术前及术后均采用A超正常眼模式或IOL-Master正常眼模式测量则眼轴变化较小,且后者准确性较高。     

后房型人工晶状体植入矫治高度近视眼的临床应用

目的:观察高度近视眼患者施行后房型人工晶状体植入术后的临床效果及并发症。方法:对23例45眼高度近视眼患者进行相关眼科检查,排除手术禁忌证后施行后房型人工晶状体植入术。术后对其视力恢复情况及并发症进行描述性研究。结果:45眼术后裸眼视力均达到术前最佳矫正视力,3眼发生一过性高眼压,45眼IOL表面均有不同程度的细小色素颗粒附着,对视力无影响。结论:IOL矫正高度近视眼近期临床效果有效、可靠,临床观察未发现手术并发症,远期疗效尚需进一步观察。     

有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状体植入术治疗超高度近视的临床研究

观察分析有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状体植入术（ ICL）治疗超高度近视的临床疗效。方法选择分析我院2011年6月至2013年6月行有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状体植入术治疗超高度近视患者14例（25只眼）。术前常规检查视力、最佳矫正视力,进行各项检查后,行单眼或者双眼有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状体植入术,术后观察视力、眼压及内皮细胞计数变化情况。结果术后视力0．3-1．0。术后2例（3只眼）出现早期眼压升高,经降眼压治疗,3-4 d后眼压正常。结论有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状体植入术治疗超高度近视及散光疗效确切,患者满意度好,预测性好,手术安全。     

有晶状体眼前房虹膜夹持型人工晶状体植入治疗高度近视

目的：观察有晶状体眼前房型虹膜夹持人工晶状体植入治疗高度近视的临床疗效。 方法：对28例50眼高度近视患者进行有晶状体眼Verisyse前房虹膜夹持型人工晶状体植入手术,观察术后的裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力、眼压、角膜及前房内炎症变化情况。 结果：患者28例50眼均顺利在前房内植入虹膜夹持的人工晶状体,术后所有患者视力较术前均增加。术后1a,裸眼视力38眼（76%）≥1.0,12眼（24%）≥0.5,最佳矫正视力40眼（80%）≥1.0,10眼（20%）≥0.5。术后22眼最佳矫正视力均达到并超过术前最佳矫正视力。 结论：高度近视患者有晶状体眼前房植入虹膜夹持型人工晶状体是一种较好的安全有效的矫正视力的方法,术后屈光效果令人满意。     

Laser in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy for residual refractive error after phakic intraocular lens implantation

PURPOSE: To determine the visual and refractive outcome of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in eyes with prior posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation for high myopia. METHODS: We studied a series of 37 consecutive eyes of 31 patients who underwent LASIK or PRK for residual refractive error following collamer posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) (Staar Surgical Implantable Contact Lens) implantation into a phakic eye. Twenty-eight eyes had LASIK and nine eyes had PRK. Mean follow-up was 8.1 +/- 4.7 months after laser ablation (range, 3 to 18 mo). RESULTS: The preoperative mean spherical equivalent refraction prior to phakic posterior chamber IOL implantation was -17.74 +/- 4.89 D (range, -9.75 to -28.00 D). Following phakic IOL implantation and prior to LASIK or PRK, mean spherical equivalent refraction was -2.56 +/- 2.34 D (range, -0.25 to -8.75 D). One month following LASIK or PRK, mean spherical equivalent refraction was -0.24 +/- 0.52 D (range, -1.50 to +1.50 D), 3 months following LASIK or PRK, mean spherical equivalent refraction was -0.19 +/- 0.50 D (range, -1.50 to +1.00 D). The refraction was within +/-1.00 D of emmetropia in 36 eyes (97.2%) and within +/-0.50 D in 31 eyes (83.7%). Three eyes developed anterior subcapsular opacities several weeks after laser ablation, one eye developed macular hemorrhage 4 weeks after laser ablation, and one eye had corticosteroid induced ocular hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: LASIK or PRK can be used to treat the residual refractive error following posterior chamber phakic IOL implantation.     

