Body images of 4-8-year-old girls at the outset of their first artistic gymnastics class

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this investigation was to compare body images of 54 girls (4-8 years old) who were beginning their first gymnastics class to 54 age-matched (+/-1 year) and % body fat-matched (+/-3%) girls not participating in gymnastics. METHOD: Ratings of actual and ideal body size and a computed measure of body dissatisfaction (actual minus ideal) were obtained. Body composition was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Girls beginning gymnastics did not differ significantly from controls on (mean +/- SD) actual (2.2 +/- 1.4 vs. 2.1 +/- 1.4), ideal (1.8 +/- 1.3 vs. 1.8 +/- 1.5), or body dissatisfaction (0.39 +/- 1.8 vs. 0.26 +/- 1.4) scores. DISCUSSION: Body images of 4-8-year-old girls beginning their first artistic gymnastics class do not differ from non-gymnast controls matched on age and % body fat. This observation casts doubt on the idea that young girls who are dissatisfied with their body and want to be smaller are more likely to enroll in gymnastics classes than girls without this type of body dissatisfaction.     

济南市4～6岁儿童体成分分析

目的 分析济南市4～6岁儿童体成分发育特点,研究学龄前儿童体脂百分比(PBF)与体重指数(BMI)的关系,比较两者在肥胖诊断中的差异。方法 2017年5月—2018年6月选取儿保科健康查体的1 788例济南市4～6岁健康儿童,运用生物电阻抗法进行体成分测试。结果 4～6岁男、女童部分体成分指标随年龄增长而增加,肌肉量、躯干肌肉量、去脂体重、蛋白质、体脂肪、无机盐、基础代谢率和水分、PBF指标差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。Pearson检验中,若不区分性别,BMI和PBF的相关系数r=0.841;若区分性别,男性r=0.872,女性r=0.830,以PBF与BMI标准判断儿童肥胖率具有较强的一致性(Kappa值=0.64)。结论 1)生物电阻抗法测定学龄前儿童体成分,可客观反映体脂肪含量,准确判断肥胖。2)BMI与PBF在判断肥胖时,男童的一致性高于女童。PBF在评估肥胖男童时灵敏性高于BMI。     

The situational inventory of body-image dysphoria: psychometric evidence and development of a short form

OBJECTIVE: Among the facets of the multidimensional body-image construct is the experience of dysphoric emotions about the body in specific situational contexts. The present article reviews the evidence concerning a unique measure of this facet, the Situational Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria (SIBID). METHOD: The reliability and validity of the SIBID were examined across multiple studies conducted by the author. Because the 48-item length of this measure may preclude its use by some researchers, a 20-item short-form was developed and evaluated. RESULTS: Findings consistently confirmed the SIBID's internal consistency, stability, and convergent, discriminant, and construct validity. The short form was found to be a psychometrically sound alternative to the longer version. DISCUSSION: The SIBID has utility in assessing negative body-image affect. Its use in research with both clinical and nonclinical populations is encouraged.     

成人BMI与体脂含量和脂肪分布的关系

目的 :　调查成人超重和肥胖的发生率 ,探讨体质指数 ( BMI)与体脂含量、腰臀围之间的关系。方法 :　对 1 0 0 5名健康成年人进行人体测量 ,按 WHO对亚洲成年人的 BMI新定义分为 5组 ,对腰围、臀围、腰臀围比值和生物电阻抗法 ( BIA法 )及皮褶厚度法体脂含量的分布进行分析。结果 :　以 BMI法判断超重和肥胖的发生率 ,男性超重率和 度肥胖率明显高于女性 ,男女人群中 度肥胖发生率均较低 ;在相同 BMI组中 ,男性的平均年龄比女性低 ( P<0 .0 1 )。而 BIA法和皮褶厚度法肥胖检出率明显低于 BMI法 ,且女性体脂含量、三头肌皮褶厚度及肩胛下皮褶厚度显著高于男性。不同年龄组 BMI均与体脂含量呈显著正相关。女性超重组的腰围平均值为 80 cm,而男性 度肥胖组的腰围平均值 >90 cm。结论 :　男性超重和肥胖发生的年龄早于女性。以 BMI法判断肥胖和以 BIA法及皮褶厚度法体脂含量法判断肥胖有很大差别 ,仅以 BMI判断肥胖不够准确 ,尚需考虑年龄、性别及运动情况等影响因素。     

