Relationship among body image,exercise behavior,and exercise dependence symptoms

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship among body image, exercise behavior, body mass index (BMI), and primary exercise dependence symptoms in physically active individuals. METHOD: Male and female university students (N = 474) completed self-report measures of exercise behavior, height, weight, exercise dependence symptoms, social physique anxiety, and body satisfaction. RESULTS: Hierarchical multiple regressions with forced block entry by gender were conducted to examine the effects of exercise behavior, BMI, and exercise dependence symptoms on body satisfaction and social physique anxiety. For females, BMI was the strongest positive predictor of body dissatisfaction and social physique anxiety. For males, exercise behavior was the strongest negative predictor of body dissatisfaction and social physique anxiety. DISCUSSION: It was concluded that after controlling for the effects of BMI and exercise behavior, primary exercise dependence symptoms were not strong predictors on body image, especially for females.     

中国9～18岁汉族儿童青少年感知运动益处与障碍及其与校内体育活动时间的关系

目的描述2019年中国9～18岁汉族儿童青少年感知运动益处与障碍的现况, 并分析其与校内体育活动时间的关系。方法利用2019年全国学生体质与健康调研数据, 选取163 656名9～18岁汉族儿童青少年作为研究对象, 使用Mann-WhitneyU检验和Kruskal-Wallis检验比较不同人口学特征和体育活动时间儿童青少年感知运动益处得分、感知运动障碍得分和感知运动益处与障碍比值的差异, 采用χ2检验比较儿童青少年校内体育活动时间的差异。建立log-binomial回归模型, 在调整个人、家庭和学校等校内体育活动时间影响因素后, 分别分析儿童青少年校内体育活动时间与其感知运动益处得分和感知运动障碍得分, 以及感知运动益处与障碍比值之间的关系。结果儿童青少年参与身体活动的感知运动益处得分、感知运动障碍得分和感知运动益处与障碍比值的M(Q1, Q3)分别为4.11(3.78, 4.78)、2.70(2.10, 3.20)和1.55(1.22, 2.07), 其中, 城市儿童青少年、男生、年龄较小和校内体育活动时间≥1 h的儿童青少年感知运动益处得分和感知运动益处与障碍比值更高, 且感知运...     

Green Tea,Intermittent Sprinting Exercise,and Fat Oxidation

Fat oxidation has been shown to increase after short term green tea extract (GTE) ingestion and after one bout of intermittent sprinting exercise (ISE). Whether combining the two will result in greater fat oxidation after ISE is undetermined. The aim of the current study was to investigate the combined effect of short term GTE and a single session of ISE upon post-exercise fat oxidation. Fourteen women consumed three GTE or placebo capsules the day before and one capsule 90 min before a 20-min ISE cycling protocol followed by 1 h of resting recovery. Fat oxidation was calculated using indirect calorimetry. There was a significant increase in fat oxidation post-exercise compared to at rest in the placebo condition (p < 0.01). After GTE ingestion, however, at rest and post-exercise, fat oxidation was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than that after placebo. Plasma glycerol levels at rest and 15 min during post-exercise were significantly higher (p < 0.05) after GTE consumption compared to placebo. Compared to placebo, plasma catecholamines increased significantly after GTE consumption and 20 min after ISE (p < 0.05). Acute GTE ingestion significantly increased fat oxidation under resting and post-exercise conditions when compared to placebo.     

Effects of anaerobic exercise and aerobic exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress

