Allograft reconstruction of large proximal femoral defects in revision total hip arthroplasty

Surgical Principles With the increasing frequency of total joint replacement, the orthopaedic surgeon is often confronted with cases of aseptic, time related loosening of total hip arthroplasties. This is compounded by the severe bone loss associated with loosening and the reaction to particular debris [3, 9, 11]. Conventional methods of revision can be difficult and even inadequate for some of these situations [2, 8, 15, 17]. The use of structural allografts for significant proximal femoral deficiencies can restore skeletal architecture and mechanical integrity to these patients. The aim of this technique is to allow the reconstruction of large structural defects with a physiologically compatible material rather than the traditional techniques of custom prosthetic replacement with or without extensive cement augmentation.     

Allograft bone in major revision hip replacement surgery

We report a study of 102 revision hip arthroplasties done between 1986 and 1992 with irradiated cortical bone graft used for femur reconstruction. The bone graft was used as circumferential segments in 51 patients and as longitudinal struts in 51 patients. The average follow-up was 5 years. Six patients were lost to follow-up and final results are reported for 96 reconstructions. Eighty percent of the patients had good functional results, in 9 hips, there was a poor result, this being related to: resected infection (n=1), four unstable hips (n=4), and loosening (n=4). There were no non-unions, but we observed four partial resorptions of the graft; these have had no sequelae to date. Five instances of prosthesis subsidence occurred, three without damaging the segmental allograft. Of 67 greater trochanters directly fixed on the graft, there were 14 trochanteric non-unions. Massive irradiated allografts appear to be an effective method for employment in major femoral reconstructions if the bone banking procedure follows strict guidelines. Good results also depend on the surgical technique, in particular on efficient graft stability, secure muscle reattachment, and reliable prostheses.Presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, Tokyo, April 12, 1996     

Posterior longitudinal split osteotomy for femoral component extraction in revision total hip arthroplasty

We present a technique of single posterior longitudinal split osteotomy. This technique allows the expansion of the proximal femur and easier extraction of uncemented femoral components. Since 1998 we have performed this osteotomy in 12 revision total hip arthroplasties in 11 patients who had either stable fibrous ingrowth or a small amount of bony ingrowth. All were revised to a cemented Exeter stem (Stryker Benoist Gerard, Caen, France). No patient required conversion from a longitudinal split to an extended trochanteric osteotomy. At mean follow-up of 48 months, there were significant improvements in both pain and function. There were no complications due to this technique. Mean in-cement taper engagement (subsidence) was 1.1 mm (range, 0-2 mm). Femoral impaction grafting did not adversely affect the cement mantle or increase in-cement taper engagement. With appropriate patient selection, this is a simple, reliable, and extensile technique to assist in the extraction of uncemented ongrowth femoral components whether hydroxyapatite-coated or not.     

Fashioning of an anterolateral femoral bony lid for revision hip arthroplasty

Objective  Safe removal of a loosened or broken femoral stem together with cement particles and soft tissues. Preparation of the implant bed under direct vision and exact fitting of the new stem. Restoration of pain-free hip motion. Indications  Exchange of loosened or broken femoral stem, its simple extraction being impossible or fraught with complications and time-consuming. Contraindications  Exchange procedures that can be performed without resorting to an anterolateral bony lid. Surgical Technique  Anterolateral approach over the extent of the femoral stem plus cement plug. Fashioning of an anterolateral bony lid (approximately one third of the shaft circumference). The remaining part of the lateral cortex remains undisturbed. If at all possible, a proximal bony ring should be preserved. Distal part of the lid is shaped like a keel. Removal of stem, cement, granulation tissue, and necrotic bone. Reconstruction of the bed for the new femoral stem. All bony cavities are cleaned with a burr and filled with autogenous or allogenic bone. Insertion of revision stem protruding proximally by 1 cm. Closure of the lid. Stabilization with three cerclage wires. Final stable seating of the stem by gentle hammer blows. Results  This approach was used in 49 patients (average age 65 years [26–98 years]). Two patients died of unrelated causes, two could not be reached. The remaining 30 women and 15 men were followed up for 8.4 years (1–14 years). The average Harris hip score improved from 36 to 84 points. All osteotomies consolidated.     

Results of uncemented distal locked prosthesis in revision hip arthroplasty with proximal femoral bone loss: A retrospective study

Introduction:

Management of bone loss is a challenge in revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). A retrospective review was performed to study the use of uncemented distal locked prosthesis in cases with proximal femoral bone loss.

Materials and Methods:

Uncemented stems with distal interlocking were used in 65 hips during revision THAs with 38 hips having Paprosky IIIB/IV defects between January 1998 and February 2004. There were 48 males and 17 females in the study with an average age of 53 years (range 30-80 years). Radiographic and clinical outcome evaluation using the Harris hip score (HHS) were performed.

