空腹血糖受损新标准对台州农村居民糖调节受损检出率的影响

目的分析空腹血糖受损(IFG)的空腹血糖(FPG)诊断标准下调对糖调节受损(IGR)人群检出率的影响,并探讨区分糖调节正常与受损的FPG理想截定点以及诊断糖尿病(DM)的FPG理想切点。方法3219例台州农村人群分层整群随机抽样调查,空腹测毛细血管血糖,若≥5.6mmol/L做OGTT检查。结果空腹血糖受损(IFG)患病率按新诊断切点5.6mmol/L为10.15%,按原切点6.1mmol/L为1.24%;空腹血糖受损合并糖耐量受损(IGT)患病率按新诊断切点5.6mmol/L为6.14%,按原切点6.1mmol/L为3.26%。结论IFG诊断标准下调后,IFG、IFG IGT检出率明显增加;非T2DM人群中诊断IGR的FPG理想截定点为5.7mmol/L,DM的最佳FPG切点为6.6mmol/L。     

社区护理干预及健康教育对有糖尿病前期症状人群转归的影响

<正>糖尿病前期症状者是指血糖浓度介于糖尿病和正常血糖之间的一种状态,即餐后血糖为7.8 mmol/L～11.1 mmol/L,或空腹血糖为6.1 mmol/L～7.0mmol/L,前者为糖耐量低减(IGT),后者为空腹血糖受损(IFG)。发展成糖尿病前,往往都要经过空腹血糖受损或糖耐量减低这一阶段,所以糖尿病前期被认     

指尖毛细血管空腹血糖筛查糖尿病和糖尿病前期的切点及应用

目的 探讨指尖毛细血管空腹血糖(指尖FPG)筛检社区45岁以上人群糖尿病和糖尿病前期[空腹血糖受损(IFG)、糖耐量低减(IGT)]的切点,为人群普查提供依据.方法 随机整群抽取保定市3个社区,以社区内45岁以上居民3250人为筛查对象.对指尖FPG≥5.1 mmol/L者进行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测空腹血糖及服糖2 h静脉血浆血糖(2hPG),诊断糖尿病和糖尿病前期.应用受试者工作(ROC)曲线确定糖尿病及IFG、IGT的切点,判断诊断价值.结果 检出糖尿病230例(7.3%),IFG 166例(5.2%),IGT 204例(6.7%);以指尖FPG为测试变量,以是否FPG≥7.0 mmol/L及或2hPG≥11.1 mmol/L为说明变量ROC曲线分析,曲线下面积为0.905,最佳切点为6.0 mmol/L,最大灵敏度和特异度分别是78.0%和89.3%;以是否FPG<5.6 mmol/L、是否FPG<7.0 mmol/L及7.8 mmol/L≤2hPG≤11.1 mmol/L为说明变量ROC曲线分析,曲线下面积分别为0.633、0.719,最佳切点均为5.7 mmol/L,灵敏度和特异度均较低(50.3%、28.0%;60.8%、28.0%).结论 用指尖FPG 6.0mmol/L为切点筛查45岁以上人群糖尿病,相对可靠;但指尖FPG筛查IFG、IGT不可靠.指尖FPG筛查社区人群简便、快捷,有一定的应用意义.     

上海市延吉社区中老年糖调节受损分布特征及危险因素分析

目的调查社区中老年居民糖调节受损（IGR）各类型的分布情况,探讨该人群IGR发生的危险因素。方法对上海市杨浦区延吉社区2228例45～74岁居民进行空腹血糖检测,采用葡萄糖氧化酶-计量安培法进行测定。对筛检出的IGR人群进行问卷调查、体格检查、空腹血糖、糖负荷后2h血糖测定和血脂检测。结果共筛检出IGR者393例,其中,糖耐量正常者（NGT）占39.19%、空腹血糖受损（IFG）占12.72%、糖耐量受损（IGT）占16.54%、空腹血糖受损合并糖耐量受损（IFG＋IGT）占16.03%、新发糖尿病（DM）占15.52%。不同年龄组,NGT、IFG、IGT、IFG＋IGT和DM的构成比不同（χ2=21.295,P=0.006）,IGT、IFG＋IGT和DM的比例有随年龄增长而增加的趋势。不同体质指数人群中,NGT、IFG、IGT、IFG＋IGT和DM的构成比不同（χ2=26.155,P=0.01）,随体质指数的增加,糖代谢异常的比例逐渐增加。Logistic回归分析显示,该社区IGR的主要危险因素是糖尿病家族史（OR=1.945）、高血压病史（OR=1.884）、高三酰甘油（OR=1.469）、年龄（OR=1.038）。结论延吉社区中老年IGR人群以IFG＋IGT、IGT为主,发生率随着年龄的增加而升高;IGR发生的危险因素为糖尿病家族史、高血压病史、高三酰甘油和年龄。     

