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1.
Stress related to parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder can differently affect caregiver's physiological reactivity to acute stress. Here, parental stress levels, psychological characteristics, and coping strategies were assessed alongside measures of heart rate, heart rate variability, and cortisol during a psychosocial stress test in mothers of children with ASD (M‐ASD, n = 15) and mothers of typically developing children (n = 15). M‐ASD reported significantly higher levels of parental stress, anxiety, negative affectivity, social inhibition, and a larger preference for avoidance strategies. M‐ASD showed larger heart rate and cortisol responses to the psychosocial stress test. A positive relationship was found between parental stress levels and the magnitude of the cortisol stress response in both groups. The present findings indicate exaggerated physiological reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in M‐ASD and prompt further research to explore the role of individual differences in mediating the effects of parental stress on physiological stress responses.  相似文献   

2.
The present study investigates the relationship between stress and health in young adults. We predicted that academic stressor exposure would lead to an increase in self‐reported stress and health symptoms, as well as alterations in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and salivary cortisol concentration. Thirty‐four healthy participants were administered stress and health inventories and tested to assess SIgA and cortisol levels during a baseline (low‐stress) session and during an examination (high‐stress) session. Self‐report stress and health scores increased between low‐ and high‐stress sessions in all participants. Cortisol level also increased between study sessions, but only in those participants who experienced an increase in perceived stress. No changes in SIgA were observed. Multiple linear regression revealed that baseline SIgA and cortisol level moderated the relationship between stressor exposure and health outcome. Participants with low basal SIgA levels and high basal cortisol levels had poorer health outcomes during the examination session than did participants with high basal SIgA levels and low basal cortisol levels. Neither cortisol reactivity, nor SIgA reactivity moderated the relationship between stressor exposure and health outcome. These findings suggest that individual differences in basal immune and endocrine activity predict stress‐related susceptibility to ill health. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
Although previous studies indicate a negative association between caregivers' anger and health, the potential mechanisms linking this relationship are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore the potential mediating role of optimism in the relationship between anger and caregivers' physical health. Dementia caregivers (n = 108) were interviewed and filled out instruments assessing their anger (reaction), optimism and health (vitality). A mediational model was tested to determine whether optimism partially mediated the relationship between anger and vitality. Angry reaction was negatively associated with optimism and vitality; optimism was positively associated with vitality. Finally, the relationship between angry reaction and vitality decreased when optimism was entered simultaneously. A non‐parametric bootstrap approach confirmed that optimism significantly mediated some of the relationship between angry reaction and vitality. These findings suggest that low optimism may help explain the association between caregivers' anger and reduced sense of vitality. The results provide a specific target for intervention with caregivers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

4.
The COVID-19 pandemic, and the response of governments to mitigate the pandemic's spread, resulted in exceptional circumstances that comprised a major global stressor, with broad implications for mental health. We aimed to delineate anxiety trajectories over three time-points in the first 6 months of the pandemic and identify baseline risk and resilience factors that predicted anxiety trajectories. Within weeks of the pandemic onset, we established a website ( covid19resilience.org ), and enrolled 1362 participants (n = 1064 from US; n = 222 from Israel) who provided longitudinal data between April–September 2020. We used latent growth mixture modelling to identify anxiety trajectories and ran multivariate regression models to compare characteristics between trajectory classes. A four-class model best fit the data, including a resilient trajectory (stable low anxiety) the most common (n = 961, 75.08%), and chronic anxiety (n = 149, 11.64%), recovery (n = 96, 7.50%) and delayed anxiety (n = 74, 5.78%) trajectories. Resilient participants were older, not living alone, with higher income, more education, and reported fewer COVID-19 worries and better sleep quality. Higher resilience factors' scores, specifically greater emotion regulation and lower conflict relationships, also uniquely distinguished the resilient trajectory. Results are consistent with the pre-pandemic resilience literature suggesting that most individuals show stable mental health in the face of stressful events. Findings can inform preventative interventions for improved mental health.  相似文献   