Results:

An improvement in HHS (mean: 33 points) was observed at final followup (mean: 9 years). Regeneration of proximal bone stock was observed without signs of loosening or subsidence and none of the stems were revised. Three patients developed recurrent dislocation while one had a stem subsidence of 1cm following removal of interlocking bolts.

Conclusion:

Uncemented distal locked prosthesis provide adequate stability in revision THA, aiding the reconstruction of bony deficiencies while avoiding the disadvantages of fully porous or cemented implants.     

A stem-allograft composite for femoral revision in total hip arthroplasty

Femoral revision is difficult when the femoral canal exceeds 20 mm in diameter. For this subset of patients, we used a technique of cementing cortical allograft sleeves to a proximal ingrowth stem. The diameter of the allograft sleeves are matched to the diameter of the host femur. The stem-allograft construct provides initial stability with the opportunity for proximal bone ingrowth.     

Early outcome of a modular femoral component in revision total hip arthroplasty

Forty-six hips in 42 patients underwent revision surgery with a modular femoral component (ZMR; Zimmer, Warsaw, Ind). Thirty-nine hips with 2 to 5 years' follow-up were evaluated radiographically and clinically by the Harris hip score and WOMAC pain/stiffness/function scores. The Harris hip score improved from 47.4 to 72.3 (P<.001), with significant improvements in the WOMAC pain/stiffness/function scores. The mean subsidence was 4.4 mm, with 5 hips demonstrating significant subsidence of more than 5 mm. Four hips required reoperation, 1 due to failure of the femoral component. No early complications were encountered regarding the modular junction. Modular, cementless, extensively porous, coated femoral components have demonstrated early clinical and radiographic success. Distal intramedullary fit helps ensure initial stability; proximal modularity further maximizes fit while optimizing hip offset and length.     

二期翻修在人工髋关节置换术后感染治疗中的作用

[目的]探讨二期翻修手术在治疗人工髋关节置换术后感染的有效性、第二期翻修时假体的选择及异体骨植骨的可行性。[方法]运用二期翻修术治疗了24例(25髋)髋关节置换术后感染患者,9例采用灌注冲洗型占位器,16例采用抗生素骨水泥占位器。第二期重建时,16例采用生物固定髋臼,其中7例结合使用异体颗粒植骨;9例采用打压植骨技术。1例采用抗生素骨水泥固定假体;8例采用远端固定非骨水泥假体,其中4例结合使用异体支撑植骨;16例采用打压植骨技术。应用X线片及Harris评分进行评价。[结果]所有患者均获得随访,平均随访时间26.3个月(3~57个月),Harris评分从术前平均47.9分,提高到最后随访时的平均86.7分,患者满意率为92%。在最后随访时没有感染复发的病例。[结论]二期翻修手术是治疗人工髋关节置换术后感染的有效方法,临时占位器起到至关重要的作用,使用抗生素骨水泥占位器有控制感染效果好、术后抗生素使用时间短及术后不用灌注的优点。在第二期翻修重建时可以使用非骨水泥假体,并且可以同时进行异体骨植骨。     

Redefining revision total hip arthroplasty based on hospital admission status

This study examined patient demographics, length of hospital stay, and discharge disposition in those undergoing nonelective revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) vs elective rTHA. Data from 23 000 patients with hip revisions from 2005 through 2007 were extracted from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. We examined patient admission status, demographics, length of stay, and discharge location. We found that patients undergoing nonelective rTHA were older, were female, had more comorbidities, stayed an excess of 1.61 days in the hospital, and required a skilled care facility after discharge compared with those undergoing elective rTHA. We found that rTHA outcomes varied based on patient hospital admission status. Patients who elected to have rTHA had less comorbidities, cost, and likelihood of being discharged into a skilled care facility.     

Results of Wagner SL revision stem with impaction bone grafting in revision total hip arthroplasty

Background:

As the number of total hip arthroplasties (THAs) performed increases, so do the number of required revisions. Impaction bone grafting with Wagner SL Revision stem is a good option for managing bone deficiencies arising from aseptic osteolysis. We studied the results of cementless diaphyseal fixation in femoral revision after total hip arthroplasty and whether there was spontaneous regeneration of bone stock in the proximal femur after the use of Wagner SL Revision stem (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN, USA) with impaction bone grafting.

Materials and Methods:

We performed 53 hip revisions using impaction bone grafting and Wagner SL Revision stems in 48 patients; (5 cases were bilateral) for variety of indications ranging from aseptic osteolysis to preiprosthetic fractures. The average age was 59 years (range 44-68 years). There were 42 male and 6 female patients. Four patients died after surgery for reasons unrelated to surgery. 44 patients were available for complete analysis.

