2010—2014年长兴县婴幼儿传染病疫情分析

目的分析长兴县婴幼儿传染病疫情特点,为疾病防控提供依据。方法采用描述性研究方法,在中国疾病预防控制信息系统中收集2010—2014年长兴县婴幼儿传染病疫情数据资料并结合人口学数据资料进行婴幼儿传染病疫情分析。结果 2010—2014年长兴县婴幼儿传染病平均年发病率为4 992.24/10万,发病率呈上升趋势(P0.05),以肠道传染病(88.46%)和呼吸道传染病(10.94%)为主,类别分布以丙类传染病(92.06%)为主,发病前5位是其他感染性腹泻病、手足口病、水痘、流行性腮腺炎和猩红热。结论 2010—2014年长兴县婴幼儿传染病发病率总体呈现上升趋势,以其他感染性腹泻病和手足口病为主。     

惠州市其他感染性腹泻病流行特征分析

目的了解惠州市其他感染性腹泻病的流行特征,为制订感染性腹泻病防治措施提供依据。方法疫情资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统,对2012—2014年惠州市其他感染性腹泻病病例进行回顾性分析。结果2012—2014年惠州市共报告其他感染性腹泻病6 062例,年平均报告发病率为43.68/10万,3年均无死亡病例报告。男性年平均报告发病率51.84/10万高于女性的34.87/10万(P0.01),病例主要为3岁以下婴幼儿(5 118例),占84.43%,以散居儿童为主。惠城区报告发病率(74.54/10万)和发病数(3 554例)高于其他县(区),大亚湾区报告发病率呈逐年上升趋势(P0.01)。各月均有发病报告,秋冬季呈高发,其中11月—次年1月发病占64.04%。结论惠州地区其他感染性腹泻病在11月—次年1月高发,惠城区发病率最高,发病以3岁以下散居的婴幼儿为主。     

桐乡市腹泻就诊儿童轮状病毒检测结果

轮状病毒(RV)所致婴幼儿腹泻是儿童疾患中仅次于呼吸道感染的常见多发病,也是婴幼儿死亡的主要原因之一。全世界每年因腹泻住院的5岁以下儿童中有25%~55%是由RV引起的[1],全球每年约有35万~59万儿童死于RV感染,并且主要在发展中国家[2],RV已成为儿童急性腹泻病最重要的病原之一。为了解本地区婴幼儿RV感染的     

污染的断奶食品:婴幼儿腹泻的主要危险因素

据估计,全世界(中国除外)5岁以下的儿童每年有14亿人次患腹泻病,1990年有300多万患儿死于腹泻。有高达70%的腹泻可能是由食物传播的病原体引起的。然而,预防婴幼儿腹泻病及其有关的营养不良,往往只限于提倡母乳喂养和改善供水卫生质量与卫生设施,忽视对食品加工者(特别是母亲们)进行食品安全教育的重要性。     

克拉玛依市细菌性腹泻病病原学监测分析

目的了解克拉玛依市细菌性腹泻病病原学特点及流行病学特征,为细菌性腹泻病的防治提供理论依据。方法采集克拉玛依市第一人民医院门急诊腹泻病患者肛拭子,常规增菌、分离、纯化,根据国标应用生化鉴定法鉴定病原菌。结果该市112例腹泻病患者,致病菌检出29例,阳性检出率为25.89%;铜绿假单胞菌检出9例,检出率为8.04%。5岁以下婴幼儿为细菌性腹泻病高发人群。8月份为腹泻病高发期。致病菌构成中,铜绿假单胞菌占首位(31.03%),其次为沙门菌(24.14%)和志贺菌(24.14%)。沙门菌亚型主要以肠炎沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌为主;而志贺菌只检测到福氏(B群)这一个亚型,痢疾(A群)、鲍氏(C群)以及宋内(D群)亚型均未检出,福氏志贺氏2a为优势菌株。结论该市细菌性腹泻病主要以婴幼儿高发,病原菌主要为铜绿假胞菌、沙门菌、志贺菌。铜绿假单胞菌引起的腹泻病应引起重视,避免滥用抗生素。     

