In vitro antiplasmodial activity of antimalarial medicinal plants used in Vietnamese traditional medicine

Among 42 extracts, prepared from 14 medicinal plants used in Vietnamese traditional medicine to treat malaria, 24 were found to have antiplasmodial activity by inhibiting the growth of the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain FCR-3 with EC(50) values less than 10 microg/ml. Each medicinal plant possessed at least one active extract. The methanol extract of Coscinium fenestratum had the strongest antiplasmodial activity with EC(50) value of 0.5 microg/ml. Activity-guided fractionation led to identification of berberine as the major active constituent.     

Screening of selected indigenous plants of Cambodia for antiplasmodial activity

The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of 117 aqueous, methanol and dichloromethane extracts derived from different parts of 28 indigenous wild plant species was studied. These plants are commonly used in Cambodian traditional medicine. The plant extracts were tested for in vitro activity against a chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (W2). Nine extracts were moderately active with IC(50) values ranging between 5 and 10 microg/ml, 17 extracts were active with IC(50) values ranging between 1 and 5 microg/ml. These 26 extracts derived from eight plants belong to six families. The most active extracts were dichloromethane and came from Stephania rotunda and Brucea javanica with IC(50) values of 1 microg/ml and a selectivity index > or = 25. It is interesting to note that some aqueous extracts were as active as dichloromethane extracts especially aqueous extracts of Stephania rotunda, Brucea javanica, Phyllanthus urinaria and Eurycoma longifolia with IC(50) values of < or = 4 microg/ml. These results are in agreement with statements of healers on traditional uses of these plants for the treatment of malaria and/or fever. In this study, we report the antiplasmodial potential activity of eight plant species from Cambodia. Among them four are tested for the first time.     

Brine shrimp toxicity and antiplasmodial activity of five Kenyan medicinal plants

The organic extracts of leaves and roots of five plants used for treating malaria in Central, Nairobi and Rift Valley Provinces, Kenya were tested for brine shrimp lethality and in vitro antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Of the plants tested, 60% were toxic to the brine shrimp (LC(50)<30 microg/ml) and eight out of ten plant parts (80%) showed in vitro antiplasmodial activity (IC(50)<50 microg/ml). Among the extracts screened, the leaves of Cyathula polcephala had the highest toxicity to the brine shrimp (LC(50)=2.9 microg/ml) while the leaves of Pentas longiflora had the best antiplasmodial activity (IC(50)=11. /ml). The plant extracts with low IC(50) values are potential sources for novel antiplasmodial compounds.     

In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Brazilian Cerrado plants used as traditional remedies

Twenty-seven species of native Brazilian Cerrado plants commonly used by traditional healers to treat malaria and other diseases were collected and 204 hexanic and ethanolic extracts were obtained by maceration. The antiplasmodial activity of the extracts was tested in vitro against a chloroquine resistant strain (FcB1) of Plasmodium falciparum, and cytotoxicity against the cell lines L-6 of rats and MRC-5 of human was evaluated. Thirty-two extracts showed significant inhibition rates of Plasmodium falciparum growth and of these six showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines. The strongest antiplasmodial activity was found for the hexanic extracts of Xylopia aromatica root wood (IC(50)=4.7 microg/ml), Xylopia emarginata root bark (IC(50)=4.9 microg/ml), Casearia sylvestris var. lingua leaves, stem wood and stem bark, and root wood and root bark (IC(50) values from 0.9 to 2.3 microg/ml), and Cupania vernalis leaves (IC(50)=0.9 microg/ml); and for the ethanolic extract of Aspidosperma macrocarpon root bark (IC(50)=4.9 microg/ml). However, the best selectivity towards Plasmodium falciparum was observed for the hexanic root bark extract of Matayba guianensis (IC(50) on Plasmodium falciparum=6.1 microg/ml, SI=16.4 for MRC-5) and the ethanolic root bark extract of Aspidosperma macrocarpon (IC(50) on Plasmodium falciparum=4.9 micro/ml, SI=16.2 for MRC-5).     

Antimalarial activity of crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants

An ethnobotanical study was conducted in Comores (Ngazidja) about plant species used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases, including malaria. Antimalarial activity of 76 vegetal extracts obtained from 17 species traditionally used to treat malaria symptoms, was evaluated in vitro using Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain (W2). Antiproliferative activity was evaluated on human monocytic THP1 cells and the selectivity index of the plant extracts was calculated. The results showed that 10 plant extracts had a moderate activity (5相似文献   

Antiprotozoal and cytotoxic screening of 45 plant extracts from Democratic Republic of Congo

AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate in vitro the antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities of 80% methanol extract from 45 medicinal plants collected in Sankuru (Democratic Republic of Congo) against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and the chloroquine-sensitive Ghanaian strain of Plasmodium falciparum, and MRC-5 cell lines respectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Different extracts were obtained by maceration of each plant part used with 80% methanol for 24h. The mixture was filtered and evaporated in vacuo to give corresponding dried extract. The activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi were performed in 96 well tissue plates each containing 10 microl aqueous plant extract dilutions (100 to 0.01 microg/ml) with 10 microl of the parasite suspension cultured in Hirumi medium supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, a solution of 2% penicillin/streptomycin (2% P/S) After 4 days incubation with Almar bluea solution, fluorescence was measured at 500 nm emission and 530 nm excitation and results expressed as percentage reduction in parasite compared to control wells. The antiplasmodial activity of was assessed in vitro against the chloroquine-sensitive Ghanaian strain of Plasmodium falciparum cultured in RPMI-1640 medium by the lactate deshydrogenase assay in the presence of plant extracts (50 to 0.01 microg/ml). Cell-lines MRC-5 were cultured in MEM medium supplemented with 20mM l-glutamine, 16.5mM NaHCO(3), 5% foetal calf serum and 2% P/S solution. After 4h incubation, cell proliferation/viability was spectrophotomecally assessed at 540 nm after addition of MTT. In each assay, the IC50 value for each sample was derived by the drug concentration-response curves. RESULTS: The extracts from Alcornea cordifolia leaves, Momordica charantia whole plant, Omphalocarpum glomerata, root bark and Piptadia africanum stem bark showed good antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei with IC50 values from 0.7 to 7 microg/ml. Only Piptadenia africanum extract showed a pronounced antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50=4.0+/-06 microg/ml). The extracts from Alchornea cordifolia, Polyathia swaveleons stem bark, Sapium cornutum stem bark and Triclisia giletii stem bark exhibited a pronounced antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum Ghanaian strain with IC50 values ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 microg/ml. Piptadenia africanum extract was the most cytotoxic sample (CC50=0.25 microg/ml) with poor selectivity against all selected protozoa (SI<10) while other active extracts did not show a significant cytotoxic effect against MCR-5 cell-lines with good selectivity according to the case. CONCLUSION: These active plant extracts are selected for extensive studies leading to the isolation of active constituents.     

Antiplasmodial activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell.

The antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts related to four families was tested on chloroquine sensitive strain 3D7 and chloroquine resistant strain Dd2 of Plasmodium falciparum. The methanolic extract of Harrisonia abyssinica (Simaroubaceae) inhibited Dd2 with IC50 value of 4.7 microg/ml, while in 3D7, the IC50 value was 10 microg/ml. Most of the plants from the family Meliaceae showed highly potent antiplasmodial activity against the two tested strains. Khaya senegalensis, Azadirachta indica and Trichilia emetica showed IC50 values less than 5 microg/ml. The methanolic extract of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) leaves showed high antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 2 and 30 microg/ml on 3D7 and Dd2, respectively. While stem bark showed moderate activity with IC50 values of 8.5 and 120 microg/ml on Dd2. Maytenus senegalensis (Celastraceae) possessed IC50 values of 3.9 on 3D7, 10 microg/ml on Dd2 and had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation even at the highest tested concentration; the IC50 was greater than 100 microg/ml. Liquid-liquid separation of the methanolic extract of M. senegalensis revealed that the dichloromethane extract possessed an IC50 value of only 2.1 microg/ml. Column fractionation of dichloromethane extract gave four fractions and fraction two showed an IC50 value of 0.5 microg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of dichloromethane fraction revealed terpenoids and traces of phenolic principles but no alkaloid, tannins or flavonoids were detected.     

Antiplasmodial and antiamoebic activities of medicinal plants from Sierra Leone

Crude ethanol extracts of 18 medicinal plants from Sierra Leone, West Africa were examined for antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, using an in vitro microtest. Eleven of these extracts were also screened for in vitro antiamoebic activity against Entamoeba histolytica. Only one plant extract, Triclisia patens (Menispermaceae) showed significant antiplasmodial activity (IC(50) = 8 microg/mL). None of the plant extracts was effective against Entamoeba histolytica.     

In vitro antiplasmodial activity of 18 plants used in Congo Brazzaville traditional medicine

Sixty-six extracts of 18 plants commonly used by traditional healers in Congo Brazzaville for the treatment of malaria have been investigated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts of 7 among the 18 studied plants were moderately active (10 microg/ml相似文献   

Evaluation of the flora of Puerto Rico for in vitro antiplasmodial and antimycobacterial activities.

The emergence of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis underscores the need for novel drugs that are effective against these microorganisms. As part of our screening programme of the flora of Puerto Rico, we tested a number of ethanol extracts of higher plants for antiplasmodial and antimycobacterial activities. A total of 40 extracts belonging to 23 plant families and 37 species were tested for antiplasmodial activity. Five extracts demonstrated activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro (50%-100% parasite suppression at 5 microg/mL). Another 63 extracts belonging to 30 plant families and 50 species were tested in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Two extracts were found to be active, Ficus citrifolia and Pisonia borinquena (85% or more inhibition of microbial growth at 100 microg/mL of extract).     