Intraocular pressure in myopic patients after Worst-Fechner anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation

PURPOSE: To assess intraocular pressure measured with a Goldmann tonometer over a period of 1 year after implantation of a Worst-Fechner anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens to correct myopia of -7.00 D or more. METHODS: We performed a prospective, non-masked study of 100 patients (100 myopic eyes) who had a Worst-Fechner phakic intraocular lens implanted to correct myopia of -7.00 D or greater. Central corneal Goldmann tonometry was performed before surgery and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. The influence of different variables was assessed. RESULTS: IOP showed a significant increase of a mean 2.1 mmHg at 3 months after surgery (P=.001). There was not a statistically significant difference between IOP before surgery and 6 months after PIOL implantation (P=.244) or 1 year after surgery (P=.845). In one eye, the lens was explanted 11 months after surgery because of the presence of ocular hypertension. No variables studied showed a statistically significant difference from before to after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Worst-Fechner anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation led to a slight transitory increase of intraocular pressure during the first 3 months after surgery, but returned to preoperative levels by 6 months after implantation.     

Ultrasound biomicroscopy of ZSAL-4 anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for high myopia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the intraocular location and anatomic relationship to other structures of the ZSAL-4 angle-supported anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (IOL) for high myopia using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). SETTING: Clínica de Nuestra Se?ora de la Concepción, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, and Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Madrid, Spain. METHODS: Eight phakic myopic eyes corrected by ZSAL-4 angle-supported anterior chamber phakic IOLs were examined by UBM. The distance between the corneal endothelium and the IOL at the central and peripheral cornea and between the phakic IOL and the iris was measured. RESULTS: The mean distance between the central cornea and the IOL was 2361.37 microm +/- 109.62 (SD); between the edge of the IOL optic and the endothelium, 1646.24 +/- 27.06 microm; and between the IOL and the iris, 354.46 +/- 41.61 microm. The IOL footplates appeared to be correctly positioned in the anterior chamber angle in all eyes. CONCLUSION: The space between the IOL and the endothelium was greater in eyes with the ZSAL-4 angle-supported phakic IOL than in eyes with other angle-supported phakic IOLs. The possibility of intermittent contact between the IOL edge and the midperipheral cornea plays a minor role in the mechanism of endothelial damage with this lens model.     

前房型人工晶状体植入治疗高度近视眼

目的探讨前房内植入房角支撑型硬性人工晶状体治疗高度近视眼的预测性、安全性和有效性。方法40例(76只眼)高度近视眼患者,术前屈光度数为-9.50～-26．25 D,平均(-15．89±3.78)D,术前最佳矫正视力0．5～1．0,植入房角支撑型硬性人工晶状体(Phakic 6H型)矫正高度近视眼,平均随访时间为1年。术前术后观察裸眼视力、矫正视力、届光度数、眼压、角膜内皮和眼前节的变化等。结果术后1年,裸眼视力为0．3～1．5,最佳矫正视力0．5～1．5,残余屈光度数为-2.00～+0．50 D,平均(-0．40±0．64)D,屈光度数在≤±1．00 D以内占96．1％。术前和术后1年角膜内皮细胞计数分别为(3174±248)个／mm2和(3067±320)个／mm2,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0．01)。术前和术后1年眼压分别为(16．12±2.32)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0．133 kPa)和(15．29±3．38)mm Hg,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。4只眼主诉有眩光。2只眼瞳孔呈竖椭圆形,2只眼晶状体下偏约1．0 mm。1例患者双眼在术后8个月时曾出现黄斑区出血。结论有晶状体眼房角支撑型硬性人工晶状体治疗超高度近视眼安全有效,且预测性好,值得进一步临床研究,长期疗效和安全性有待进一步观察。     

Creeping posterior synechiae following hyperopic iris-fixated phakic implants

The purpose of this study was to report on the occurrence and management of posterior synechiae (PS) in three hyperopic eyes after iris-fixated anterior chamber phakic IOL implantation. This is a case report of a 55-year-old man and a 55-year-old lady who had undergone iris-fixated anterior chamber phakic IOL implantation to correct hyperopic astigmatism (one eye) and hyperopia (both eyes), respectively. The three eyes developed creeping PS and pigment dispersion within 4–6 weeks of surgery. Synechiolysis and pupil stretching in one eye did not work as the synechiae promptly recurred. Definitive management in the form of removal of the phakic implant and phacoemulsification with lens implant was successful in restoring normal vision in all three eyes. Although implantation of phakic intraocular lenses has been reported to be very effective for the correction of moderate to high degrees of ametropia, this complication can occur in hyperopic eyes. Pigment dispersion has been reported in myopic eyes also, but PS seem to be more an issue with hyperopic eyes. Age of the patient may also be a factor. This information is important in the selection and counselling of patients.