温州地区体检人群的空腹血糖变化走势

目的:分析温州医学院附属第一医院保健中心体榆人群空腹血糖水平及年龄分层后的血糖情况,为防治糖尿病提供依据.方法:采用氧化酶法测定体检人群的空腹血糖.以空腹血糖≥7.0mmol/L为标准,判断为糖尿病(DM)阳性,6.1～6.9 mmol/L为空腹葡萄糖耐量受损(IFG)阳性,5.6～6.0 mmol/L为空腹血糖正常高限组阳性,并按年份、性别和年龄进行分层分析.结果:体检人群中,糖尿病、空腹血糖异常的阳性率均逐年上升(P＜0.01);平均血糖浓度随着年龄增加升高(P＜0.01);DM的阳性率随年龄的增长而升高,IFG和空腹血糖高限组的阳性率随年龄增长升高更明显.结论:温州地区体检人群空腹血糖异常及糖尿病阳性率逐年上升,而且呈现低龄化趋势,随年龄的增长而升高,尤其在40岁以上人群中阳性率明显增多.     

青岛市中老年人糖尿病及糖调节受损的流行现状分析

目的了解青岛市30岁以上居民糖尿病及糖调节受损的患病现状并分析影响因素,为以后青岛市糖尿病和糖尿病前期的防治工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,共调查6069人,进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查,指尖血糖值〈7．00mmol／L者做口服糖耐量（OGTT）试验。采用SPSS17．0统计软件进行分析,做单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归,分别对糖尿病和糖调节受损的影响因素进行分析。结果5683名调查对象中,糖尿病（DM）患病率为15．71％,糖调节受损（IGR）的患病率为29．72％,其中单纯空腹血糖受损（IFG）、单纯糖耐量减低（IGT）和空腹血糖受损合并糖耐量低减（IFG／IGT）的患病率分别为10．29％、13．25％和6．18％。IGT、IFG／IGT、DM的患病率随年龄的增加呈现上升趋势（P〈0．01）。多因素Logistic回归显示年龄、DM家族史、脑中风史、高血压、向心性肥胖、高TC血症、高TG血症是DM的危险因素;年龄、饮酒、高血压、向心性肥胖、高尿酸血症是IGR的危险因素。结论青岛市30岁以上居民DM及IGR流行状况严重,年龄、高血压、向心性肥胖是青岛市中老年人IGR和DM的共同危险因素。     

农村居民糖尿病及糖调节受损特征分析

目的 分析山东省中西部农村25岁～居民糖尿病及糖调节受损的流行特征.方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,共调查16 388人,开展同卷调查并测量身高、体重、腰围、血压和空腹血糖.空腹血糖在6.1～7.0mmol/L者再进行口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)试验.根据WHO 1999年糖尿病诊断标准将调查人群分为正常人、孤立性空腹血糖受损(I-IFG)、空腹血糖受损合并糖耐量受损(IFG/IGT)和糖尿病(DM).结果 该地区农村居民IFG标化患病率为6.85%,DM为3.38%,I-IFG为4.41%,IFG/IGT为0.83%,且患病率均随年龄、腰围、身高、体质指数(BMI)的增加而升高.年龄＞35岁,I-IFG、IFG/IGT和年龄＞45岁DM患病率升高明显.男性腰围≥85 cm、女性腰围≥80 cm.IFG/IGT和DM患病率升高明显.BMI≥24,I-IFG、IFG/IGT和DM患病率升高明显.调查对象的年龄、腰围、BMI、腰臀比、收缩压和舒张压按正常人→I-IFG→IFG/IGT、DM顺序逐渐升高,但IFG/IGT和DM两者问变化无差异.结论 山东省中西部农村居民I-IFG、IFG/IGT和DM的流行特征基本相同.糖尿病及糖调节受损发病较高,应重视和加强宣传和早期预防控制工作.     