成年人去脂组织重、体脂含量与体重、身高和体围的关系

生物电阻抗法 (bioelectrical impedanceanalysis,BIA)用于人体组成成分分析的准确性已得到肯定 [1 ,2 ] 。本次对 95 5例健康成年人运用 BIA法测量去脂组织重、体脂量及常规方法测量体重、身高、上臂围、腰围、臀围 ,并探讨它们之间的关系。旨在建立更简单实用的计算去脂组织重和体脂含量的方法 ,应用于临床评价。1　材　料　与　方　法1 .1　对象　　挑选 1 0 0 5名健康查体人员 [3]中的 95 5人进行了 BIA法体脂测量 ,其中男性 3 92人 ,女性 5 63人。按年龄分为两组 ,年龄 1 8～ 45岁为 5 84人 ,年龄 46～ 74岁为 3 71人。均为汉族健…     

The weight-conscious adolescent:: Body image, food intake, and weight-related behavior

Purpose: To explore how adolescents who try to lose weight differ from those who do not in relation to body image, food intake, knowledge about food, and sources of information about food, nutrition, and weight loss.

Methods: Data were collected from 12–15-year-old school students in North Queensland, Australia by questionnaire.

Results: Boys who attempted weight loss reduced sweet foods and snacks, while concurrently increasing healthy foods such as fruit, yogurt, and low-fat milk. Girls who attempted weight loss ate breakfast, lunch, snacks, milk, bread, meat, and many sweet and fatty foods less often than other girls. Some reduction in meals, snacks, core foods, and sweet fatty foods, but not savory fatty foods, remained after the weight loss attempt. Boys attempting weight loss had better knowledge about high-fat and high-sugar foods than other boys, but there was no difference for girls. Girls attempting weight loss were more likely than other girls to think that core foods such as bread, potatoes, and dairy products should be reduced, whereas boys were more likely to think that sweet foods should be reduced. The majority of students who had attempted weight loss during the previous year considered themselves overweight, while few weight-conscious students were satisfied with their bodies.

Conclusions: The weight-conscious adolescents in this study, especially the girls, exhibited restrictive eating practices and a preoccupation with a slim image. Adolescents need a food culture based on foods to eat rather than foods to avoid, and an understanding of suitable weight-control measures.     

Preschoolers' body-knowledge inaccuracy: perceptual self-deficit and attitudinal bias

Body image research with young children has typically examined their body satisfaction and overlooked developmental theories pertaining to their emergent body-knowledge. Though existing research suggests that preschoolers do demonstrate anti-fat attitudes and weight-related stigmatisation, body dissatisfaction can be difficult to assess in preschoolers due to developmental differences in their (i) ability to perceive their actual body size accurately and (ii) make comparisons with a hypothetical ideal. We review current findings on the attitudinal component of body image in preschoolers, together with findings on the accuracy of their body size perceptions and their emergent body awareness abilities. Such an integration of the cognitive development literature is key to identifying when and how young children understand their physical size and shape; this in turn is critical for informing methodological design targeted at assessing body dissatisfaction and anti-fat attitudes in early childhood.     

Assessment of body image in obesity using a digital morphing technique

Background  Historically, body image research has relied on generic, whole body outlines, which may not be suited to obese individuals. The development of computer generated, individualized digital images to represent body image may be more effective.
Methods  Sixty volunteers participated, with three categories of subject: lean, obese and lean regular exercisers. Body image was assessed using a digital morphing technique in comparison to two standard paper questionnaires.
Results  Using the novel digital morphing tool, obese subjects displayed poorer body awareness (perception) than their lean counterparts ( P  = 0.03), significantly over-estimating their actual body size. Both genders overestimated body size to a similar degree. For body satisfaction, females wished to be smaller and males to be larger, identifying gender-specific body regions ( P  < 0.001). Obese subjects showed greatest dissatisfaction ( P  < 0.001) with body image. There was significant correlation for body image dissatisfaction ( P  < 0.05) between the digital technique and the questionnaires, which was highest for the figural stimuli questionnaire ( r  = 0.80, P  < 0.001).
Conclusions  This method represents a novel and alternative approach to rating body image perception (IP) and satisfaction in obese subjects, particularly providing data on specific regional areas. Body image dissatisfaction appears to be both due to poor body IP compounded with the desire to be smaller.     

