白血病患儿及其父母心理特点调查分析

目的探讨初诊及长期无病生存白血病患儿的情绪、自我意识特征及其父母的情绪特点。方法选用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表和Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表分别对40例初诊白血病、20例长期无病生存白血病和50例正常对照儿童进行评定,同时采用焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表对两组白血病儿童的父母进行心理测评。结果白血病患儿的焦虑和抑郁总分均显著高于正常对照组(P值分别为0.028和0.045);其中长期无病生存组患儿在躯体化/惊恐、广泛性焦虑和社交恐怖分量表评分明显高于正常对照组(P值分别为0.002、0.019、0.001和0.000)。初诊组患儿在社交恐怖分量表得分亦显著高于正常对照组(P=0.004),在学校恐怖分量表得分显著低于正常对照组(P=0.020)。总体白血病患儿的自我意识总分低于正常对照组(P=0.003),其中长期无病生存组在焦虑、合群、幸福与满足分量表得分显著低于正常对照组(P值分别为0.041、0.037和0.037),但自我意识总分与正常对照组相比差异无显著性(P=0.581);而初诊白血病组患儿在自我意识总分及行为、智力与学校情况、躯体外貌与属性、焦虑分量表得分显著低于正常对照组(P值分别为0.007、0.001、0.005、0.031和0.001)。白血病组父母焦虑和抑郁得分均显著高于我国常模组(P0.001),其中初诊白血病组父母的焦虑和抑郁症状检出率显著高于长期无病生存组(P值分别为0.015和0.032)。患儿父母的焦虑和抑郁得分有明显的相关性(r=0.95,P0.001),但与患儿的焦虑、抑郁及自我意识得分均无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论白血病患儿及其父母较正常对照组有更多的焦虑和抑郁情绪,白血病患儿的自我意识降低。因此,应重视对白血病患儿及其父母进行心理辅导及治疗。     

Screening programs to identify children at risk for diabetes mellitus: psychological impact on children and parents

Screening programs to identify persons atrisk for diabetes mellitus (DM), before disease onset, are considered essential to understanding the natural history of the disease and for prevention program development. However, screening programs are complicated by imprecise markers of disease risk, the absence of a known effective prevention method, the use of children, and a wide variety of psychological, social, and educational challenges. Research relevant to four issues is presented: (1) parent and child anxiety in response to at-risk notification as well as how participants cope with this news; (2) accuracy of mothers' understanding of their babies' risk status; (3) predictors of participant recruitment and retention in longitudinal studies of this type; and (4) protocol compliance in prevention trials for type 1 DM. Integration of behavioral research into screening and prevention trials would help address the ethical concerns raised by such trials and improve their scientific quality.     

Coping and adaptation in parents of children suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The coping and adaptation of 30 parents of children suffering from A.L.L. (during first remission), was studied with the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT-Indian modification). Emotional distress was evident in the stories of 83%, only 37% maintained an expectation of a positive outcome. Parents' psychiatric morbidity was found to be associated with the gender of the parent, employment status, and on the TAT-with the expectation of an unfavourable outcome, feelings of lack of self efficacy and emotional distress. particularly depression. A significant association between the presence of psychiatric disturbance in the children and the parents was also found.     

The psychosocial impact of an infantile haemangioma on children and their parents

Infantile haemangiomas (IHs) are common, benign vascular tumours in children that appear soon after birth and regress before the age of 12 years. Physicians have always been concerned about the considerable psychosocial impact these lesions might have on children and their parents. This is the first critical review of studies on the psychosocial impact of IHs on children and their families. Future directions for research are suggested. As propranolol is becoming the most common first choice treatment for IHs, this article discusses its use in the light of this review.     