5.
The broaden‐and‐build theory of positive emotions suggests that positive emotions can widen the range of potential coping strategies that come to mind and subsequently enhance one's resilience against stress. Studies have shown that high stress, especially chronic levels of stress, strongly contributes to the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, researchers have also found that individuals who possess high levels of resilience are protected from stress and thus report lower levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Using a sample of 200 postdoctoral research fellows, the present study examined if (a) positive emotions were associated with greater resilience, (b) coping strategies mediated the link between positive emotions and resilience and (c) resilience moderated the influence of stress on trait anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results support the broaden‐and‐build theory in that positive emotions may enhance resilience directly as well as indirectly through the mediating role of coping strategies—particularly via adaptive coping. Resilience also moderated the association of stress with trait anxiety and depressive symptoms. Although stress is unavoidable and its influences on anxiety and depressive symptoms are undeniable, the likelihood of postdocs developing anxiety or depressive symptoms may be reduced by implementing programmes designed to increase positive emotions, adaptive coping strategies and resilience. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

6.
The objectives of this article are to introduce a conceptual framework for physical resilience in the context of ageing and to discuss key elements and challenges in the design of studies of physical resilience after health stressors. Advancing age is associated with increasing exposure to multiple stressors and declining capacity to respond to health stressors. Resilience is defined broadly as the ability to resist or recover well from the adverse effects of a health stressor. In ageing-related study designs of physical resilience after a health stressor, this dynamic resilience response can be observed as changes in repeated measures of function or health status in various domains important to older adults. Methodologic issues in selecting the study population, defining the stressor, covariates, outcomes, and analytic strategies are highlighted in the context of an ongoing prospective cohort study of physical resilience after total knee replacement surgery. The article concludes with approaches to intervention development to optimize resilience.  相似文献   

7.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of some personality traits to the physiological and psychological response to a standardized laboratory psychosocial stressor (trier social stress test). Cortisol and affective response (anxiety and mood) were analysed in a mixed‐sex group composed of 35 young adults who participated in a crossover design (18 men and 17 women). After verifying a statistically significant response to the trier social stress test in all parameters studied in both sex groups, exploratory cluster analyses were carried out to identify sub‐groups based on their psychophysiological responses. These analyses showed two different groups: subjects displaying lower psychological response along with higher cortisol response (cluster 1) compared with the group with high affective reactivity along with lower cortisol response (cluster 2). Interestingly, we also found significant differences in trait anxiety and coping styles when the two clusters were compared. Subjects in cluster 1 showed lower scores on trait anxiety and higher scores on active coping, whereas the subjects in the second cluster obtained higher scores on anxiety and on coping focused on emotions and mental disengagement. These findings support the importance of personality traits and coping styles in understanding the overall integrative psychobiological responsiveness to social stress. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

8.
A host of interventions are now known to be helpful to alleviate subjective distress and improve well‐being in dementia caregivers. However, few intervention studies have focused on measures of physical health, and none have examined cortisol as an outcome—despite the fact that cortisol is regarded as a crucial biological intermediary by which chronic stress leads to disease. In this study, we examined demographic and psychosocial factors as predictors of salivary cortisol at a baseline assessment, among a sample of 175 Latino/Hispanic and Caucasian women caring for a family member with dementia. We also examined the influence of a cognitive–behaviour‐based psychoeducational intervention (Coping with Caregiving) on cortisol at a post‐treatment assessment, compared with a minimal support condition. Results revealed that caregivers with high intensity caregiving situations, characterized by long hours of care and co‐residence with the care recipient, tended to have less adaptive cortisol patterns. However, these ‘at‐risk’ caregivers benefited most from the Coping with Caregiving intervention and had more normal cortisol patterns at post‐treatment, compared with caregivers in the control condition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

9.
What do we know about resilience in crime victimization? In this article, the authors discuss resilience defined as protective factors (e.g., personality characteristics, biological characteristics, social and cultural factors, and community characteristics); as a process of adaptation (e.g., self‐enhancement, positive cognitive appraisals, coping styles, and spirituality), including an iterative perspective on resilience as a cascade of protective processes; and as positive outcomes (e.g., lack of symptoms) following exposure to adverse events. Within each of these definitional frameworks, they consider general conceptual issues pertaining to resilience and then the small body of research that has focused specifically on resilience and some type of crime victimization. Research and clinical implications are discussed.  相似文献   