Long-Term Effect of Gluten-Free Diets on Nutritional Status,Body Composition,and Associated Factors in Adult Saudi Females with Celiac Disease

This cross-sectional study examines the influence of long-term gluten-free diet (GFD) consumption on nutritional status, body composition, and associated factors in adult Saudi females with celiac diseases (CD). Fifty-one patients who have been diagnosed with CD and have been on GFD for more than 1 year were included in this study where data regarding their dietary pattern, as well as a complete analysis of their anthropometric parameters, vitamins B12 and D levels, and complete blood count (CBC), were collected. Data have shown that all included patients showed a reduced intake in all micro and macro-nutrients, as well as vitamin D, folate, calcium, and iron. However, the vast majority of all measured hematological parameters and blood indices were within the expected reference range. In addition, 51%, 43.1%, and 60.8% of the patients showed low waist/hip ratio (WHR), decreased level of total body fat (BF), and decreased level of visceral fat (VF), respectively, whereas 33.3% were slim. The poor educational level and some psychosocial factors were associated with the poor nutritional status of the patients. In conclusion, the GFD-dependent intake by female patients with CD adversely affects their nutritional intake and anthropometric indices and leads to a deficiency in major nutrients, vitamins, and ions.     

Body image, body satisfaction and dieting behavior in Japanese preadolescents: The Toyama birth cohort study

Objectives To examine the relationships between body image, body satisfaction and dieting behavior in the context of pubertal changes in Japanese preadolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study of dieting behavior among 5,244 preadolescents (2,452 boys and 2,792 girls aged 12–13) born in Toyama prefecture. Results The percentages of those who perceived themselves fat, wanted to be thinner, and had tried dieting, which increased with body mass index (BMI), were significantly higher in girls than in boys (34.2% vs. 20.0%, 58.0% vs. 26.0%, and 17.3% vs. 5.7%, respectively). Independent of sex and BMI, those who wanted to be thinner and those who had tried dieting were more frequently observed in those who perceived themselves fat, and those who had tried dieting were more frequently observed in those who wanted to be thinner. Pubertal changes were significantly associated with dieting behavior, but their relationships to body image and body satisfaction differed between sexes; for boys, those who perceived themselves fat were more frequently observed in those without pubertal changes; whereas for girls, those who wanted to be thinner were more frequently observed in those with pubertal changes. Conclusions Dieting behavior of Japanese preadolescents was associated with whether they perceived themselves fat and wanted to be thinner, sometimes independent of whether they were actually overweight. Pubertal changes might induce a positive perspective of growing fat among boys and a desire to be thinner among girls, with the consequence that dieting behavior would be reinforced in those with pubertal changes.     

北京矿区煤工尘肺肺内含铁小体轴心的分析

本文按Smith法提取北京矿区24例煤矿尘肺患者肺内含铁小体及粉尘,描述其形态特征,并对不同轴心含铁小体进行分析,黑色轴心含铁小体以Al、Si、K、S、Ca、Fe元素为主是“煤”小体;透明轴心含铁小体以Na、Mg、Al、Si、Ca、Fe元素为主属角闪石石棉小体。通过EDXA分析,可以确定北京矿区煤矿工人肺内既有煤尘又有石棉尘,它们共同构成了煤矿尘肺的致病因素之一。     

Why do slim women consider themselves too heavy? A characterization of adult women considering their body weight as too heavy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize women who, in spite of a low body mass index (BMI), considered themselves too heavy. METHOD: Of 11,905 women (27-38 years of age), we focused on 2,443 nonpregnant women with a low BMI (18.5-21.0 kg/m(2)), who considered their weight acceptable or too heavy. Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire. By multiple logistic regression we examined associations between lifestyle and health variables and the risk of considering own body weight too heavy. RESULTS: Approximately 10 % considered their body weight too heavy. Risk factors included early severe life events, young age at start of risky lifestyle behaviors, weight fluctuation, self-reported lifetime history of eating disorders, perception of too heavy workload, and poor physical form and self-rated health. Body dissatisfaction decreased with increasing age. DISCUSSION: Our results indicate that body dissatisfaction is established in childhood and adolescence. It is unknown if this body dissatisfaction influences the life of the women, but it might influence the values they pass on to their children.     

The Impact of Physical Disability on Body Esteem

The current study investigated the impact of physical disability on body esteem. A total of 35 people (18 males and 17 females) with physical disabilities between 19 to 60 years (mean = 38 years, SD = 10), participated in focus groups where they discussed their feelings about how their disability affected their body esteem. They also responded to a series of questions that were designed to examine disability-specific issues in body esteem using a four point Likert-type scale. The data demonstrated that the body esteem of the participants was commonly affected by physical disability. It also suggested that feedback from the social environment is a likely mediator of body esteem. Suggestions for future research and implications for clinicians are discussed.     