Objectives  In addition to having health-promoting effects, exercise is considered to induce oxidative stress. To clarify whether increased oxygen consumption during exercise induces oxidative stress, we investigated the effects of aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise on a series of oxidative damage markers. Methods  One group of subjects performed aerobic exercise and another group performed anaerobic exercise with similar workloads, but with different levels of oxygen consumption. Blood and urine samples were collected before, immediately after, and 3, 9, and 24 h after exercise. Serum uric acid (UA) and creatine phosphokinase were evaluated. As markers of oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA, we evaluated serum 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, urinary F₂-isoprostanes, serum protein carbonyls, and leukocyte 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Results  Oxygen consumption was significantly greater during aerobic exercise. Although UA level increased immediately after aerobic exercise and decreased thereafter, UA level did not change after anaerobic exercise. The two types of exercise had significantly different effects on the change in UA level. After anaerobic exercise, the levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal significantly increased at 24 h and 3 h, respectively. The levels of creatine phosphokinase and F₂-isoprostanes decreased after exercise. The two types of exercise caused no apparent significant differences in the levels of these biomarkers. Conclusion  The findings suggest that similar workloads of anaerobic exercise and aerobic exercise induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) differently: aerobic exercise seems to initially generate more ROS, whereas anaerobic exercise may induce prolonged ROS generation. Although more oxygen was consumed during aerobic exercise, the generated ROS did not induce significant oxidative damage. Oxygen consumption per se may not be the major cause of exercise-induced oxidative damage.     

孕前体型孕期锻炼与新生儿出生体重关系的研究

目的分析孕前体型孕期锻炼与新生儿出生体重的关系,以探讨新生儿出生体重的影响因素。方法通过队列研究方法和纳入排除标准,对525例孕妇进行问卷调查和体格检查,以获得孕妇、新生儿的相关指标。结果河北省孕妇孕前体重不足为16.76%,超重率为13.9%,肥胖率为7.63%;孕期体重增加不足和过度发生率分别是8.8%,45.7%;孕期坚持锻炼对新生儿出生体重有显著的影响(F=3.82,P=0.034),孕期锻炼新生儿出生体重为(3.33±0.42)kg,而孕期没有坚持锻炼的新生儿出生体重为(3.36±0.44)kg。孕前体型对新生儿体重无显著影响(F=1.853,P0.05)。结论河北省孕妇妊娠期体重增加过度现象较为严重;孕妇适当锻炼对新生儿成长有益,减少巨大儿的发生率。     

High-Intensity Interval and Resistance Training Improve Health Outcomes in Older Adults With Coronary Disease

ObjectiveBoth high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance exercises (R) are used in cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the combined effect of an HIIT + R exercise program in older adults with CAD is not well investigated. The study's purpose was to assess the changes in anthropometric parameters, physical activity, functional capacity, physiological parameters, and quality of life (QoL) in this population following a combined HIIT + R program.DesignThe study was a 2-group (n = 45 each) randomized controlled single-blinded trial.Setting and ParticipantsThe study was done at a treatment clinic of a tertiary hospital. The mean age of participants was 69.23 ± 4.9 years. The HIIT + R group performed 8 sessions (1/wk) of HIIT + R training. The 30 minutes of the active exercise phase consisted of ten 3-minute bouts. Each bout comprised of 1 minute of high-intensity treadmill walking at 85% to 90% maximum heart rate (MHR), followed by a low-intensity walking at 60%-70% MHR, followed by low-to moderate-intensity resistance training. The Usual Care group underwent conventional medical treatment.MeasuresAnthropometric measurements [weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage, lean body mass], physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), functional capacity (Incremental Shuttle Walking Test), physiologic measurements (blood pressure, heart rate), and QoL (36-Item Short Form Health Survey) were measured pre- and postintervention.ResultsSignificant group and time interaction were found for the participants in the HIIT + R Group for BMI (P = .001), body fat percentage (P = .001), waist circumference (P < .001), physical activity (P < .001), functional capacity (P < .001), and QoL (P = .001) compared with the UC Group. Significant improvement in systolic blood pressure (P = .001) was seen in the HIIT + R group.Conclusions and ImplicationsA combined HIIT + R training protocol in older adults with CAD can be useful in producing desired health outcomes. Further evaluation of longer duration exercise programs with more frequent dosing needs to be evaluated for their benefits and sustainability.     