Antimalarial and cytotoxic activities of ethnopharmacologically selected medicinal plants from South Vietnam

Malaria is a major global public health problem and the alarming spread of drug resistance and limited number of effective drugs now available underline how important it is to discover new antimalarial compounds. An ethnopharmacological investigation was undertaken of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat malaria in the South Vietnam. Forty-nine plants were identified, 228 extracts were prepared and tested for their in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum, and assessed for any cytotoxicity against the human cancer cell line HeLa and the embryonic lung MRC5 cell line. In a first screening at a concentration of 10 microg/ml, 92 extracts from 46 plants showed antiplasmodial activity (parasite growth inhibition >30%). The IC(50) values of the most active extracts were determined as well as their selectivity towards Plasmodium falciparum in comparison to their cytotoxic effects against the human cell lines. Six plants showed interesting antiplasmodial activity (IC(50) ranging from 0.4 to 8.6 microg/ml) with a good selectivity: two Menispermaceae, Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. and Fibraurea tinctoria Lour., and also Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr. (Simaroubaceae), Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex Benn. (Irvingiaceae), Elaeocarpus kontumensis Gagn. (Elaeocarpaceae) and Anneslea fragrans Wall. (Theaceae).     

In vitro antiprotozoal activities and cytotoxicity of some selected Cameroonian medicinal plants

Eight extracts from seven selected Cameroonian medicinal plants, traditionally used to treat malaria and other protozoal diseases, were tested in vitro for their antiprotozoal activities against Plasmodium falciparum K1 chloroquine-resistant strain, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, protozoa responsible for malaria, visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis, respectively. The most active extract against Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense was the methanolic extract of Albizia zygia (Fabaceae) stem bark with IC(50) values of 1.0 microg/ml and 0.2 microg/ml, respectively. Five extracts showed IC(50) values below 5mug/ml against Leishmania donovani, with the methanolic seed extract of Harungana madagascarensis showing the highest activity, but only the methanolic extract of Albizia zygia showed activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Cytotoxicity and selectivity indexes were estimated for the most active extracts. The best ratio of cytotoxicity to antiplasmodial activity (SI(a)=14) was established for the methanolic leaf extract of Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae), while the methanolic stem bark extract of Albizia zygia showed the best ratio of cytotoxicity to antitrypanosomal activity (SI(b)=22.5).     

Antimalarial activity of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in S. Tomé and Príncipe islands

The present study investigates the antimalarial activity of 13 medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in S. Tomé and Príncipe (STP) islands in the Gulf of Guinea, aiming at identifying the most effective plants for further research. Fieldwork was carried out with the collaboration of 37 traditional healers from both islands, during an ethnobotanical study, which was conducted from 1993 to 1999. Our results indicate that the traditional healers in STP use several medicinal plants against fever and/or 'malaria' which reveal strong antiparasitic activity in vitro: four of the plant extracts have evident antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum, with IC(50) values <10 microg/ml, and also revealed hepatic schizontocidal activity (<5-35 microg/ml). In vivo, the extracts caused partial reduction of Plasmodium berghei parasitaemia in mice.     

In vitro screening of some Strychnos species for antiplasmodial activity

The antiplasmodial activity of crude extracts of 19 species of Strychnos (Loganiaceae) was assessed in vitro against a chloroquine-susceptible strain of Plasmodium falciparum. For each species, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts were analysed and, for the most active species, methanolic (MeOH) extracts were also tested. Among them, Strychnos variabilis De Wild. seemed to be very promising (inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) < 5 microg/ml) whereas two other species, Strychnos gossweileri Exell and Strychnos mellodora S. Moore, could be interesting (IC50 < 15 microg/ml) in further antimalarial studies.     

Antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities in vitro of Colombian Annonaceae

Ethnobotanical and chemotaxonomical studies for antiparasitic activity of Colombian Annonaceae were carried out. In vitro antiprotozoal activity of 36 extracts obtained from six different species was determined against promastigotes of three Leishmania species, epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi and both chloroquine sensitive (F32) and resistant (W2) Plasmodium falciparum. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated in U-937 cells. Active extracts were selected according their selectivity index (SI). Extracts from Annona muricata, Rollinia exsucca, Rollinia pittieri and Xylopia aromatica were active against Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi showing IC50 values lower than 25 microg/ml. Hexane extract from Rollinia pittieri leaves was the most selective against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. (IS=10 and 16, respectively). The extracts from Desmopsis panamensis, Pseudomalmea boyacana, Rollinia exsucca and Rollinia pittieri showed good antiplasmodial activity (IC50 < 10 microg/ml). No correlation between antiplasmodial activity and inhibition of beta-hematin production was found. The present study gives specific and useful information about antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities of some Annonaceae extracts. Results presented here also demonstrate which plants and/or plant parts could be useful in the treatment of leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease and malaria.     