福州市儿童体格发育现状及发展趋势的研究

本文报告１９９５年福州市城郊１６９９５名儿童体格发育横断面调查情况，并与１９８５年调查及国内外同年龄儿童体格发育比较，反映近１０年本市城郊儿童体格发育现状及发展趋势。     

水位移估测人体脂肪含量方法的改进及其应用

应用常规水位移法(常规法)和改进的水位移法(改进法)多次重复测量12名成年男子脂肪含量。两法测得的体脂平均值分別为9.37kg和10.07kg,单次体脂观测标准差分别为0.36kg和0.10kg。“改进法”不仅可以减小体脂测量的技术误差,而且易于操作。 5名男青年间隔数日测定的肺残气容积(RV)平均值仅相差3～54ml,提示人体不同日的实际RV值相对恒定。从而为简化的水位移估测体脂变化方法(△F=C_1,(Vt_1-Vt_2)-C_2(M_2-M_2)公式法)提供了实验依据。 5名男青年连续卧床16天,以4天为一期,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四个代谢期。将简化的水位移估测体脂变化方法测量的体脂变化值和其它有关数据代入体水变化=体重变化-体脂变化-体蛋白质变化公式,得出16天卧床期间平均每人失水总量1.24±0.49L,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ各期分別为0.62±0.35L、0.22±0.18L、0.23±0.16L和0.17±0.35L。结果与文献报道一致。     

Estimation of the desirable body weight of selected lebanese adult females

Several anthropometric measurements were taken on a total of 387 healthy Lebanese single females 18–25 years of age, whose heights fell within a range of 153.5–167.4 cm. The selected subjects were neither under-or overweight as Judged by overall body appearance. A total of 142 subjects possssing triceps and abdomen skinfold thickness; and mid-thigh circumference values either below or above a certain range set for these three parameters were later excluded from the study. This step was necessary in order to leave, in the final sample, only those subjects with moderate body fat content which met our definition of having desirable body weights. Correlation coefficients (r) of selected anthropometric parameters to actual body weight (Wt) were calculated for the remaining 245 subjects. The results showed the body frame size (BFS) parameter (the sum of the wrist and ankle circumferences; and shoulders' length) to have the highest correlation (r=0.75) followed by body height (r=0.70). When individually tested, the parameters making up BFS showed moderate correlations to actual Wt. A moderate correlation (r=0.52) was also reported for mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC). Results of multiple regression analysis, with actual Wt as the dependent variable, showed an improvement in the accuracy of estimation of desirable Wt upon the stepwise addition of BFS and MAMC to Ht. The outcome of the study was the development of regression equations based on Ht, BFS and MAMC parameters which can estimate the desirable Wt of adult females irrespective of their frame size and degree of leanness or obesity, within a standard error of estimate ranging from 2.0–2.2 kg depending on the equation used.     

小儿整体生物电阻抗和体脂、瘦体重的相关分析

用长征Ⅰ型整体生物电阻抗仪测量22名6～7岁小儿的整体生物电阻抗值(Z),体脂(BF)、瘦体重(LBW)用水下浸入体密度法测得。直线相关分析:由Z、体重(W)或身高(H)所组成的两个生物电阻抗指数(BII)ZW/H~2或H~2/Z相应与BF或LBW的r值为0.9617和0.9326,(P<0.0001),显著高于所有体格测量指标与BF或LBW的r值(P均<0.05)。多元线性相关分析:ZH、W与BF及Z、H与LBW的偏相关系数有显著性意义(P<0.05),Z与BF及LBW的r值为最高。表明:生物电阻抗法可能是准确度较高的分析小儿身体组成的方法。     

Dairy and weight loss hypothesis: an evaluation of the clinical trials

This review evaluates evidence from clinical trials that assessed the effect of dairy product or calcium intake, with or without concomitant energy restriction, on body weight and adiposity. Of 49 randomized trials assessing the effect of dairy products or calcium supplementation on body weight, 41 showed no effect, two demonstrated weight gain, one showed a lower rate of gain, and five showed weight loss. Four of 24 trials report differential fat loss. Consequently, the majority of the current evidence from clinical trials does not support the hypothesis that calcium or dairy consumption aids in weight or fat loss.