糖尿病前期人群血糖水平的影响因素分析

<正>糖尿病前期(Impaired glucose regulation,IGR)是指血糖水平处于正常与糖尿病之间的时期,包括空腹血糖受损(Impaired free glucose,IFG)和糖耐量受损(Impaired glucose tolerance,IGT)以及两者合并存在三种状态。IGR人群在短期内发展为2型糖尿病(DM)的绝对危险比一般人群高3~10倍,IGR人群的心血管疾病危险明显增加,以IGT更为显著,其中部分已存在特征性血管改     

空腹血糖受损中老年人血糖变化及转归分析

空腹血糖受损（IFG）是指空腹静脉血浆糖≥6.1 mmol/L～＜7.0 mmol/L,是处于正常与糖尿病血糖水平间的时期,此时期中的血糖水平已高于正常,但尚未达目前划定的糖尿病诊断水平,称之为糖调节受损期（IGR）.目前,将此期看作任何类型糖尿病均可能经过的由正常人发展至糖尿病者的移行阶段,因此,可将此时期称之为糖尿病前期.此期的血糖水平及所伴其他代谢异常,已对器官组织造成损害,尤其是动脉粥样硬化性心血管病变[1].     

1817名某大型企业在职职工糖尿病前期患病率调查

[目的]调查某大型企业某部门在职职工糖尿病前期患病率. [方法]使用葡萄糖氧化酶法对某部门1817名在职职工开展空腹与餐后2 h静脉血浆血糖检测,检测出空腹血糖受损和糖耐量减低者. [结果]糖尿病前期患病率为3.30%,单纯空腹血糖受损(IFG)、单纯糖耐量减低(IGT)、空腹血糖受损兼有糖耐量减低(IFG/IGT)的患病率分剐为0.72%、2.09%、0.50%. [结论]对糖尿病前期患者要采取积极的干预措施,特别是对糖耐量减低及单纯空腹血糖受损兼有糖耐量减低者,从而降低糖尿病的患病率.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

2011年温州城乡九所中小学生超重肥胖患病状况调查

【目的】 调查温州城乡中小学生超重肥胖的患病状况。 【方法】 2011年5-8月随机抽取温州城区、城乡结合部及农村中小学共9所学校进行整群调查。记录学生的一般资料,同时测量身高体重两项发育指标,计算体质指数,按照2004年中国肥胖问题工作组(WGOC)推荐的诊断标准,评价温州市中小学生的超重及肥胖患病状况。 【结果】 共9 657名在校学生参与调查,其中男生5 114 名,女生4 543名,平均年龄(14.95±4.53)岁,被调查人群中超重占7.6%,肥胖占2.6%,男生超重和肥胖患病状况均显著高于女生(9.8% vs 5.2%,5.2% vs 1.2%,P值均<0.01),各年龄段中以7岁儿童肥胖及超重状况最为严重(27.15% vs 7.955%),城区及城乡结合部超重肥胖患病状况明显高于农村(P值均<0.01)。 【结论】 温州中小学校肥胖和超重总患病约为10%,男性,尤其是城区及城乡结合部男生超重肥胖患病情况最为严重,需要引起高度重视。     

儿童铁和锌缺乏与营养素补充

营养性铁和锌缺乏症是严重影响儿童健康的常见营养素缺乏问题,在发展中国家是导致疾病负担加重和高死亡率的重要因素.铁和锌缺乏症每年引起约数万名5岁以下儿童死亡.婴幼儿是铁和锌缺乏的高危人群,摄入不足是造成铁和锌缺乏的主要原因.6～24个月婴幼儿的铁缺乏可对其智力发育产生不可逆的损害;锌缺乏是引起2岁以下幼儿生长发育迟缓的主要原因之一.补充微量营养素以及应用微量营养素强化食品可减少儿童铁和锌缺乏的发生,并具有较高的成本效益,应作为优先推荐的干预措施.该文就铁和锌缺乏的危害和干预研究进展作以综述.     

Efficacy of single and double doses of albendazole and mebendazole alone and in combination in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura in school-age children in Uganda

A randomised clinical trial was conducted in Kabale District, southwestern Uganda, to compare the efficacies of single and double doses of a combination of 400 mg albendazole (ALB) and 500 mg mebendazole (MBZ) with those of single and double doses of each drug given alone in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura. Infected pupils (n = 611) were randomised to six treatment groups. Three groups received either a single dose of ALB, MBZ or the combination (ALB+MBZ). The other three groups received either a double dose of ALB (ALB/ALB), MBZ (MBZ/MBZ) or the combination (ALB+MBZ/ALB+MBZ). All double doses were given 8 h apart. Children were followed-up weekly for 1 month. Cure rates were significantly higher using double doses compared with single doses (irrespective of drug; z = −4.02, P < 0.0005) as well as using the drug combination compared with single drugs (irrespective of doses; z = −7.64, P < 0.0005). Cure rates measured at Day 7 were significantly higher than on Days 14 and 21 after treatment (Day 14, z = 9.90, P < 0.0005; Day 21, z = 7.36, P < 0.0005). Geometric mean (GM) intensities of positives were significantly lower on Day 7 compared with all other subsequent days (P < 0.00005), and on Day 28 GM intensities reached pre-treatment levels (P = 0.096). Whilst there was no difference in egg excretion between single and double doses of the same drug or drug combination (F_(df1) = 0.28, P = 0.60), the combination treatment resulted in lower egg excretion than use of single drugs (F_(df2) = 50.90, P < 0.00005). All the tested regimens of ALB and MBZ had low cure rates against T. trichiura in Uganda, but both combination treatments showed satisfactory egg reduction rates 3 weeks after treatment. [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01050452]     

