脊柱手术后脑脊液漏的治疗

目的:评价单纯更换切口敷料、术区持续引流和经皮蛛网膜下腔引流对脊柱术后脑脊液漏的治疗效果.方法:2003年1月～2008年6月我科实施脊柱手术2481例,术后44例出现脑脊液漏,其中男29例,女15例,年龄25～65岁,平均49.1岁.在切口愈合前应用抗生素预防感染,同时分别进行单纯更换切口敷料(A组,19例)、延长术区引流时间(B组,19例)、腰部经皮蛛网膜下腔脑脊液引流(C组,6例),对3种治疗方法的疗效和并发症进行评价.结果:A组中9例(47.4%)切口愈合,术后平均16.8d脑脊液漏消失,其中3例合并假性硬膜囊肿;10例(52.6%)治疗失败,其中4例1周内脑脊液漏出无减少趋势,3例行单纯硬膜修补,脑脊液漏于术后14d消失,1例行蛛网膜下腔引流后当日脑脊液漏消失,5例(26.3%)合并脊膜炎,经蛛网膜下腔引流和注入抗生素,脑脊液漏于置管当日消失,3d后治愈,1例(5.3%)合并切口感染.假性硬膜囊肿和切口感染者采用直接硬膜修补和经皮蛛网膜下腔引流均获得治愈,蛛网膜下腔引流后第1日脑脊液漏消失.B组脑脊液漏的消失及引流的平均时间为7.2d,切口均Ⅰ期愈合,未出现脊膜炎和切口感染.C组引流后平均1.8d脑脊液漏消失,平均引流时间为6.9d,切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染等并发症.结论:延长术区引流时间和经皮蛛网膜下腔引流是治疗脊柱手术后脑脊液漏的有效方法,单纯更换切口敷料效果较差、并发症较多.     

微创腰椎间盘镜手术并发脑脊液漏的处理

[目的]评价术后有限延长引流6~7 d,或结合经皮穿刺置中心静脉导管持续引流,治疗腰椎MED术后脑脊液漏的效果。[方法]回顾性分析2009年10月~2014年10月本科行腰椎MED手术560例,出现脑脊液漏21例,其中15例(A组)为术中发现,棉片覆盖硬膜破口,完成手术后,给予放置引流管及密闭引流袋引流6~7 d直至拔管;6例(B组)术后发现有脑脊液漏,未置引流管,超声引导下,采用经皮穿刺置管、引流。观察脑脊液漏引流持续时间、术后卧床和切口愈合时间及相关并发症。[结果]A、B两组脑脊液漏消失或引流管拔出时间分别为术后(6.4±0.5)d,(6.7±0.8)d;卧床时间为(8.1±1.0)d,(13.5±1.3)d;切口愈合时间为(14.1±0.9)d,(17.5±2.5)d。B组患者术后第2~3 d出现皮下膨隆,或穿刺发现积液,其中1例术后第3 d发现脑脊液从手术切口漏出,清创后,穿刺置中心静脉导管再延长引流时间后愈合。术后1年复查超声或MRI均未发现硬膜外明显脑脊液肿。[结论]采用有限延长引流6~7 d,或结合经皮穿刺置中心静脉导管持续引流,治疗腰椎MED术后脑脊液漏,简单有效、并发症少。     

加压包扎早期拔管治疗胸腰椎术后脑脊液漏

目的评价切口持续加压包扎结合早期拔管治疗胸腰椎术后脑脊液漏的临床效果。方法本组脑脊液漏42例,男性18例,女性24例;年龄12～71岁,平均32岁。先天性脊柱侧凸合并骨嵴12例,胸椎管狭窄症8例,腰椎管狭窄症13例,腰椎间盘突出症5例,腰椎滑脱症4例。A组35例术中行硬脊膜切开或硬脊膜破裂,其中29例术中行硬脊膜修补,术中严密缝合切口,切口放置大棉垫,用腹带持续加压包扎至引流管拔出后3d。术后3d切口无渗出,拔除引流管,如果切口渗出脑脊液,切口丝线间断缝合无渗出3d后拔出引流管;B组7例术中未发现脑脊液漏却于术后发现采取上述方法处理。术后抗生素预防感染5～7d,观察切口愈合时间、切口感染和假性硬脊膜囊肿等并发症。结果A组30例术后3d拔出引流管,脑脊液漏消失;5例切口渗出,间断缝合切口无渗出3d后拔出引流管,脑脊液漏消失。B组7例术后3d拔出引流管,脑脊液漏消失。42例患者切口均一期愈合,无一例切口感染和假性硬脊膜囊肿形成。结论术中严密缝合切口,切口放置大棉垫,用腹带持续加压包扎结合早期拔管治疗术中和术后脑脊液漏,方法简单,效果可靠。     

