海南省与云南省两地微小按蚊杂交试验

目的： 观察海南省与云南省两地微小按蚊之间是否存在种间差异。方法： 在两地牛房采集微小按蚊,单雌驯养繁殖, 用强迫交配方法进行杂交试验, 观察 Ｆ１ 代的可育性。制作杂种 Ｆ１ 卵巢营养细胞多线染色体标本, 观察染色体各区域的联会情况。结果： 云南省微小按蚊（ Ｙ） ♀×海南省微小按蚊（ Ｈ） ♂杂交组卵孵化率为０ , 卵内无胚胎形成。（ Ｈ♀× Ｙ♂） Ｆ１ 各回交组中, 大多数卵孵化率显著低于亲本。（ Ｈ♀× Ｙ♂） Ｆ１ 雌蚊卵巢营养细胞多线染色体３ Ｒ 的２９ 区、３６ 区及３７ 区, Ｘ 性染色体的４ 区和６ 区出现恒定不联会。结论： 海南省与云南省两地微小按蚊已出现明显生殖隔离, 系两个不同的亲缘种。     

广西和云南两地微小按蚊的杂交试验

对广西和云南两地微小按蚊进行杂交试验。结果杂种F_1雌蚊都能育,卵巢发育正常。(Y×G)F_1雄蚊均不能育,其睾丸畸形胀大。(G×Y)F_1雄蚊虽能育,但睾丸略显萎缩,与亲本回交所产的卵孵化率均极低。杂种雌蚊卵巢营养细胞多线染色体的X染色体和常染色体均有不联会区段,以38区的不联会最为恒定。上述结果表明两地微小按蚊已出现不完全生殖隔离现象,有可能是微小按蚊复合体的两个亲缘蚊种。     

元江县微小按蚊卵巢营养细胞多线性染色体观察

云南省元江县采集的微小按蚊分别单只雌蚊驯养，解剖分离卵巢营养细胞，染色后光镜观察、记录染色体图谱。经观察365个卵巢多线染色体标本。其染色体由5臂共3条染色体组成：Ⅰ号染色体为具端着丝点的性染色体（X染色体），仅见一臂；Ⅱ号为1对具亚中着丝点的常染色体，分右臂（2R）和左臂（2L）；Ⅲ号为1对具中着丝点的常染色体，含右臂（3R）和左臂（3L）。与广西微小按蚊卵巢营养细胞多线染色体比较，发现有12处差异。     

微小按蚊和溪流按蚊翅斑形态的比较

目的：比较微小按蚊和溪流按蚊翅斑的形态，了解它们的变异情况，寻找可靠的鉴别特征。方法：微小按蚊采自云南省景洪县基诺乡，溪流按蚊采自广西壮族自治区凌云县。将母蚊产的卵，在实验室饲养至成蚊，再将成蚊的翅制成玻片标本，在显微镜下测量标本的翅长和部分翅斑的长度。结果：共检查微小按蚊雌蚊翅５２个，雄蚊翅６０个，溪流按蚊雌蚊翅４０个，雄蚊翅６０个。认为翅前缘脉上分脉前白斑（ＰＳＰ）的有无和分脉白斑与分脉暗斑比例（ＳＰ／ＳＤｒａｔｉｏ）的大小，是鉴别微小按蚊和溪流按蚊的重要依据。结论：无论是雌蚊还是雄蚊，微小按蚊的翅斑形态与溪流按蚊的翅斑形态均有较为明显的差异。     

辽宁与四川两省嗜人按蚊细胞遗传学研究

目的　确定辽宁省可疑按蚊与嗜人按蚊的遗传关系。方法　以人工诱导法和自然交配法对辽宁省可疑嗜人按蚊与四川省嗜人按蚊进行杂交实验 ,观察杂交卵的孵化率、幼虫生长情况、化蛹率、羽化率 ,判定辽宁省可疑嗜人按蚊与四川省嗜人按蚊是否存在生殖隔离 ;按Kanda法制作幼虫唾腺染色体 ,观察杂交F1代幼虫唾腺染色体联会情况。结果　两地按蚊人工诱导杂交卵的孵化率为 72 36 % ,化蛹率 70 13% ,羽化率 92 5 4 % ;自然交配孵化率、化蛹率和羽化率分别为 87 72 %、70 99%和 95 0 9%。杂交F1代与亲本回交和自交 ,杂交F2 代均能正常发育。杂交F1代幼虫唾腺染色体完全联会。结论　两地嗜人按蚊不存在生殖隔离 ,辽宁省可疑按蚊确系嗜人按蚊无疑。     