Relationships between distribution of lead in erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro and inhibition of ALA-D.

Proteins in the ALA-D (delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase) fraction from gel filtration of erythrocyte supernatant (ES) have the highest affinity for lead among erythrocyte constituents in vivo and in vitro. It takes 20-40 hours for erythrocyte components to be equilibrated with lead added in vitro. AT low lead concentrations, under 60 micrograms/100 ml ES, the extent of decrease in ALA-D activity indicates the extent of lead saturation of ALA-D fraction proteins. The saturation is attained at 80-110 micrograms/100 ml ES. Although an appreciable amount of lead is also found in the haemoglobin fraction that contains certain factors concerned in ALA-D inhibition, lead responsible for inducing the inhibition is not bound to haemoglobin fraction proteins but to ALA-D fraction proteins. Of three treatments or agents recovering the enzyme from lead effects, zinc is the only one that can fully restore the inhibition.     

重庆市医疗卫生机构放射诊疗频度调查分析

目的 掌握2019年重庆市医疗卫生机构放射诊疗频度,为有关单位开展放射诊疗监督监测提供基础数据。方法 采用调查表法,调查放射诊疗机构基本情况,X射线诊断、介入治疗、核医学诊疗、放射治疗等放射诊疗频度。结果 放射诊疗机构1845家,放射诊疗设备3769台,医学放射工作人员8647人。X射线诊断1843.0501万人次（应用频度594.2人次/千人口）,其中常规X射线诊断1300.7987万人次（应用频度419.4人次/千人口）、CT诊断460.7244万人次（应用频度148.5人次/千人口）、其他X射线诊断81.527万人次（应用频度26.3人次/千人口）。介入治疗7.1436万人次（应用频度2.3人次/千人口）,核医学诊断6.681万人次（应用频度2.15人次/千人口）,核医学治疗4340人（应用频度0.14人/千人口）,放射治疗1.6249万人（应用频度0.52人/千人口）。结论 重庆市放射诊疗资源配置与放射诊疗水平发展不平衡,建议有关部门进一步优化放射诊疗资源配置,提升放射诊疗发展水平。     

Heart disease mortality in cities of Latin America and in cities and regions of England and Wales

Death rates from heart disease in cities and regions of England and Wales, based on death certificates for 1963, are compared with death rates from the same causes in 10 Latin American cities, San Francisco, USA, and Bristol, England, derived from the Inter-American Investigation of Mortality which obtained histories and clinical records of fatal illnesses for the years 1962-64 by a sampling method. Death rates in Bristol derived from the 2 sources showed an agreement close enough to justify comparisons between official rates for England and Wales and the data for the Latin American cities.     

Dissipation and Residues of Difenoconazole and Azoxystrobin in Bananas and Soil in Two Agro-Climatic Zones of China

Residues of a fungicide suspension (12 % difenoconazole, 18 % azoxystrobin) in bananas and soil were studied under tropical and subtropical monsoon climates, in Hainan and Yunnan provinces, respectively. The half-lives in bananas were shorter in Hainan (difenoconazole: 8.4–10.7 days; azoxystrobin: 7.8–8.4 days) than Yunnan (difenoconazole: 11.3–13.0 days; azoxystrobin: 10.4–11.6 days), possibly because of the higher temperatures and solar radiation levels in Hainan. The half-lives in soil were shorter in Yunnan (difenoconazole: 15.5–16.7; azoxystrobin: 11.9–13.9 days) than Hainan (difenoconazole: 23.1–23.2 days; azoxystrobin: 16.0–16.1 days), possibly because the organic carbon content was higher and rainfall lower in Yunnan than Hainan. Their physico-chemical properties suggest difenoconazole and azoxystrobin should be stable in bananas and soil, but both decreased to safe concentrations by the minimum harvest time after spraying the mixture at the recommended dosage and 1.5 times that dosage, through physical, chemical, and biological processes.