In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalised in South Africa

The increasing prevalence and distribution of malaria has been attributed to a number of factors, one of them being the emergence and spread of drug resistant parasites. Efforts are now being directed towards the discovery and development of new chemically diverse antimalarial agents. The present study reports on the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of 134 plant taxa native to or naturalised in South Africa, representing 54 families, which were selected semi-quantitatively using weighted criteria. The plant extracts were tested for in vitro activity against a Plasmodium falciparum strain D10 using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay. Of the 134 species assayed, 49% showed promising antiplasmodial activity (IC(50)< or = 10 microg/ml), while 17% were found to be highly active (IC(50)< or = 5 microg/ml). Several plant species and genera were shown for the first time to possess in vitro antiplasmodial activity. These results support a rational rather than random approach to the selection of antiplasmodial screening candidates, and identify a number of promising taxa for further investigation as plant-based antimalarial agents.     

Antiplasmodial activity of selected sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on Acacia nilotica.

Twenty-two plant organs from eleven plants comprising five families were extracted and screened for antiplasmodial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (chloroquine sensitive) and Dd2 (chloroquine resistant and pyrimethamine sensitive). Fifty nine percent of plant extracts from 22 extracts exerted activity on P. falciparum strain 3D7 with an IC(50) less than 50 microg/mL, whereas 43% of plant extracts showed an IC(50) value within 50 microg/mL on Dd2 strains. Plant extracts from Gardenia lutea, Haplophyllum tuberculatum, Cassia tora, Acacia nilotica and Aristolochia bracteolata possessed IC(50) values less than 5 microg/mL on both tested strains. Bioassay guided fractionation of A. nilotica revealed that the ethyl acetate extract possessed the highest activity (IC(50) = 1.5 microg/mL). Fraction 2 (R(f) = 0.75) prepared by preparative chromatography showed the highest activity on P. falciparum (IC(50) = 1.7 microg/mL). Phytochemical analysis indicated that the most active phase contained terpenoids and tannins and was devoid of alkaloids and saponins. The effect of plant extracts on lymphocyte proliferation showed low toxicity to the human cells. This plant has been subjected to long term clinical trials in folk medicine and is a promising plant.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and plasmodial enoyl-ACP reductase inhibition potential of turkish medicinal plants

A total of 58 extracts of different polarity were prepared from various organs of 16 species of Turkish plants and screened for their antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial activities. No significant activity was observed against Trypanosoma cruzi, whereas many extracts showed appreciable trypanocidal potential against T. brucei rhodesiense, with the CHCl(3)-soluble portion of Phlomis kurdica being the most active (IC(50) 2.7 microg[sol ]mL). Almost all extracts, particularly the CHCl(3) phases, exhibited growth inhibition activity against Leishmania donovani amastigotes. The CHCl(3)-solubles of Putoria calabrica roots (IC(50) 1.9 microg[sol ]mL), Wendlandia ligustroides leaves (IC(50) 2.1 microg[sol ]mL) and Rhododendron luteum leaves (IC(50) 2.3 microg[sol ]mL) displayed the highest leishmanicidal potential. The majority of the extracts also possessed antiplasmodial activity against the multi-drug resistant K1 Plasmodium falciparum strain. The most potent antiplasmodial activity was observed with the CHCl(3) extracts of Phlomis kurdica (IC(50) 1.5 microg[sol ]mL), P. leucophracta (IC(50) 1.6 microg[sol ]mL), Scrophularia cryptophila (IC(50) 1.8 microg[sol ]mL), Morina persica (IC(50) 1.9 microg[sol ]mL) and the aqueous root extract of Asperula nitida subsp. subcapitellata (IC(50) 1.6 microg[sol ]mL). Twenty-one extracts with significant antimalarial activity (IC(50) < 5 microg[sol ]mL) were also tested for their ability to inhibit the purified enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI), a crucial enzyme in the fatty acid biosynthesis of P. falciparum. The CHCl(3) extract of Rhododendron ungernii leaves (IC(50) 10 microg[sol ]mL) and the H(2)O-soluble portion of Rhododendron smirnovii leaves (IC(50) 0.4 microg[sol ]mL) strongly inhibited the FabI enzyme. The preliminary data indicate that some (poly)phenolic compounds are responsible for the FabI inhibition potential of these extracts. The presented work reports for the first time the antiprotozoal activity of nine different genera as well as a target specific antimalarial screening for the identification of P. falciparum FabI inhibitors from medicinal plant extracts.