The power and perils of animal models with urogenital anomalies: Handle with care

Congenital abnormalities of the urogenital tracts form a major part of clinical practice for paediatric urologists, but their knowledge of normal and abnormal development is often limited. Advances in understanding frequently come from studying experimental findings from animal models, however, most clinicians underestimate both the power and perils of extrapolating scientific knowledge from animals. In this review, the key issues that urologists need to understand in order to link animal studies to clinical practice are discussed. Urologists must avoid the traps of anthropomorphism (assuming humans are always the same as animal models) or anthropocentrism (assuming humans are too different from animal models). This review used two common disorders: hypospadias and undescended testes.     

以家庭为中心的整体干预对骨折患儿父母心理的影响

目的探讨以家庭为中心的整体干预模式对骨折患儿父母心理状况的影响。方法采用整群抽样的方法,收集2013年1月至2015年6月收治的196例单纯四肢骨折患儿的父母作为研究对象,对照组(n=100)给予常规治疗及护理措施,干预组(n=96)在常规治疗及护理的基础上采取以家庭为中心的整体干预模式。两组家长在干预前与出院前使用SCL90症状自评量表进行评估。结果两组患儿父母组间比较无明显差别(P0.05),与全国SCL90常模比较有显著差别(P0.01);经以家庭为中心的整体干预手段后,两组患儿家长的SCL90量表评分均下降,自身前后比较有统计学意义(P0.05),且干预组与对照组比较有显著差别(P0.05)。结论四肢骨折患儿父母入院后普遍存在负面心理情绪,经不同的护理模式干预后,患儿父母的心理状况逐渐好转,其中以家庭为中心的整体干预模式能够更有效的缓解四肢骨折患儿父母的负面情绪。     

The psychological development of children of epileptic parents. II. The differential impact of intrauterine exposure to anticonvulsant drugs and further influential factors

After obtaining evidence that tetratogenic effects were operant in a sample of children born to epileptic mothers, we analyzed the effects of type of medication and further influential factors. Children with prenatal exposure to polytherapy had significantly lower scores than controls for a large number of psychological tests. In addition to polytherapy, there were even stronger effects of socioeconomic status and sex was found to be less influential than polytherapy. Among further epilepsy variables, only seizure frequency of the mother during pregnancy had a modest impact on the child's developmental outcome, whereas a score of obstetric abnormality was less effective in predicting developmental outcome, as measured and defined by various standardized psychological tests.     

The psychological impact of forced displacement and related risk factors on Eastern Congolese adolescents affected by war

Background: While the current knowledge base on the mental health effects of displacement is mainly limited to refugees residing in industrialised countries, this paper examines the impact of war‐induced displacement and related risk factors on the mental health of Eastern Congolese adolescents, and compares currently internally displaced adolescents to returnees and non‐displaced peers. Methods: Data were collected from a community sample of 819 adolescents aged 13 to 21 years, attending one of 10 selected schools across the Ituri district in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Respondents completed culturally adapted self‐report measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms (using the Impact of Event Scale – Revised) and internalising and externalising behaviour problems (by means of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist – 37 for Adolescents). Associated factors studied were age, sex, parental death, exposure to war‐related violence and daily stressors. Results: Internally displaced persons (IDPs) reported highest mean scores for the IES‐R and the HSCL‐37A internalising scale, followed by returnees, while non‐displaced adolescents scored significantly lower. However, ANCOVA tests showed that posttraumatic stress and internalising symptoms were mainly associated with traumatic exposure and daily stressors and not with displacement status. Externalising problem scores were associated with traumatic exposure, daily stressors and displacement. Remarkably, death of father was associated with fewer externalising problems. Sex was differently associated with internalising and externalising problems through traumatic and daily stressors. Conclusions: As IDPs are highly exposed to violence and daily stressors, they report most psychological distress, when compared to returnees and non‐displaced peers. The distinct mental health outcomes for returned youngsters illustrate how enhancing current socio‐economic living conditions of war‐affected adolescents could stimulate resilient outcomes, despite former trauma or displacement.     