Results:

The mean Harris Hip Score was 42 before surgery and improved to 86 by the final followup evaluation at a mean point of 5.5 years. Of the 44 patients, 87% (n=39) had excellent results and 10% (n=5) had good results. The stem survival rate was 98% (n=43).

Conclusion:

Short term results for revision THA with impaction bone grafting and Wagner SL revision stems are encouraging. However, it is necessary to obtain long term results through periodic followup evaluation, as rate of complications may increase in future.     

Treatment of periprosthetic fractures around total hip arthroplasty with an extensively coated femoral component

Late periprosthetic fractures may occur around loose cemented femoral components, usually as a consequence of osteolytic bone deficiency. The management of these fractures should include revision total hip arthroplasty using techniques that achieve fracture healing and component stability. If a cementless component is to be used, osseointegration is desirable. Presented herein is a technique of revision total hip arthroplasty for this injury using a curved, extensively coated femoral component. Four cases have been followed for a minimum of 2 years. Each case achieved a good or excellent clinical outcome while radiographs demonstrated fracture healing and osseointegration.     

Acetabular revision using a total acetabular allograft

The most challenging aspect of an acetabular revision is the management of severe bone loss, which compromises implant fixation and stability. We present a case of failed acetabular revision with extensive bone loss (Paprosky Type 3b) in a 50-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, which was treated using total acetabular allograft. At a follow-up of 1 year and 3 months, the allograft had united with the host bone. This is the first report of the use of a total acetabular allograft for revision total hip arthroplasty in India. The total acetabular allograft allows the placement of the component closer to the normal hip center, provides initial stability for the acetabular component, and restores bone stock to the host pelvis.     

Modified sliding trochanteric osteotomy in revision total hip arthroplasty

Traditional trochanteric sliding osteotomy preserves the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter, the abductors, and vastus lateralis in continuity. Our modification uses a lateral approach to the hip and osteotomy immediately anterior to the insertion of the posterior capsule and external rotators onto the greater trochanter. The osteotomy and attached abductors and vastus lateralis are translated anteriorly, leaving the posterior capsule and external rotators attached to the proximal femur. This surgical approach preserves the posterior soft-tissue stabilizing structures that resist posterior dislocation of the hip. In a retrospective review of 2 consecutive 2-year series of acetabular component revisions only between 1997 and 2001, 4 of 27 acetabular revisions using a traditional trochanteric slide subsequently dislocated; only 1 of 30 subsequent cases using a modified sliding trochanteric osteotomy dislocated. Modified sliding trochanteric osteotomy facilitated surgical exposure and produced a trend toward a lower dislocation rate that did not reach statistical significance with the small numbers of patients available.     

Principles of reconstruction in revision hip arthroplasty: Technique and results of bone grafts for treatment of femoral and acetabular deficits

Revision total hip arthroplasty is usually complicated by bone loss associated with osteolysis secondary to polyethylene debris or defects caused by migration of loose components. This bone loss manifests itself in a variety of femoral and acetabular defects which need to be classified and managed appropriately, due to the variance in results associated with revision arthroplasty. Cementless revision of these defects has demonstrated positive results. A calcar bearing prosthesis was utilized successfully in several grades of deficient femurs with impressive results. In the first study, 264 patients with minimally deficient femurs were treated with a calcar bearing prosthesis. An average follow-up of greater than 5 years (range, 3–10 years) exhibited a 4% revision rate. In a second study, in which cortical strut allografts were used to correct larger femoral defects, a similar follow-up yielded a 2.4% revision rate. The revisions in these series were usually a result of undersizing or attempting to support the prosthesis with graft material. Acetabular deficiencies are also successfully managed with graft material. In the natural acetabulum, most of the support comes from the cortical struts. The acetabulum is fairly easy to revise if the cortical structure is present. Acetabular reconstruction with structural bone loss is possible, but much more technique-dependent. Guest Lecture presented at the 26th meeting of the Japanese Society for Replacement Arthroplasty in Tokyo on February 2, 1996     

Midterm results of femoral impaction bone grafting with an allograft combined with hydroxyapatite in revision total hip arthroplasty

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of femoral impaction bone grafting with an allograft combined with hydroxyapatite (HA). Fifty-four consecutive femoral reconstructions that were performed with the use of frozen morselized allografts and HA were followed up retrospectively. The average follow-up period was 92 months. A femoral head and HA were mixed and used as allograft. The average Merle d'Aubigné clinical score improved from 8.9 preoperatively to 13.1 points postoperatively. Stem subsidence was seen in 26 hips; however, it was not progressive after 1 year postoperatively. Cortical repair was detected at an average of 7 months postoperatively. Impaction bone grafting with an allograft combined with HA provided favorable results, with bone remodeling and less subsidence.     