Examining the Relationship between Exercise Dependence,Disordered Eating,and Low Energy Availability

Both dietary and exercise behaviors need to be considered when examining underlying causes of low energy availability (LEA). The study assessed if exercise dependence is independently related to the risk of LEA with consideration of disordered eating and athlete calibre. Via survey response, female (n = 642) and male (n = 257) athletes were categorized by risk of: disordered eating, exercise dependence, disordered eating and exercise dependence, or if not presenting with disordered eating or exercise dependence as controls. Compared to female controls, the likelihood of being at risk of LEA was 2.5 times for female athletes with disordered eating and >5.5 times with combined disordered eating and exercise dependence. Male athletes with disordered eating, with or without exercise dependence, were more likely to report signs and symptoms compared to male controls-including suppression of morning erections (OR = 3.4; p < 0.0001), increased gas and bloating (OR = 4.0–5.2; p < 0.002) and were more likely to report a previous bone stress fracture (OR = 2.4; p = 0.01) and ≥22 missed training days due to overload injuries (OR = 5.7; p = 0.02). For both males and females, in the absence of disordered eating, athletes with exercise dependence were not at an increased risk of LEA or associated health outcomes. Compared to recreational athletes, female and male international caliber and male national calibre athletes were less likely to be classified with disordered eating.     

Glucose and Fructose Supplementation and Their Acute Effects on Anaerobic Endurance and Resistance Exercise Performance in Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

Background: The effects of glucose, fructose and a combination of these on physical performance have been subject of investigation, resulting in diverse findings. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate how an individualized amount of glucose, fructose, and a combination of these compared to placebo (sucralose) alter endurance performance on a cycle ergometer, lower and upper body resistance exercise performance at individualized thresholds in healthy young individuals. Methods: A total of 16 healthy adults (9 females) with an age of 23.8 ± 1.6 years and a BMI of 22.6 ± 1.8 kg/m² (body mass (BM) 70.9 ± 10.8 kg, height 1.76 ± 0.08 m) participated in this study. During the screening visit, the lactate turn point 2 (LTP2) was defined and the weights for chest-press and leg-press were determined. Furthermore, 30 min prior to each exercise session, participants received either 1 g/kg BM of glucose (Glu), 1 g/kg BM of fructose (Fru), 0.5 g/kg BM of glucose/fructose (GluFru) (each), or 0.2 g sucralose (placebo), respectively, which were dissolved in 300 mL of water. All exercises were performed until volitional exhaustion. Time until exhaustion (TTE) and cardio-pulmonary variables were determined for all cycling visits; during resistance exercise, repetitions until muscular failure were counted and time was measured. During all visits, capillary blood glucose and blood lactate concentrations as well as venous insulin levels were measured. Results: TTE in cycling was 449 ± 163 s (s) (Glu), 443 ± 156 s (Fru), 429 ± 160 s (GluFru) and 466 ± 162 s (Pla) (p = 0.48). TTE during chest-press sessions was 180 ± 95 s (Glu), 180 ± 92 s (Fru), 172 ± 78 s (GluFru) and 162 ± 66 s (Pla) (p = 0.25), respectively. Conclusions: Pre-exercise supplementation of Glu, Fru and a combination of these did not have an ergogenic effect on high-intensity anaerobic endurance performance and on upper and lower body moderate resistance exercise in comparison to placebo.     

Leisure time exercise and personal circumstances in the working age population: longitudinal analysis of the British household panel survey

OBJECTIVES: Investigate the impact of social, economic, and family circumstances on participation in weekly leisure time exercise. DESIGN: Longitudinal regression analysis of the British household panel survey. PARTICIPANTS: 9473 people (4521 men and 4952 women) giving 27,881 person years of responses across eight years and four survey waves. MAIN RESULTS: There was considerable variation among people in regular exercise participation over time. Having children was associated with a reduced likelihood of exercise for both men and women, although there were sex differences in this association according to the age of the youngest child. For both men and women working long hours was associated with a reduced likelihood of exercise, as was having a lower grade job. Retired men and women were more likely to exercise, as were those who attended a fee paying school. There was no strong independent association between household income and exercise. CONCLUSIONS: For most people, participation in leisure time exercise "comes and goes" rather than being something they always or never do. Those with time pressures from work or domestic life are less likely to participate in leisure time physical activity. There are important sex differences in the impact of having children, with women experiencing longer term detrimental effects. Working long hours reduces leisure time exercise participation. Opportunities for physical activity as part of our daily working routines should be increased.     