河北某县婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻发病状况与疾病负担的监测研究

【目的】对卢龙县婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻发病状况进行流行病学调查,为预防控制婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻提供科学依据。【方法】以建立的农村腹泻病监测点和卢龙县医院和妇幼保健院住院治疗的腹泻病人为监测对象,采用流行病学调查方法和应用聚丙酰胺凝胶电泳法(PAGE),酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法,对腹泻病人进行流行病学调查,并收集腹泻粪便样本进行轮状病毒的检测。【结果】卢龙县5岁以下儿童腹泻病发病率平均为1.31/(年.人),轮状病毒腹泻发病率为13.4%,5岁以下儿童因轮状病毒腹泻住院率为8.9‰,住院治疗的重症腹泻病人的轮状病毒检测阳性率为45.6%,非住院经村医治疗的轻型腹泻轮状病毒检出率为8.9%,全国每年5岁以下儿童因患轮状病毒腹泻总耗资约26万元。有一些腹泻病人死亡可能与轮状病毒感染有关。【结论】我国农村地区轮状病毒腹泻流行严重,急待研发疫苗加以控制。     

口服轮状病毒活疫苗的研究和应用

世界卫生组织的报告显示，每年大约有1060万5岁以下婴幼儿死亡，其中腹泻病是主要的死因之一，每年全球大约有150万～200万婴幼儿死于腹泻有关的疾病或并发症。在发展中国家每年近50万个孩子死于轮状病毒（RV）感染疾病，全世界住院治疗三分之一的腹泻病人为轮状病毒感染。轮状病毒是1973年由Bishop等在墨尔本，研究婴幼儿胃肠炎的十二指肠黏膜细胞活检标本中发现。人轮状病毒（HRV）是婴幼儿感染性腹泻的常见病原体，在世界范围内，每年大约有70万例患儿因此死亡。HRV有很强的传染性，主要传播途径为“粪一口传播”，但也可能存在“呼吸道传播”，高危人群主要为6月龄～3岁的婴幼儿。疫苗能较好控制HRV重症腹泻。现就这方面的研究和应用概况作一综述。     

沈阳市2005～2010年其他感染性腹泻病流行趋势分析

目的掌握沈阳市其他感染性腹泻病流行趋势,为制订防制规划措施及评价实施效果提供准确依据。方法利用描述流行病学方法分析沈阳市其他感染性腹泻病疫情资料。结果 2005～2010年其他感染性腹泻病年均发病率为15.84/10万,其中城区为23.63/10万,农村为8.36/10万(P﹤0.005);7～8月发病数占全年的30.31%,呈明显的夏季发病高峰;男性其他感染性腹泻病年均发病率为18.61/10万,女性其他感染性腹泻病年均发病率为12.99/10万(P﹤0.005),男女性别比为1.47:1;散居儿童报告其他感染性腹泻病发病数占全部病例的59.32%,职业高峰明显;0～2岁年龄组占55.35%,呈典型的婴幼儿高发。结论应做好卫生宣传和健康教育工作,养成良好卫生习惯;加强食品安全和饮水卫生监理工作,做好粪便无害化和灭蝇工作;加强疫情报告及监测预警分析,有效控制其他感染性腹泻病流行。     

福州市婴幼儿腹泻三种病毒感染状况调查

为了解福州地区婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒(RV)、诺瓦克样病毒(NLV)及肠道腺病毒(EAdV)感染状况及其型别特点,我们对1997年12月至2002年12月在福建省立医院门诊或住院的295例婴幼儿腹泻粪便标本,进行这三种病毒感染的流行病学调查。 1.材料与方法: (1)标本来源:295例婴幼儿腹泻粪便标本采自福建省立医院因腹泻病住院或门诊的患儿,诊断标准按1993年10月修订的《中国腹泻病诊断治疗方案》。将收集的粪便标本以     

小儿腹泻病的诊断与治疗

<正>腹泻病是一组由多病原、多因素引起的以大便次数增多和大便性状改变为特点的消化道综合征,是我国婴幼儿最常见的疾病之一[1]。6个月~2岁婴幼儿发病率高,1岁以内约占半数,是造成儿童营养不良、生长发育障碍甚至死亡的主要原因之一。婴幼儿容易患腹泻病,主要易感因素包括:(1)消化系统发育尚未成熟,胃酸和消化酶分泌少,酶活力偏低,不能适应食物质和量的较大变化。婴幼儿水代谢旺盛,婴儿每日水的交换量为细胞外液量的1/2,而成人     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.