大学生依恋模式与生活压力感、应对方式和负性情绪的关系

目的:探讨大学生依恋模式与生活压力感、应对方式和负性情绪的关系.方法:采用应对方式问卷、负性情绪量表、亲密关系体验问卷及自编压力感问卷对800名大学生进行调查.结果:(1)焦虑型和惧怕型大学生的学业压力、人际压力、经济压力得分均高于安全型和回避型(如焦虑型与安全型得分分别为:14.6±4.0/12.2±3.4、11.0±4.3/8.8±3.1、116.±4.5/9.4±3.3,P均＜0.001);(2)安全型和回避型大学生解决问题得分高于惧怕型和焦虑型(8.8±2.3、8.6±2.3/8.1±2.5、7.8±2.4,P＜0.001),安全型和焦虑型求助得分高于惧怕型和回避型(5.8±2.3、5.7±2.4/4.7±2.3、4.6±2.4,P＜0.001),焦虑型和惧怕型自责、幻想、退避、合理化得分均高于安全型和回避型(如自责:4.1±2.3、3.9±2.3/2.7±1.6、3.2±2.0,P＜0.001);(3)焦虑型和惧怕型大学生的抑郁和焦虑得分均高于安全型和回避型(如抑郁得分:37.3±10.9、36.4±9.8/28.5±11.1、31.2±10.9,P＜0.001),回避型大学生的抑郁和焦虑得分高于安全型(31.2±10.9/28.5±11.1,41.9±8.9/38.9±8.5,P＜0.001).结论:消极的自我模型导致个体产生更大的压力感和更多的负性情绪,面对生活压力更多采取自责、幻想、退避和合理化的应对策略;积极的自我模型使个体产生较少的压力感和负性情绪,更多采取解决问题的应对策略;积极的他人模型导致个体面对生活压力更多采取求助的应对策略;消极的他人模型导致个体在压力下会产生更多的负性情绪.     

完美主义在依恋和抑郁间的中介效应研究

目的:探讨完美主义在依恋与抑郁之间的中介效应。方法:采用成人亲密关系经历量表中文修订版、近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版和Beck抑郁问卷对500名大学生集体施测,用SPSS12.0和Lisrel 8.70进行数据分析。结果:完美主义的消极维度部分中介了依恋焦虑和抑郁间的关系、完全中介了依恋回避和抑郁间的关系,完美主义的积极维度与依恋焦虑、依恋回避和抑郁都不相关。结论:依恋焦虑和依恋回避促进了完美主义消极维度的形成,进而加重个体的抑郁。     

应对方式对基层官兵状态焦虑的影响:自我和谐调节方式的中介作用

目的:探讨基层官兵应对方式、自我和谐和状态焦虑之间的关系。方法:采用自行设计一般项目调查表、状态焦虑分量表(SAI)、应对方式问卷和自我和谐量表(SCCS)对162名基层官兵进行调查。结果:解决问题、求助与状态焦虑水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.499,-0.242;P均0.01);自责、幻想、退避、合理化、自我和谐总分与状态焦虑水平呈显著正相关(r=0.378,0.343,0.306,0.329,0.503;P均0.01);解决问题与自责、自我和谐总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.416,-0.355;P均0.01);与求助呈显著正相关(r=0.430,P0.01);自责与求助呈显著负相关(r=-0.297,P0.01),与幻想、退避、合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.572,0.479,0.531,0.285;P均0.01);幻想与退避、合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.616,0.587,0.236;P均0.01);退避与合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.492,0.326;P均0.01);合理化与自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.257,P0.01);自我和谐在解决问题、求助、自责、幻想、退避、合理化与状态焦虑之间均具有部分中介效应。结论:基层官兵的状态焦虑可以通过自我和谐策略来采用应对方式。     

生活事件对大学生负性情绪的影响:神经质和应对方式的中介作用

目的考察应对方式和神经质在生活事件与负性情绪间的中介作用。方法采用青少年生活事件问卷、大五人格问卷-神经质分量表、流调中心用抑郁量表、应对方式量表、状态特质焦虑量表对3010名大学生进行调查。结果神经质以及生活事件各因子与焦虑、抑郁均呈显著正相关(P<0.01);问题解决和求助的应对方式与抑郁、焦虑均呈显著负相关(r=-0.09,-0.13,-0.16,-0.19;P<0.01),而其他应对方式与抑郁、焦虑均呈显著正相关(P<0.01);神经质、应对方式在生活事件与负性情绪间的中介效应显著(F=240.17,P<0.01)。结论大学生负性情绪与生活事件、人格特质中的神经质和不成熟的应对方式密切相关;神经质和应对方式在生活事件的应激对大学生负性情绪的影响中起着部分中介作用。     

大学生人际信任与应对方式对社交回避的影响

目的:探讨人际信任和应对方式对大学生社交回避的影响。方法:采用人际信任量表(ITS)、应对方式问卷(CSQ)和社交回避及苦恼量表(SAD)对302名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)人际信任与社交回避显著负相关(r=-0.204,P0.001),与应对方式中自责、幻想、退避和合理化因子显著负相关(r=-0.209,-0.156,-0.212,-0.120;P0.05),与问题解决、求助因子显著正相关(r=0.319,0.248;P0.001);问题解决和求助因子与社交回避呈显著负相关(r=-0.322,-0.302;P0.001),自责(r=0.309,P0.001)、幻想(r=0.132,P0.05)、退避(r=0.215,P0.001)和合理化(r=0.132,P0.05)因子与社交回避呈显著正相关;(2)问题解决(t=-4.975,P0.001)、求助(t=-4.761,P0.001)、自责(t=5.003,P0.001)和退避(t=3.159,P0.01)因子在人际信任与社交回避的关系中起部分中介作用。结论:人际信任一方面会对社交回避产生直接的影响,另一方面也通过问题解决、求助、自责和退避应对方式的中介作用间接地影响社交回避。     