10.
In recent years, reports of institutional abuse within the Catholic Church have emerged and research on the consequences on mental health is in its beginnings. In this study, we report findings on current mental health and resilience in a sample of adult survivors of institutional abuse (N = 185). We compared 3 groups of survivors that differed regarding their current mental health to investigate aspects of resilience, coping, and disclosure. The majority of the sample was male (76.2%), the mean age was 56.28 (SD = 9.46) years, and more than 50.0% of the sample was cohabiting/married. Most of the survivors reported severe mental health problems. Known protective factors (education, social support, age) were not associated with mental health in our sample. Our findings corroborate that institutional abuse has long‐term effects on mental health. We found that fewer emotional reactions during disclosure, task‐oriented coping, and optimism were associated with better mental health. The study was limited by a cross‐sectional design, but we conclude that the kind of institutional abuse reported is especially adverse, and thus typical protective factors for mental health do not apply. Future research should focus on intrapersonal factors and institutional dynamics to improve treatment for persons affected by institutional abuse.  相似文献   

11.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) have recently gathered internal and external input towards a shared understanding of resilience in the wide context of human health and the biomedical sciences that would help accelerate advances in human health and its maintenance. This shared view is that resilience refers in general to a system's capacity to recover, grow, adapt, or resist perturbation from a challenge or stressor. Over time, a system's response to a challenge might show varied degrees of reactions that likely fluctuate in response to the type of challenge (internal and/or external), severity of the challenge, the length of time exposed to the challenge, other external factors and/or biological factors (innate and/or external). We have embarked on this special issue as an opportunity to explore commonalities amongst viewpoints on the science of resilience covered by the various NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices (ICOs) with respect to the characterization of various systems, stressors, outcomes measures and metrics, and interventions and/or protective factors that are shared within each domain and across multiple domains. Here, resilience is characterized broadly by four areas of scientific study: molecular/cellular, physiologic, psychosocial and spiritual, and environmental/community resilience. Each area or domain provides general frameworks for designing studies that may help advance the science of resilience within the context of health maintenance. This special issue will also acknowledge the remaining gaps that impede advancement of the science of resilience and offer considerations for potential next steps towards addressing the research gaps.  相似文献   

12.
The present research moved beyond focusing on negative dispositions to investigate the influence of positive aspects of personality, namely extraversion and openness, on stress responses including appraisals, affect and task performance. Challenge appraisals occur when stressor demands are deemed commensurate with coping resources, whereas threat appraisals occur when demands are believed to outweigh coping resources. We examined the unique influence of personality on stress responses and the mediating role of appraisals. Personality was assessed, and then participants (N = 152) were exposed to a validated math stressor. We found unique effects on stress responses for neuroticism (high threat and negative affect and low positive affect), extraversion (high positive and low negative affect) and openness (high positive and low negative effect and better performance). Mediation analyses revealed that neuroticism indirectly worsened performance, through threat appraisals, and that openness indirectly increased positive affect through lower threat. These findings highlight the importance of investigating multiple aspects of personality on stress responses and provide an avenue through which stress responses can be changed—appraisals. Only by more broad investigations can interventions be tailored appropriately for different individuals to foster stress resilience. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
14.
This study evaluates the relationship between spirituality, resilience, anger and health status, and posttraumatic symptom severity in trauma survivors. A community sample (N = 1,200) completed an online survey that included measures of resilience, spirituality (general beliefs and reincarnation), anger, forgiveness, and hatred. In survivors of violent trauma (n = 648), these measures were evaluated with respect to their relationship to physical and mental health, trauma-related distress, and posttraumatic symptom severity. Using multivariate regression models, general spiritual beliefs and anger emerged in association with each outcome, whereas resilience was associated with health status and posttraumatic symptom severity only. Forgiveness, hatred, and beliefs in reincarnation were not associated with outcome. The importance of these findings to treating trauma survivors is discussed.  相似文献   

15.
Risk and resilience factors presumably explain the individual differences in the response to adversity. However, little is known about how such factors are related. Risk and protective factors may reflect a quantitative difference along a single dimension (e.g., low IQ might be associated with risk and high IQ with resilience); however, they may also refer to orthogonal constructs that interact and/or moderate stress effects to increase or diminish the probability of developing trauma-related psychopathology (e.g., good coping could offset low IQ). The authors illustrate experimental strategies for distinguishing between these possibilities for any putative measure relating to symptom development, using a database that includes published and unpublished psychological and biological variables from a relatively homogenous cohort of exposed and nonexposed veterans.  相似文献   

