内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值. 方法 对86例胆囊切除术后综合征患者行ERCP检查明确病因后,对胆管结石者行EST和EPBD后取石;对乳头炎性狭窄者行EST或EPBD治疗;对乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口和SOD者行EPBD治疗;对乳头肿瘤和肝门胆管癌行EMBE;对化脓性胆管炎,继发性胆总管多发结石、结石难以一次取净及术后胆瘘、胆管中段狭窄者行ENBD. 结果 83例(96.5%)ERCP成功.未发现异常7例.胆管结石45例,41例经1~3次内镜取石后取净.乳头炎性狭窄4例,经EST或EPBD治疗1次成功.乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口7例,SOD 2例,行EPBD治疗1次成功.胆管中段狭窄4例,2例行EPBD成功.乳头肿瘤4例,肝门胆管狭窄5例,行内支架治疗后黄疸减退.胃十二指肠溃疡3例.胆囊管结石残留2例.总的并发症发生率6.97%. 结论 ERCP能及早发现胆囊切除术后问题,确切病因并给予相应内镜治疗.     

内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的: 探讨内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值.方法: 对86例胆囊切除术后综合征病人行ERCP检查明确病因后,对胆管结石者行EST和EPBD后取石;对乳头炎性狭窄者行EST或EPBD治疗;对乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口和SOD者行EPBD治疗;对乳头肿瘤和肝门胆管癌行EMBE;对化脓性胆管炎,继发性胆总管多发结石、结石难以一次取净及术后胆瘘、胆管中段狭窄者行ENBD.结果: 83例(96.5%)ERCP成功.未发现异常7例.胆管结石45例,其中41例经1~3次内镜取石后取净.乳头炎性狭窄4例,经EST或EPBD治疗1次成功.乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口7例,SOD 2例,行EPBD治疗1次成功.胆管中段狭窄4例,2例行ENBD成功.乳头肿瘤4例,肝门胆管狭窄5例,行内支架治疗后黄疸减退.胃十二指肠溃疡3例.胆囊管结石残留2例.总的并发症发生率6.97%.结论: ERCP能及早发现胆囊切除术后综合征确切病因并给予相应内镜治疗.     

EST治疗LC术后胆总管结石体会

目的 探讨腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)后行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)和内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胆总管结石的安全性和效果. 方法 对LC术后出现黄疸或胆管炎的56例胆总管结石患者,行ERCP明确诊断并利用EST取石. 结果 56例患者共取出结石72枚,3例第2次行ERCP并用气囊取石成功,术后患者均痊愈出院,复查B超无结石残存或胆管扩张. 结论 EST治疗胆囊切除术后胆总管结石,安全、无创、有效,是治疗LC术后胆总管结石的首选方法.     

三镜联合在胆囊结石合并胆总管结石治疗中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜、十二指肠镜、胆道镜在胆囊结石合并胆总管结石治疗中的作用及最优选择.方法 对2003年8月至2006年11月间我院收治的52例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者进行腹腔镜、十二指肠镜、胆道镜联合治疗,分析微创手术的疗效及安全性.结果 2005年12月以前患者23例,均行腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管切开胆道镜取石,均放置T管引流.1例术后1 d T管脱出行腹腔镜T管放置术,另有1例术后3个月拔除T管时出现胆漏而行腹腔引流术.2006年1月以后患者29例,根据术前检查发现胆总管结石大小决定是否术前行十二指肠镜治疗.其中6例胆总管结石≥12 mm者直接行腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管切开胆道镜检查取石,2例放置T管引流;23例行术前乳头括约肌切开(endoscopic sphinctemtomy,EST),成功取石16例(69.6%),随后行腹腔镜胆囊切除;7例取石失败后行腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管切开胆道镜取石,1例放置T管引流;未放置T管引流者共10例均行胆总管一期缝合.术后未出现胆漏、胆管狭窄以及胆总管残余结石等并发症.结论 ①腹腔镜、十二指肠镜、胆道镜联合是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的趋势,具有创伤小、恢复快及并发症少的优点.②腹腔镜手术前是否行十二指肠镜取石应按胆总管结石大小来确定,对于胆总管结石超过12 mm或十二指肠镜取石失败的病例选择腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗.③腹腔镜下胆总管切开一期缝合是安全的,并可避免T管相关并发症.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术39例分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)及胆总管探查、一期缝合的指征和疗效. 方法 39例LC术后立即探查胆总管,并进行胆道镜检查和取石,在取尽结石、确定胆总管下端无狭窄的情况下,用可吸收线一期缝合胆总管. 结果 术后出现胆漏3例,经保守治疗治愈,余36例无胆道并发症.随访33例,时间3~24个月,无结石残留和胆管狭窄发生. 结论 如病例选择恰当,腹腔镜下胆总管一期缝合是安全有效的.     