An analysis of stably fixed femoral components retained during revision total hip arthroplasty

This study was conducted to analyze the clinical and radiographic results of isolated acetabular revisions during which intact femoral stems were retained. Twenty-nine hips of 26 patients who were followed up for a minimum of 3 years were examined. The average time from primary operation to revision surgery was 9.2 years, and the average follow-up time after revision was 5 years. The average Harris hip scores improved from 56.4 to 89.8 points after revision surgery, and in all cases, the acetabular components and femoral stems were assessed as stable at the final follow-up. The average length of service of the femoral components was 14.2 years. In conclusion, we recommend that isolated acetabular revision be considered in cases with an acetabular component failure and a stable femoral component.     

Conversion total hip arthroplasty: Primary or revision total hip arthroplasty

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an increasingly common procedure among elderly individuals. Although conversion THA is currently bundled in a diagnosis related group (DRG) with primary THA, there is a lack of literature supporting this classification and it has yet to be identified whether conversion THA better resembles primary or revision THA. This editorial analyzed the intraoperative and postoperative factors and functional outcomes following conversion THA, primary THA, and revision THA to understand whether the characteristics of conversion THA resemble one procedure or the other, or are possibly somewhere in between. The analysis revealed that conversion THA requires more resources both intraoperatively and postoperatively than primary THA. Furthermore, patients undergoing conversion THA present with poorer functional outcomes in the long run. Patients undergoing conversion THA better resemble revision THA patients than primary THA patients. As such, patients undergoing conversion THA should not be likened to patients undergoing primary THA when determining risk stratification and reimbursement rates. Conversion THA procedures should be planned accordingly with proper anticipation of the greater needs both in the operating room, and for in-patient and follow-up care. We suggest that conversion THA be reclassified in the same DRG with revision THA as opposed to primary THA as a step towards better allocation of healthcare resources for conversion hip arthroplasties.     

Radiological evaluation of the femoral component fixed with interface bioactive bone cement in revision total hip arthroplasty

Thirty cases whose femoral side was operated with interface bioactive bone cement technique in revision total hip arthroplasty for aseptic loosening and followed for more than 6 years were evaluated. The present study includes 2 men and 28 women with an average age at operation of 60 years. Mean postoperative follow-up period was 9 years. Rerevision of femoral component was not found. Possible loosening was observed in 1 case, using the criteria of Harris. Among 21 cases whose cementing grade was assessed as B or C in postoperative x-ray, radiolucent line at bone-cement interface has disappeared before last follow-up in 11 cases. The present study revealed that the good result was obtained using the interface bioactive bone cement technique for reconstruction of aseptic femoral loosening.     

异体骨植骨重建在髋关节置换感染二期翻修中的应用

[目的]总结髋置换后感染二期翻修中采用异体骨嵌压植骨技术重建骨缺损的病例,分析临床及X线片结果,探讨异体骨植骨重建在髋关节感染二期翻修中应用的安全性及有效性.[方法]本组共4例5髋采用异体骨嵌压植骨重建感染的髋关节,平均随访14.5个月,对临床结果进行Harris评分,并对X线片进行分析.[结果]截至最后1次随访,所有病人均无感染迹象.Harris评分术前平均25.75分,术后平均82.75分,平均改善57分,肢体长度平均矫正3.1cm,术后优良率为50%.所有病例正侧位X线片上均未见假体移位、下沉,无透光线,股骨侧无股骨距处骨吸收.3例病人发生并发症,包括股骨假体穿出、脱位和外展肌无力.[结论]在髋置换感染的二期翻修中采用异体骨植骨重建是一种比较安全和可行的方法,能够获得较满意的感染控制结果和功能结果,但是该方法技术要求高,并发症发生率高,需要医生有丰富的经验和较长期的学习过程.     

Risk factors for revision for early dislocation in total hip arthroplasty

Risk factors were investigated for revision for dislocation in primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs) between September 1, 1999, and December 31, 2004, as reported by the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry. For 65 992 primary THAs, the only initial diagnoses with significantly increased relative risk (RR) of revision for dislocation compared to osteoarthritis were fractured neck of femur (RR, 2.03; P < .001), rheumatoid arthritis (RR, 2.01; P < .01), and avascular necrosis (RR, 1.57; P < .05). A total of 58 109 primary THAs for osteoarthritis were investigated for effect of age group, sex, and fixation method. There were 428 (0.7%) revisions for dislocation, 369 (0.8%) with a cementless acetabulum, and 59 (0.6%) with cemented acetabulum (RR, 1.59; P < .01). There is a significantly increasing risk of revision for dislocation as head size decreases (P < .001). Cementless acetabula, particularly with smaller heads, have a higher rate of revision for dislocation.