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1.
人类免疫缺陷病毒母婴传播的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
艾滋病是目前人类所面临的最具破坏力的疾病之一。据联合国艾滋病规划署(UNAIDS)2006年11月报告,全球人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者约3950万例,其中,女性1770万例,15岁以下儿童为230万例;每天约有1.1万人新感染HIV,约1500人是15岁以下儿童,约1万人15岁以上,其中近50%是妇女;因艾滋病死亡的人数约290万,其中15岁以下儿童约38万。儿童感染HIV 90%是通过母婴传播所致。  相似文献   

2.
人类免疫缺陷病毒母婴传播及预防的研究进展   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
马贞玉  徐慧兰 《中国公共卫生》2006,22(10):1270-1271
在婴儿和儿童人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者中,90%是母婴传播引起的。大约有15%~50%的HIV阳性母亲通过怀孕、分娩或哺乳把病毒传播给胎儿或婴儿。感染HIV的女性及其子女给家庭和社会都带来了很大的负担。本文就HIV母婴传播的方式、危险因素及预防措施等作一综述。  相似文献   

3.
艾滋病病毒母乳传播的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
艾滋病病毒母乳传播是艾滋病病毒母婴传播的一种方式,其传播率为5%~20%,占艾滋病病毒母婴传播的1/3~1/2.婴儿摄入艾滋病病毒感染母亲的母乳后,其消化道粘膜是最可能发生艾滋病病毒母乳传播的部位.艾滋病病毒母乳传播可能发生在哺乳期的任何时间,但目前研究还不能确定母乳喂养持续时间与艾滋病病毒传播时间之间的精确关系.影响艾滋病病毒母乳传播的因素主要包括母亲和婴儿这两方面的因素,因此预防艾滋病病毒母乳传播也应从这两个方面着手,主要包括预防育龄妇女艾滋病病毒感染、艾滋病病毒感染母亲和/或婴儿预防性抗病毒治疗,以及其它与婴儿喂养行为相关措施.  相似文献   

4.
人免疫缺陷病毒母婴传播的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
全球每天大约有1600名婴儿因母婴传播感染人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV),如不采取干预措施,传播的危险率达15%~35%。母婴传播率与母亲感染HIV的疾病进程、发作持续时间、是否合并性传播疾病(SID)或丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染、产程中破膜距分娩的时间、分娩方式、早产和低体重儿,以及喂养方式等因素有关。加强对高危人群中孕产妇的监测、提供咨询和帮助,对HIV感染者使用抗逆转录病毒治疗、避免母乳喂养及行剖宫产等措施可减少HIV母婴传播。  相似文献   

5.
人类免疫缺陷病毒血源传播问题的探讨   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
目的 探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)血源传播来源问题。方法 收集全国各地HIV阳性血清 6 2份 ,其中献血员血清 2 7份 ,静脉吸毒者血清 35份 ,用EIA法进行HBV、HCV血清学检测。结果 HIV感染者HBV总感染率为 5 3.2 % (33/ 6 2 ) ;抗 -HCV阳性率为 95 .2 % (5 9/ 6 2 )。HIV、HBV、HCV三重感染率为 5 1.6 % (32 / 6 2 ) ,HIV、HCV和HIV、HBV二重感染率分别为 2 7.4% (17/6 2 )和 1.6 % (1/ 6 2 )。献血员中HBV总感染率 44 .4% (12 / 2 7) ,抗 -HCV阳性率 10 0 % (2 7/ 2 7) ;静脉吸毒者中HBV总感染率 6 0 .0 % (2 1/ 35 ) ,抗 -HCV阳性率 91.4% (32 / 35 )。经统计学处理 ,两人群HBV感染率与抗 -HCV阳性率差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。对两人群中HIV、HBV、HCV三重、双重、单一感染率分析发现 ,两人群间差异也无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 结果提示 ,HIV感染献血员和HIV感染静脉吸毒者HCV感染率很高 ;两人群在感染HIV、HBV、HCV高危因素上存在着一定的内在联系 ,静脉吸毒可能是引起我国HIV血源传播的主要根源  相似文献   