孕期运动干预对孕期体重增长和妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨孕期运动干预对有效控制孕期体重增加和胎儿出生体重、促进顺产的作用。方法对2012-03/12建卡、定期产检、资料完整的孕产妇100例,分为2组,观察组接受孕期运动干预,对照组未进行运动干预,随访孕期体重增加情况及分娩结局。结果观察组孕期体重增加16.14±2.94 kg、剖宫产率24.00%、胎儿出生体重3172.10±312.59g;对照组孕期体重增加18.02±4.49 kg、剖宫产率48.00%、胎儿出生体重3364.60±368.07 g,组间比较P值均小于0.05,差异有统计学意义;孕期运动干预与孕期增加体重、与胎儿出生体重、分娩方式的偏相关系数分别为0.13、0.44、0.14。结论孕期合理运动对控制孕期体重、合理控制胎儿出生体重、促进顺产有明显作用。     

Impact of Polyphenol Antioxidants on Cycling Performance and Cardiovascular Function

This investigation sought to determine if supplementation with polyphenol antioxidant (PA) improves exercise performance in the heat (31.5 °C, 55% RH) by altering the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to exercise. Twelve endurance trained athletes ingested PA or placebo (PLAC) for 7 days. Consecutive days of exercise testing were performed at the end of the supplementation periods. Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory measures were made during exercise. Performance, as measured by a 10 min time trial (TT) following 50 min of moderate intensity cycling, was not different between treatments (PLAC: 292 ± 33 W and PA: 279 ± 38 W, p = 0.12). Gross efficiency, blood lactate, maximal neuromuscular power, and ratings of perceived exertion were also not different between treatments. Similarly, performance on the second day of testing, as assessed by time to fatigue at maximal oxygen consumption, was not different between treatments (PLAC; 377 ± 117 s vs. PA; 364 ± 128 s, p = 0.61). Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to exercise were not different between treatments on either day of exercise testing. Polyphenol antioxidant supplementation had no impact on exercise performance and did not alter the cardiovascular or thermoregulatory responses to exercise in the heat.     

社区糖尿病患者对膳食和运动治疗认知与行为的现况分析

目的通过现场调查研究了解社区糖尿病患者对膳食和运动非药物治疗方面的认知与行为,探讨提高社区糖尿病患者饮食、运动治疗的有效性的方法。方法以调查表形式对被调查对象实施一对一调查收集相关资料。结果94.2%患者在社区医院治疗;27.7%的患者血糖控制在7.0以下;95.0%的患者不知道三大营养素的合理比例,100.0%的患者不知道食品血糖生成指数,92.0%的患者不知道高纤维食品对血糖控制的作用;69.0%的患者参加了运动控制辅助治疗,对有氧运动对血糖控制的作用95.0%的患者不清楚;49.4%的患者认为糖尿病膳食与运动治疗知识是通过医生获得知识。结论对社区医生实施糖尿病膳食与运动治疗知识的教育与强化有利于社区糖尿病患者对饮食和运动知识的认知和行为的依从。     

运动试验检查——ACC/AHA运动试验最新指南

心电图运动负荷试验是指通过运动增加心脏负荷,用于冠心病及其他疾病的诊断、鉴别诊断及预后评价的一种检查方法。ACC/AHA关于运动试验的最新指南中与前次有部分改动,亦有增加的新内容,包括禁忌症、运动试验结果分析、终止运动试验的指征、诊断冠心病ST段解释事项、运动试验危险度、心肌梗死后的运动试验、女性患者心电图分析的准确性,综合ACC/AHA关于运动试验的最新指南认为,平板运动试验是一项很有意义的检查项目,但仍有很多值得研究的内容。