生活事件对负性情绪的影响:社会支持的调节效应与应对方式的中介效应

目的:考察社会支持与应对方式在生活事件与负性情绪间的中介、调节作用。方法:采用大学生生活事件量表、社会支持评定量表、应对方式量表、特质焦虑和抑郁简式量表对943名大学生进行调查。结果:社会支持的主观支持调节效应显著。积极应对方式的中介效应显著。与积极性质的应对方式的缓冲作用相比,消极性质的应对方式所起的负作用更明显些。退避与合理化能够在一定程度上减轻因生活事件所引发的负性情绪。结论:应对方式多个维度在生活事件与负性情绪间具有中介作用。仅主观社会支持的调节效应显著。     

武警基层干部工作压力、应对方式与工作倦怠的关系

目的:探讨武警基层干部工作压力、应对方式与工作倦怠的关系。方法:采用军人职业压力量表、应对方式量表和基层军官工作倦怠问卷对226名基层干部进行了问卷调查。结果:工作压力各因素与工作倦怠及其情感衰竭和低成就感维度存在显著正相关,工作压力中的军旅生活、工作负荷和领导能力能显著正向预测工作倦怠,解决问题和求助与工作倦怠及各维度存在显著负相关,自责、退避、幻想和合理化与工作倦怠及各维度存在显著正相关,解决问题能显著负向预测工作倦怠,合理化则显著正向预测工作倦怠,消极不成熟型的应对方式对工作压力和工作倦怠起着部分中介作用。结论:工作压力和应对方式都与工作倦怠存在显著相关,消极不成熟型的应对方式在工作压力和工作倦怠关系中起着部分中介作用。     

依恋焦虑、囤积和负性情绪的关系:囤积信念的中介作用

目的:构建囤积的依恋焦虑、囤积行为及负性情绪关系的理论模型,考察囤积信念在依恋焦虑与囤积行为关系中的中介作用以及囤积行为对负性情绪的影响。方法:采用囤积量表、亲密关系经历量表、囤积信念量表和焦虑、抑郁量表对312名大学生进行测量。结果:囤积与依恋焦虑成显著正相关,与依恋回避相关不显著;个体的囤积水平能够显著预测个体的焦虑、抑郁水平。结构方程模型分析表明,假设模型(依恋焦虑对囤积行为的路径显著、囤积行为对负性情绪的路径显著,囤积信念中介依恋焦虑对囤积行为的路径)拟合度良好(χ2/df=1.644,CFI=0.973,TLI=0.960,RMSEA=0.045,SRMR=0.038)。进一步通过中介分析发现,囤积信念对依恋焦虑和囤积行为之间的关系起部分中介作用(解释率为31.0%),囤积信念和囤积行为在依恋焦虑和负性情绪的关系中也起中介作用。结论:囤积信念在依恋焦虑对囤积行为的影响中起到重要作用,对于囤积的临床治疗可以关注于改变个体关于囤积的信念,进而有效改善囤积的症状,缓解个体的不良情绪。     

成人依恋对强迫症状的影响:消极完美主义的中介效应

目的:探讨消极完美主义在成人依恋和强迫症状之间的中介效应。方法:采用亲密关系经历量表、Frost多维完美主义量表和大学生强迫症状调查问卷对322名大学生进行测验。结果:依恋焦虑、依恋回避与消极完美主义呈显著正相关(r=0.40,P0.001;r=0.14,P0.05),与强迫症状呈显著正相关(r=0.37,P0.001;r=0.15,P0.01);消极完美主义与强迫症状呈显著正相关(r=0.57,P0.001)。消极完美主义在依恋焦虑和强迫症状间起部分中介作用,在依恋回避和强迫症状间起完全中介作用。结论:消极完美主义在成人依恋和强迫症状间起中介作用。     

负性情绪对大学生情绪性进食的影响:消极应对方式的中介作用

目的:探讨负性情绪对大学生情绪性进食的影响,检验消极应对方式的中介作用。方法:采用进食行为问卷、抑郁-焦虑-压力量表、特质应对方式问卷对734名大学生进行集体施测。结果:1男生在负性情绪各维度上的得分显著高于女生(P0.05),女生在情绪性进食和积极应对上的得分显著高于男生(P0.01),而在消极应对方式上性别差异不显著(P0.05)。2负性情绪各维度与情绪性进食均呈显著正相关(r=0.117~0.179,P0.01),与消极应对方式呈显著正相关(r=0.340~0.369,P0.01),而与积极应对成显著负相关(r=-0.151~-0.232,P0.01)。消极应对方式与情绪性进食呈显著正相关(P0.01),积极应对方式与情绪性进食的相关不显著(P0.05)。3消极应对方式在负性情绪对情绪性进食的影响中起部分中介作用(P0.05)。结论:负性情绪与情绪性进食存在相关,消极应对方式能部分中介负性情绪对情绪性进食的影响。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.