术区持续引流切口愈合后拔管缝合管口治疗脊柱爆裂性骨折术后脑脊液漏疗效观察

目的评价术区持续引流、切口愈合后拔管缝合管口治疗脊柱爆裂性骨折术后脑脊液漏的效果。方法对自2004年6月~2010年6月收治的脊柱爆裂性骨折术后脑脊液漏61例采用体位调节、切口加压包扎治疗(A组,20例),经皮蛛网膜下置管脑脊液引流治疗(B组,20例),术区持续引流、切口愈合后拔管缝合管口治疗(C组,21例)。结果 A组切口脑脊液漏消失时间为(19.0±3.9)d,切口愈合时间为(25.0±4.6)d,8例初期治疗失败。B组切口脑脊液漏的消失时间为(3.0±1.0)d,切口愈合时间为(16.0±2.6)d,6例初期治疗失败。C组切口愈合时间为(13.0±1.0)d,均初期治疗成功。C组切口无脑脊液漏,与A、B组两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),切口愈合时间短于A、B组两组(P<0.05),初期治疗成功率高于A、B组两组(P<0.05)。结论采用术区持续引流、切口愈合后拔管缝合管口方法治疗脊柱爆裂性骨折术后脑脊液漏疗效满意,效果优于常规方法。     

颈椎手术并发脑脊液漏的治疗

目的探讨颈椎手术并发脑脊液漏(CSFL)的治疗方法。方法对颈椎手术215例中并发CSFL12例,术中采用硬膜破损缝合、筋膜片修补、明胶海绵压迫,配合术后引流管口缝合,保持切口干燥及腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流等方法治疗。结果8例术后未见明显脑脊液被引流出,切口一期愈合。4例于术后5、6d拔除引流管后仍持续有较多脑脊液渗出,其中2例采用腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流,于7d和14d后切口愈合;1例采用缝合法治愈;1例缝合后切口处出现大小2cm×2cm波动性包块,3周后消失。结论颈椎手术并发CSFL根据硬脊膜损伤不同给予相应的修复是首选方法,术后控制引流量、并发症能有效防治术后脑脊液漏的发生。     

止血海绵覆盖治疗腰椎后路减压术中硬膜囊撕裂的临床疗效观察

目的 :观察止血海绵覆盖治疗腰椎后路减压术中硬膜囊撕裂导致显性脑脊液漏的临床疗效,探讨其治疗硬膜囊撕裂的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月～2016年6月在我院行后路腰椎手术治疗的1896例患者资料(初次手术1850例,翻修手术46例),术中发现硬膜囊撕裂86例(初次手术78例,翻修手术8例),其中男35例,女51例,年龄18～72(53.8±8.3)岁,所有硬膜囊破口术中均行缝合修补。根据是否适用止血海绵覆盖分为两组,A组(46例)术中使用止血海绵覆盖硬膜囊联合明胶海绵加压处理缝合后的硬膜囊破口,B组(40例)术中常规皮下深筋膜覆盖硬膜囊联合明胶海绵覆盖加压处理缝合后的硬膜囊破口。收集患者一般资料、疾病类型、手术时间、硬膜囊撕裂长度、术中失血量,记录两组患者术后脑脊液漏的发生率及其每日引流量、引流管留置时间、起床活动时间、术后脑脊液漏早期并发症情况。术后出现脑脊液漏患者末次随访均复查腰椎MRI,观察术后脑脊液漏远期并发症,是否形成硬膜囊假性囊肿或脑脊液窦道形成。结果 :A组与B组之间性别、年龄、疾病类型、术中硬膜囊撕裂大小、手术时间、术中失血量无统计学差异(P0.05),A组术后脑脊液漏发生率15.2%(7/46)低于B组35.0%(14/40),两组间有统计学差异(P0.05);A组中术后出现脑脊液漏患者引流管留置时间(3.5±1.3d)及平均每日脑脊液引流量(125.0±59.3ml)明显低于B组(10.5±2.1d;329.0±103.1ml),两组间有统计学差异(P0.05);A组中术后出现脑脊液漏患者起床活动时间7.5±1.6d,B组为14.5±2.2d,两组间有统计学差异(P0.05);末次随访时A组出现低颅压性头痛(2/7)、切口渗漏不愈(0/7)、切口感染(0/7)等早期脑脊液漏并发症低于B组(8/14、2/14、1/14)(P0.05)。术后出现脑脊液漏患者术后随访复查腰椎MRI,A组未见明确硬膜外脑脊液囊肿或皮下窦道形成,B组存在硬膜外脑脊液囊肿1例,无皮下脑脊液窦道形成。结论:应用止血海绵覆盖硬膜囊治疗后路腰椎减压术中硬膜囊撕裂导致的显性脑脊液漏有效,可减少脑脊液漏引流管留置时间及引流量,降低术后脑脊液漏的发生率及其相关的早期并发症。     