6.
人类免疫缺陷病毒夫妻传播的调查   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5  
庄柯  桂希恩  王兮  张永喜 《中国公共卫生》2002,18(11):1359-1360
目的 了解夫妻间HIV传播情况。方法 对某艾滋病高发农村有偿供浆员及其配偶作询问调查并采静脉血作HIV检测 ,对其中一方为供浆员且HIV阳性 ,配偶为非供浆员的 5 4对夫妻作分析研究。结果  5 4对夫妻中 6对发生HIV传播 ,传播率为 11 1% (6 / 5 4 )。HIV由丈夫传给妻子占 8 3% (2 / 2 4 ) ,妻子传给丈夫占 13 3% (4/ 30 ) ,无明显差异 ,P >0 0 5。艾滋病 (AIDS)和艾滋病相关综合征 (ARC)病人HIV传播率 (2 3 8% )显著高于HIV携带者(3 0 % ) ,P <0 0 5。结论 在艾滋病高发地区 ,夫妻间HIV传播是造成AIDS进一步蔓延的重要原因之一。但HIV婚内性传播率比较有多个性伴侣者低 ,提示家庭内一般接触造成HIV传播并不常见  相似文献   

7.
潘迎 《中国妇幼保健》2001,16(8):521-523
到 1998年底 ,世界上有 3 30 0多万人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者生活在发展中国家 ,其中生育年龄的妇女几乎占1/2。在那些地方妊娠期感染 HIV已成为一些国家最常见的妊娠期合并症。许多研究表明 ,70 %以上的 HIV感染是通过异性间性交所传播 ,而 90 %以上的儿童感染是通过母婴垂直传播(MTCT)。据估计 ,每年有 15 0万 HIV阳性妇女怀孕 ,大约有6 0万儿童通过母婴传播感染 HIV,每天超过 16 0 0例〔1〕。在南非的部分地区妊娠期妇女感染 HIV超过 30 % ,而新 HIV感染发生率在东南亚正在上升 ,同时在发达国家女性感染 HIV的比例也在增…  相似文献   

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10.
HIV与输血传播病毒的母婴传播的调查   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
目的 了解艾滋病高发区HIV与输血传播病毒(TTV)母婴传播情况。方法 对华中地区某艾滋病高发农村228名母亲及其年龄小于15岁的子女180名进行入户流行病学调查,采集静脉血检测抗HIV、抗TTV,回顾性分析2种病毒的母婴传播特点。结果 82例HIV阳性母亲1993年后生的103名儿童中,39例HIV阳性,母婴传播率为37.9%;59例抗TTV阳性母亲所生的76名儿童中,5例抗TTV阳性,母婴传播率为6.6%。结论 HIV与TTV在当地均存在母婴传播;母婴传播是儿童感染HIV的主要途径。未对HIV流行地区高危生育期妇女进行有效的HIV监测与咨询,未及时采取有效干预措施是造成该地区儿童感染HIV的主要原因,亟需制定实施相应的对策,控制HIV进一步蔓延,保护HIV感染高发区妇女及儿童的健康。  相似文献   

11.
新疆伊宁市自1996年发现首例艾滋病病毒(H IV)感染者以来,H IV感染人数逐年上升,其中育龄妇女的H IV感染比例也逐年升高,导致H IV感染儿童的人数逐渐增加。伊宁市于2006年8月发现首例因H IV感染母亲将咀嚼后的食物喂其所生婴儿,导致婴儿H IV感染的病例。现将有关情况报告如下:1  相似文献   

12.
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a major improvement in the prognosis of paediatric HIV in the developed world. HIV infected children in the Netherlands exhibit a broad range of social-cultural backgrounds and many of them grow up in multiple-problem families. As well as the impact of HIV itself, these families struggle with social, economic and emotional disadvantages that interfere with an optimal treatment. The failure of HAART and the development of HIV resistant strains resulting from non-compliance are increasingly being observed. For an optimal support of these children and families, an integrated medical and psychosocial service is required. HAART during pregnancy and delivery as well as post-exposure prophylaxis to the neonate have significantly decreased the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child. Due to the implementation of national guidelines and the effort of HIV-internists, obstetricians, midwives and paediatricians, less transmission cases have occurred in the Netherlands in recent years, despite an increasing number of exposed infants. The goal is to detect and treat every pregnant HIV-infected woman and her baby.  相似文献   