实验室内淡色库蚊生物学习性的观察研究

在实验室条件下，淡色库蚊雌纹吸饱和血时间为５～８ｍｉｎ，完成一个生殖营养周期为３～４天，产下卵块历时１４～１７ｍｉｎ卵块含卵粒数８３～２０５枚，卵的胚胎发育时间平均为４１．１ｈ孵化率平均为９８．６％，幼虫化蛹率平均为９８．７％，蛹平均发育时间为５６．６ｈ，蛹的羽化率为９５．９％，新羽化出来的成蚊平均经过２５．７ｍｉｎ的静息后飞行，早期羽化的成蚊虫雄蚊多于雌蚊，其性比（♀：♂）为１：３．７，淡色库蚊     

广西微小按蚊卵巢营养细胞多线染色体的观察

对广西微小按蚊卵巢营养细胞多线染色体进行观察并绘制了模式图。染色体由5臂组成,X染色体最短,具端着丝粒:Ⅱ号染色体最长,具亚中着丝粒;Ⅲ号染色体具中着丝粒。主要特征区有6区,7A、B,19C,20区,28A,30A、B,37D,38A、B,46D。观察700多张标本,染色体全部呈纯合状态。采用卵巢营养细胞制备的多线染色体带型清晰,伸展良好,染色体的两臂往往相连,易于确定臂间关系。     

用rDNA研究海南省大劣按蚊的种型分类地位

目的 :为了进一步确定海南省大劣按蚊的种型分类地位。方法 :以采自海南省的大劣按蚊实验室品系、野外现场捕蚊及采自泰国的大劣按蚊 A种 ( AFRIMS实验室品系 )为材料 ,用 PCR扩增比较海南省与泰国大劣按蚊的 r DNA第二内转录间隔区 ( ITS2 )序列。结果 :测出序列 84 1bp,包括 ITS2及两侧的 5.8S和 28S编码基因的一小部分序列 ,ITS2长 716bp,海南省与泰国大劣按蚊序列相同 ,未发现种内或种群内变异。结论 :证实海南省存在大劣按蚊 A种 ,与以往染色体核型分析及蚊卵扫描电镜的观察结果一致。     

我国微小按蚊A、C的形态和染色体核型研究

目的对微小按蚊A、C的形态和有丝分裂期染色体核型进行比较研究,观察并筛选具有鉴别意义的特征。方法将现场采集后经形态学鉴别初步认定为微小按蚊的样本带回实验室单管饲养,待其产卵后,经多重PCR方法鉴别为微小按蚊A或C。子代羽化后的成蚊标本使用解剖镜、光学显微镜和扫描电镜进行形态学观察和比较。取子一代四龄幼虫的脑神经节制作染色体核型,吉氏染色,显微镜下观察。结果微小按蚊A和C的形态学差异主要表现为是否存在膊白斑（HP）、V2．1白斑及喙腹面白斑,尤其是V2．1白斑和喙腹面白斑,微小按蚊A不出现或出现率极低,微小按蚊C则有很高的出现率,具有稳定差异。光学显微镜和扫描电镜下微小按蚊A、C翅前缘脉、V2．1及翅燧处鳞片及翅目上小钩均未见差异。微小按蚊A、C的常染色体着丝点指数和相对长度均无明显差异,性染色体均为近中着丝粒核型,但略有不同。结论我国微小按蚊A、C的形态和染色体核型均存在一定的差异。     

微小按蚊种团酯酶同工酶比较研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 ( PAGE)技术比较分析了 3种 (微小按蚊、乌头按蚊、溪流按蚊 )雌按蚊酯酶 ( EST)酶谱 ,EST出现两组区带 ,微小按蚊 (含 2个不同地株 )存在遗传上的多态现象 ,乌头按蚊 EST酯酶相对简单。各自均有稳定的酶带 ,并可根据 Rm值结合各自特殊酶带区分成 3个不同的种     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.