胸腰椎后路手术并发隐性脑脊液漏治疗经验总结

目的总结胸腰椎后路手术并发隐性脑脊液漏的治疗经验,探讨切口部位引流管留置最佳时间,分析降低脑脊液切口漏出风险的方法。方法回顾性分析2011年1月-2013年1月,胸、腰椎后路手术后发生隐性脑脊液漏的26例患者临床资料。男15例,女11例;年龄36~59岁,平均48.7岁。术后出现头痛19例;恶心5例,其中呕吐3例。23例引流管通畅、术后2 d内无脑脊液从皮肤切口漏出者,于第3天行夹闭引流管试验,其中21例无脑脊液切口漏出并拔管;2例出现脑脊液切口漏出,保守处理后第10天拔管。3例术后2 d内出现脑脊液切口漏出且保守处理无效者,再次手术清创、缝合切口,并留置引流管,术后第3天明确无脑脊液切口漏出后拔管。患者拔管后继续卧床3~5 d。结果患者切口均愈合,愈合时间7~15 d,平均8 d。无1例出现切口感染、持续性脑脊液漏等并发症。拔管后患者头痛、恶心、呕吐等症状均立即缓解。患者均获随访,随访时间12~24个月,平均16个月。6个月时MRI检查示手术部位无1例出现皮下硬脊膜假性囊肿。结论切口缝合质量是预防胸腰椎后路手术并发隐性脑脊液漏的关键因素。在保证缝合质量的前提下,可于术后第3天拔管。拔管前行夹闭引流管试验明确有无脑脊液切口漏出,以减少拔管后脑脊液从手术切口漏出的风险。     

椎管内神经鞘瘤的手术治疗及术后脑脊液漏的处理

目的：探讨手术治疗椎管内髓外硬膜下神经鞘瘤的疗效及术后脑脊液漏的处理办法。方法：2000年1月。2006年6月采用后路手术治疗髓外硬膜下神经鞘瘤患者29例，男17例，女12例，年龄24—65岁，平均44．6岁。颈段10例，胸段5例，腰、骶段14例。全部病例术中均切断肿瘤累及的神经根，其中18例采用脊柱内固定及后外侧植骨融合术。观察患者肿瘤切除及术后脑脊液漏发生情况。结果：29例患者中，27例获肿瘤全切，2例大部切除。所有患者术后均出现脑脊液漏，其中未采用内固定的患者引流3～5d夹闭引流管，8例愈合，3例经局部缝合后愈合；采用内固定的患者脑脊液漏持续时间较长，引流11-14d拔管并缝合引流口后愈合。术后平均随访27个月，26例患者的症状全部或部分缓解，3例术后神经症状加重，末次随访时2例恢复至术前状态，1例未能恢复。肿瘤全切除患者未见复发迹象，部分切除者残余肿瘤无明显增大。结论：手术切除治疗椎管内髓外硬膜下神经鞘瘤可取得较好疗效；对脊柱稳定性破坏较多者术中需使用内固定重建脊柱稳定性，但可能导致脑脊液漏持续时间延长，增加发生感染风险。     