16.
Exposure to racial discrimination has been linked to physiological reactivity. This study investigated self‐reported exposure to racial discrimination and parasympathetic [high‐frequency heart rate variability (HF‐HRV)] and sympathetic (norepinephrine and cortisol) activity at baseline and then again after acute laboratory stress. Lifetime exposure to racial discrimination was measured with the Schedule of Racist Events scale. Thirty‐two women (16 Black and 16 White) with type 2 diabetes performed a public speaking stressor. Beat‐to‐beat intervals were recorded on electrocardiograph recorders, and HF‐HRV was calculated using spectral analysis and natural log transformed. Norepinephrine and cortisol were measured in blood. Higher discrimination predicted lower stressor HF‐HRV, even after controlling for baseline HF‐HRV. When race, age, A1c and baseline systolic blood pressure were also controlled, racial discrimination remained a significant independent predictor of stressor HF‐HRV. There was no association between lifetime discrimination and sympathetic markers. In conclusion, preliminary data suggest that among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), exposure to racial discrimination is adversely associated with parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, reactivity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
This study investigated the resilience resources and coping profiles of patients with diabetes. A total of 145 patients with diabetes completed a questionnaire packet including two measurements of coping (COPE and Coping Styles Questionnaires) and personal resources. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was also assessed. Resilience was defined by a factor score derived from measures of self‐esteem, self‐efficacy, self‐mastery and optimism. All of the maladaptive coping subscales were negatively associated with resilience (r's range from ?0.34 to ?0.56, all p values are <0.001). Of the adaptive coping subscales, only acceptance, emotional support and pragmatism were positively associated with resilience. The upper, middle and lower tertiles of the resilience factor were identified, and the coping profiles of these groups differed significantly, with low‐resilience patients favouring maladaptive strategies much more than those with high‐ or moderate‐resilience resources do. Resilience groups did not differ in HbA1c levels; correlation coefficients of the coping subscales with HbA1c were explored. This study demonstrates a link between maladaptive coping and low resilience, suggesting that resilience impacts one's ability to manage the difficult treatment and lifestyle requirements of diabetes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
Optimism has been noted as a primary protective factor in understanding mental health symptomatology in clinical and non‐clinical settings. Any exploration of optimism has been absent in understanding mental health outcomes among homeless people. This study, using intensive interviews with 168 homeless adults in Northwest Arkansas, examines the role that social support and optimism play in lessening the negative impact of homeless circumstances/experiences on mental health symptomatology. Using OLS, findings support a mediating/protective role that social support and optimism play in lowering the negative effects of childhood life experiences on depressive symptoms among homeless persons. Despite the overwhelming conditions of homelessness, persons with higher levels of optimism and social support report lower depression and anxiety symptoms. The findings are discussed paying particular attention to the importance of developing and maintaining the perception of support and resiliency in preserving a positive outlook for the future among homeless persons facing often‐debilitating circumstances. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
Two studies of the Effort–Reward Imbalance (ERI) model of work stress with different end points were undertaken in community samples from the Adelaide (Australia) metropolitan area. Study 1 examined the relationship between ERI at work and state anger. Study 2 extended the first and examined the relationship between ERI, anger and cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms. Hierarchical multiple regression confirmed a significant relationship between ERI and state anger in Study 1 even after controlling for extraneous variables. Study 2 showed that ERI increases CVD symptoms via the mediating variable of anger (an indirect effect). Furthermore, Study 2 revealed that people of lower income were more likely to experience higher anger. The results of both studies have far ranging consequences for the emotional and physical health of individuals who are experiencing an imbalance between their efforts and perceived rewards at work and those with lower incomes may be more vulnerable. The wider public health implications of the relationship between work stress, and emotional and physical well being in the community are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

20.
Studies of self‐selection for stressful experiences have employed different models advocating variables specific to those models. These investigations typically utilize personal resource or psychological distress measures to predict occurrences of life events and daily hassles. The purpose of this investigation was to combine both types of measures to estimate the occurrence of life events and daily hassles prospectively. Using hierarchical multiple regression, occurrences of stressful experiences were regressed on personal resource variables (mastery, self‐esteem, conscientiousness and neuroticism), perceived social support, avoidance coping, gender and psychological distress assessed 10 weeks prior. Results indicated that depressive symptoms and avoidance coping were consistent estimators for both types of stressor. The influence of mastery, self‐esteem, neuroticism, social support and gender varied across stressor categories. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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