胆囊切除术后近期梗阻性黄疸相关问题探讨

目的 探讨胆囊切除术后近期梗阻性黄疸的原因、诊断依据和防治原则.方法 对我科2000年1月至2008年12月间经治的单纯胆囊切除术后近期出现梗阻性黄疸的18例临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 医源性胆道损伤7例,胆总管结石4例,胆道炙性狭窄4例,胆道恶性肿瘤2例,胆瘘、胆汁性腹膜炎1例.单纯内镜治疗8例;再手术9例;1例胆管狭窄患者因黄疸消退而出院观察.17例痊愈,1例术后继发肝肾功能衰竭而自动出院.结论 胆囊切除术后近期的梗阻性黄疸以损伤和结石因素多见,炎性狭窄和肿瘤因素少见.完善的术前检查和谨慎的术中操作是预防胆囊切除术后黄疸的关键.黄疸发生后的积极对因处理是唯一有效的治疗方法,而ERCP则是诊断和治疗胆囊切除术后黄疸的重要手段之一.     

腹腔镜下胆总管探查治疗胆总管残余结石和复发结石的经验总结

目的 探讨腹腔镜下胆总管探查治疗胆总管残余结石和复发结石的手术方式和经验.方法 回顾性分析我院2005年2月至2011年10月间59例经腹腔镜行胆总管探查治疗胆总管残余结石和复发结石的临床资料.结果 59例患者中成功53例(89.8％);失败6例,均中转开腹手术.近期并发症中胆瘘4例,拔T管后胆汁性腹膜炎1例,均经非手术治疗痊愈,无术后出血;胆石残留2例(结石清除率96.2％),术后2个月经T管胆道镜取石治愈.结论 腹腔镜胆总管切开取石治疗胆总管残余结石和复发结石,创伤小、恢复快,在治疗胆囊切除术后的胆总管结石上可以发挥更大的作用.     

术中经胆囊管胆道镜检查胆总管的临床探讨

目的 探讨术中经胆囊管入路胆道镜检查胆总管并治疗胆总管结石的可行性和安全性. 方法 对1998年10月至2005年5月间20例具有胆道探查指征的患者,施行经胆囊管置入胆道镜进行检查、取石,治疗后结扎胆囊管残端,胆总管内不置引流. 结果 成功19例,失败1例.其中发现结石15例,结石取净率100%(15/15),阴性检查4例.术中无胆道损伤,术后无胆漏等并发症,随访未发现残余结石. 结论 术中经胆囊管入路胆道镜检查与传统的经胆总管前壁切开入路相比,具有创伤小、安全、不损伤胆总管、免除患者术后带T管等优点.适用于胆囊结石合并胆总管小结石或胆道扩张可疑结石的患者,是比较理想的方法之一.     

腹腔镜切肝联合纤维胆道镜治疗左肝内及胆总管结石7例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜下免切开胆总管治疗左肝内及胆总管结石的适应证与手术疗效.方法 对7例胆总管免切开腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管及左肝内胆管结石伴肝叶纤维化病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 6例患者成功行腹腔镜胆囊切除、左肝外叶切除,经左肝断面胆管行胆道镜探查取石,手术时间145~295 min,术中出血240~750 m L,无输血.术后3~5 d左肝断面引流管均顺利拔除,无胆漏及腹腔内出血.1例胆总管有残余小结石,予以内镜下乳头括约肌切开术成功取出结石.术后患者住院时间为5~9 d,2个月后复查未见明显残余结石.1例因胆总管结石较多不易取出及结石有嵌顿导致手术失败,而行胆总管切开取石T管引流.结论 胆总管免切开腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗左肝内及胆总管结石是安全可行的.     

治疗性ERCP在胆胰疾病中的应用

目的 探讨治疗性经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在胆胰系统疾病中的治疗价值.方法 对2004年4月至2008年4月间我院收治的887例经ERCP治疗的病例资料进行回顾性分析,以评价治疗性ERCP在各种胆胰疾病中的应用价值.结果 治疗性ERCP成功率94.1%,治疗病例中胆管结石最多,占65.6%,其次为恶性胆道梗阻,占12.2%.急性胆源性胰腺炎占7.6%.胆道良性狭窄占5.0%,急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎占5.0%,胆道术后胆漏占1.4%,慢性胰腺炎占1.8%.包括高淀粉酶血症在内的并发症发生率为7.7%,无严重并发症和死亡病例.结论 治疗性ERCP对多种胆胰疾病疗效确切,是一种安全有效的胆胰疾病微创治疗手段.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.