老年腰椎椎管狭窄症患者术中硬膜囊撕裂位置及术中术后处理对策

目的探讨老年腰椎椎管狭窄症患者手术发生硬膜囊撕裂的解剖学机制,比较撕裂位置及术中、术后处理对策。方法回顾性分析2012年01月~2014年01月本院行腰椎后路手术的216例〉70岁老年患者,记录患者一般资料、病程时间、术前诊断、手术方式和节段、术中硬膜囊撕裂的位置、术后脑脊液漏情况和处理方法以及并发症等。结果共计151例患者入选,其中男89例,女62例,年龄70~93岁,平均78.12岁。术中发生硬膜囊撕裂共计34例,术后出现脑脊液漏23例,硬膜囊撕裂位置发生率硬膜囊后外侧〉根袖〉硬膜囊外侧〉硬膜囊腹侧。术中采取硬膜囊缝合修补、明胶海绵压迫、生物蛋白胶粘合等处理,术后常规给予预防感染、神经根脱水、补液等治疗,均于术后3~10 d拔管,3~4周切口愈合,全部患者未出现严重并发症。结论 〉70岁老年腰椎椎管狭窄症患者术中硬膜囊撕裂及术后脑脊液漏的发生率高于整体人群,且多位于硬膜囊后外侧及根袖,术中及时发现并仔细缝合或修补破损的硬膜、术后间断夹闭引流管、延长拔管时间能获得良好的效果。     

脊柱手术脑脊液漏的诊治进展

脑脊液漏是脊柱手术常见并发症之一,据文献报道术中硬脊膜损伤发生率在0.6%-7.4%之间,术后脑脊液漏的发生率在2.3%-9.37%。术中行硬脊膜修复,加用生物蛋白胶,逐层严密缝合,术后常规切口旁放置引流管并间断夹闭,改变体位、局部加压,必要时行腰大池引流,使用广谱抗生素及对症支持治疗,并及时给予心理治疗及中医中药治疗等,可以有效治愈脑脊液漏,减少并发症、促进伤口愈合。     

Complications of lumbar spinal fluid drainage.

Cerebrospinal fluid fistula is an unfortunate, yet well-recognized, complication of basilar skull fracture, skull base surgery, and neurotologic procedures. Treatment commonly involves the use of continuous lumbar drainage. A retrospective chart review of 32 consecutive patients who required placement of lumbar drain by the otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgical services from March 1988 through July 1991 was undertaken to assess possible complications. The complications found were readily separated into minor and major categories on the basis of the possibility of permanent morbidity or mortality. Minor complications, including subjective complaints of headache, nausea, vomiting, etc., were noted in 59% of patients. Major complications were observed in four of 32 patients (12.5%), including unilateral occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery and unilateral true vocal cord paralysis. Alleviation of all complications was achieved by cessation of lumbar drainage. These cases are presented with discussion of pathogenesis. These findings demonstrate the possibility of potentially serious complications that mandate close monitoring of patients who require continuous lumbar drainage.     

Selective deep spinal hypothermia with vacuum-assisted cerebral spinal fluid drainage for thoracoabdominal aortic surgery

Recent experiences from several centers indicate that the overall risk of spinal cord ischemia during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair has decreased to 5-8%. The results from these centers are rather consistent, despite the use of a variety of spinal protection strategies. An alternative to the various distal aortic perfusion techniques is selective spinal cooling by cold saline lavage. The principle advantage of selective hypothermia is the avoidance systemic heparinization and extracorporeal by-passes, while affording comparable spinal protection. The primary method of spinal cooling was pioneered by Cambria et al. at Massachusetts General Hospital. In their experience, paraplegia or paresis occurred in 6.9% of patients (5-year period, 170 cases). An alternative to the Cambria method utilizes readily available perfusion supplies and offers the potential advantages of lower cerebral spinal fluid-systemic blood pressure differences, more expedient cooling, and deeper spinal hypothermia. This report describes this method and the clinical course of a patient treated with it.     