13.
  目的  分析评估云南省消除艾滋病病毒(HIV)母婴传播工作措施的效果,总结云南省消除HIV母婴传播工作机制,为其他地区实现消除HIV母婴传播目标提供科学依据。  方法   使用文献回顾法,收集云南省自2006年起实施的预防及消除HIV母婴传播工作措施与预防策略,通过全国预防HIV母婴传播信息管理系统,收集云南省2006 — 2019年全省HIV感染孕产妇及所生儿童的个案卡与随访登记卡,云南省2006 — 2019年预防HIV母婴传播工作月报表,计算评价指标以分析各项工作措施的实施效果。  结果  云南省建立了保障孕产妇HIV抗体检测、HIV感染孕产妇及所生儿童抗病毒治疗、保健、随访检测措施落实的“逢孕必检”、“转介制度”、“专人管理”、“感染个案评审”、“信息监测与管理”等工作制度与运转机制,孕产妇HIV抗体检测率从79.09 %提高至99.97 %,孕期HIV抗体检测率从44.56 %提高到99.89 %,HIV感染产妇抗病毒治疗比例从75.92 %提高至99.72 %,HIV感染产妇所生儿童抗病毒治疗比例从86.90 %提高至99.91 %,艾滋病母婴传播率(校正)从项目实施初期的8.78 %下降到1.93 %。  结论  云南省消除艾滋病母婴传播工作机制可保障预防艾滋病母婴传播干预措施有效落实,保障与促进云南省消除艾滋病母婴传播工作达到世界卫生组织艾滋病母婴传播消除认证中的基本指标要求,可供其他省份和周边国家借鉴。  相似文献   

14.
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the dominant mode of acquisition of HIV infection for children. Each day an estimated 1600 children born to HIV-infected mothers become infected, 1500 of whom are in sub-Saharan Africa. Mother-to-child transmission can occur before, during and after delivery; overall rates of MTCT range from 15 to 35%. Risk factors for MTCT include maternal viral load levels, vaginal delivery, prematurity and breastfeeding. Approaches to reduce the risk of MTCT include reduction of maternal viral load through antiretroviral prophylaxis, avoidance of exposure through birth canal cleansing or elective caesarean section delivery and refraining from breastfeeding, and boosting the host immune system through nutritional supplementation or immunization. Substantial reductions in the risk of MTCT can be achieved with antiretroviral prophylaxis during pregnancy, delivery and in the neonatal period, both in settings with and without breastfeeding. Elective caesarean section independently decreases the risk, but is not a safe and feasible option in most high prevalence areas. Birth canal cleansing with chlorhexidine does not reduce the rate overall, but may be beneficial in a subgroup of women with prolonged duration of ruptured membranes. Micronutrient supplementation, including vitamin A, does not reduce MTCT of HIV, but may improve pregnancy outcome generally.  相似文献   

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BACKGROUND: Despite the availability of effective interventions for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), questions remain regarding implementation of programmes in settings with limited resources. This article sets out to describe the first 2 years of the implementation of the national PMTCT programme in Ukraine. METHODS: National data sources and data from a cohort of pregnant HIV-infected women delivering in 13 centres in Ukraine since 2000 were analysed. RESULTS: Interventions for prevention of MTCT have been implemented as a national programme within Ukraine's well developed infrastructure for maternal and child health. Implementation of an 'opt-out' model of counselling and HIV testing in antenatal clinics resulted in a 97% uptake of women who agreed to be HIV tested. In 2002, approximately 91% of HIV-positive pregnant women received ARV prophylaxis (mainly single-dose nevirapine or short-course zidovudine) for PMTCT. The MTCT rate has decreased from 30% in 2000 to 10% in 2002. The need to scale-up prevention interventions in pregnant women with risky behaviour and late access to medical services was identified in a review of the national programme in 2003. CONCLUSIONS: Further implementation of a comprehensive approach for the prevention of HIV infection in infants, including more extensive ART regimen, as recommended by WHO, would help Ukraine to achieve the strategic goal of virtual elimination of HIV infection in infants by 2010.  相似文献   

17.
HIV母婴传播影响因素及我国预防HIV母婴传播对策   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
预防艾滋病母婴传播是艾滋病防制的重要组成部分。文章分析了HIV母婴传播影响因素,总结了我国预防HIV母婴传播对策与措施,并探讨了我国预防HIV母婴传播应注意的几个问题。  相似文献   

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Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Africa   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This article comments on the methods of reducing mother-to-child transmission of the HIV disease in the countries of Africa. Well-known interventions such as Cesarean sections, alternative feeding options, and antiretroviral drugs (zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine) have brought vertical transmission of HIV under a reasonable level of control where financial resources, technical infrastructure, and HIV testing exist. In sub-Saharan Africa, these effective interventions are beyond the current capacity of the country. However, the report explains that Africa is far from powerless to prevent vertical transmission of the disease. The countries already have commitment of political leaders, increased technical and financial resources, coordination of international support, integration into existing health services, and a combined approach to the problem. In addition, pilot projects and effective interventions have been implemented in the countries. Nevertheless, two strategies need urgent investigation. These include the use of a combination of nevirapine and zidovudine/lamivudine and an investigation of different approaches to the problem of HIV transmission through breast-feeding.  相似文献   

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