腰穿持续外引流术治疗脑室系统出血

腰穿持续外引流术是脑脊液净化疗法中的一种主要方法。国内有关侧脑室持续外引流术报道较多。而对腰穿持续外引流术报道较少。本院于2004年8月至2005年8月。采用腰穿持续外引流术治疗37例脑室系统出血的住院患，现报道如下。     

术后反应性疼痛与引流液炎症因子相关性

目的探讨腰椎术后反应性疼痛与引流液中炎症因子的相关性。方法 2012年3月—7月,40例单节段腰椎椎间盘突出患者在本院行单节段腰椎后路椎板减压、椎间盘切除、椎间植骨融合内固定术。其中出现术后非切口部位的腰臀部或下肢疼痛13例。于术后1~3 d连续记录出现非切口部位疼痛的视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分。术后1~3 d连续留取伤口引流液,检测伤口局部炎症因子白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平及外周血炎症因子水平;术后1~3 d连续检测红细胞沉降率(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)。通过统计学分析,探讨炎症因子与疼痛程度、ESR及CRP的相关性。结果引流液IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α水平与术后疼痛VAS评分呈正相关,而与血液中炎症因子水平无相关性,与ESR,CRP无相关性。结论腰椎术后反应性疼痛与术后引流液中IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α水平显著相关,提示疼痛与术后炎症因子的局部增加有密切的关系。     

Disappearance of hemifacial spasm following spinal drainage: a case report

This report is concerned with a case of right hemifacial spasm (HFS) occurring in a 65-year-old woman, who incidentally had a left internal carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm. The aneurysm was successfully treated by clipping its neck. However, spinal drainage had to be performed postoperatively in order to prevent possible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, as the roof of the sphenoid sinus was accidentally opened during the aneurysm surgery. Liquorrhea was observed and stopped on the 5th postoperative day. The drain was then removed only to be reset because CSF rhinorrhea recurred 8 days later, when the HFS began to subside. When the spinal drain was finally removed 9 days later, the HFS was scarcely seen. The HFS was thought to be due to the compression of the right facial nerve by the ipsilateral AICA. The draining of the CSF might have changed the amount and flow of the liquor and consequently the positional relationship among the facial nerve, the AICA and the arachnoid membrane, resulting in neurovascular decompression.     

Complications of permanent bladder catheter drainage in spinal cord injury patients

We reviewed the effect of permanent bladder catheter drainage on the course of 59 long-term spinal cord injury patients. Current renal function, findings on excretory urography and major renal, bladder, genital and urethral complications were tabulated. Although all long-term spinal cord injury patients had severe renal function, depression and abnormal excretory urograms patients with indwelling bladder catheters had a significantly higher complication rate than those managed without an indwelling catheter.     

Modified placement of cervical drainage tube for anterior cervical spinal surgery

Little attention has been paid to the drainage wound scar caused by anterior cervical spine surgery; this causes patients to complain for cosmetic reasons. Therefore, we designed a modified placement of the cervical drainage tube to improve the esthetics. We made a subcutaneous drainage tube with an entry on the inferior-lateral site of the ipsilateral clavicle. No iatrogenic damage occurred due to the placement of the tube; the tube-entry wound healed well, and the scar could be hidden behind the collar or in the shadow of a necklace, thus, these patients were satisfied with the postoperative appearance of the neck.     

Subdural haemorrhage following lumbar spinal drainage during repair of thoraco-abdominal aneurysm

Physicians in charge of patients undergoing thoracic or thoraco-abdominal aneurysmectomy, frequently use lumbar spinal drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to prevent paraplegia. Whereas the profit of this technique is a much debated question, we report 2 case reports of delayed sub-dural hemorrhage, after lumbar spinal drainage of CSF. Cross clamping of the aorta decreases the spinal cord artery pressure, increases the cerebral pressure and by alterations of distribution of the venous return, is responsible for an increase of the CSF pressure. This increase of the CSF pressure decreases the spinal cord driving pressure. Lumbar spinal drainage of CSF aims to improve the spinal cord driving pressure close to the normal (where driving pressure = aortic pressure - CSF pressure). The two case reports have to be added to the liability of a method of prevention that, as attractive that it is, did not give the proof of its efficiency to decrease the frequency and/or the severity of paraplegia after thoracic or thoraco-abdominal aneurysmectomy. At this time, this technique should be reserved to the patients with documented risk, as it is possible using preoperative spinal cord arteriography. The insertion and the withdrawal of the catheter must be done in the usual conditions of medullar puncture with regard to anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents     

Bacillus cereus meningitis complicating cerebrospinal fluid fistula repair and spinal drainage

Non-anthrax Bacillus species are rare, but serious causes of bacterial meningitis in those either immunocompromised or treated with CSF diversion. Although resistant to first-line antibiotics, they usually respond to chloramphenicol. We report a case of fulminant Bacillus cereus meningitis that complicated lumbar spinal drainage which proved resistant to all first-line antibiotics including chloramphenicol.