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??Previous study using Eysenck personality questionnaire??Achenbach children’s behavior checklist??SF-36 quality of life questionnaire??Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and other methods found that the children with thalassemia major had psychological behavior problems??such as poor social competence??anxiety??depression??social withdrawal??hyperactivity. Their parents experienced shock??denial??sadness and anger??adaptation and cognitive psychological changes??then gradually adapted over time. Patients education, cognitive therapy??behavioral therapy??mental resilience training??focused coping model of intervention in the treatment of children with thalassemia and their parents’psychological behavior problems can help them better cope with daily life??fulfill the role of society??and achieve better quality of life.     

血液肿瘤患儿及其家长心理特点的对照研究

为了解血液肿瘤患儿及其家长的心理特点，制定综合治疗方案和提高生活质量提供依据，采用艾森克人格问卷（儿童）（EPQ）、Achenbach儿童行为评定量表（CBCL）对57例年龄6岁－11岁的血液肿瘤患儿进行个性、行为的心理测试，采用90项症状自评量表（SCL－90）对57例患儿家长进行心理卫生状况调查。结果表明，血液肿瘤患儿E质个性低于对照组（P＜0．05）；行为问题发生率为21．1％％，男性多有交往不良、躯体诉述、违纪，女孩表现为抑郁、社会退缩； 血液肿瘤组患儿家长各项因子分均高于对照组，两组比较差异有极显著意义（P＜0．01）；患儿的行为问题与家长的心理卫生状况有显著的相关性。认为血液肿瘤患儿的个性、行为问题以及家长心理状况应引起医护人员的关注，适当的心理干预是必要的。     

The psychological development of children of epileptic parents. I. Study design and comparative findings

We studied the genetic, neurobiological, teratogenic and psychosocial risks for the development of children born to epileptic parents in (a) children of epileptic mothers with intrauterine exposure to anticonvulsants, (b) children of epileptic mothers without intrauterine exposure to anticonvulsants and (c) children of epileptic fathers. In addition, three matched control groups were also considered. The longitudinal design of the study covered newborns to children of six years of age. A wide range of developmental and psychological tests and a structured interview for the assessment of psychiatric symptoms were used. It was shown that teratogenic factors are operant, whereas there was no indication that the condition of epilepsy in the parents per se had any effect on the developmental outcome of the children. The possible teratogenic effect of anticonvulsants should be studied in more detail.     

Self-esteem in children and adolescents with mobility impairment: impact on well-being and coping strategies

Aim: The first aim was to investigate dimension-specific and global self-esteem in children and adolescents with mobility impairment and to analyse the relation between self-esteem and demographic data and disability characteristics. The second aim was to identify the impact of five self-esteem dimensions on well-being and coping strategies.
Methods: A total of 138 children and adolescents aged 7–18 years with mobility impairment took part in a semi-structured interview. Demographic and disability characteristics were recorded and motor function was assessed. Self-esteem was measured by the 'I think I am' inventory. Perceived overall well-being was measured by a nine-grade visual scale, the Snoopy scale, and coping strategies by the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist.
Results: Although a majority estimated a relatively high level of dimension-specific and global self-esteem, several demographic and disability factors for lower self-esteem were identified. Those who estimated their 'physical characteristics' lower used the coping strategy 'distraction' more often. Three out of five dimensions of self-esteem were positively associated with perceived overall well-being: 'physical characteristics', 'psychological well-being' and 'relationships with others'.
Conclusion: Awareness of vulnerability factors for lower self-esteem in children and adolescents with mobility impairment offer health care professionals specific opportunities to enhance self-esteem in this group.     

Increased prevalence of burnout symptoms in parents of chronically ill children

Aim: To examine the prevalence of burnout symptoms in the context of parenting a chronically ill child. Methods: A total of 252 parents of children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and 38 parents of children with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases participated in a population‐based study. A control group consisted of 124 randomly selected parents of healthy children. We used self‐report questionnaires to assess symptoms of burnout. Results: The main finding was that significantly more parents of children with chronic diseases (36%) scored for clinical burnout, compared with parents of healthy children (20%). Burnout symptoms were most prominent among mothers of children with diabetes, although fathers of children with diabetes and mothers and fathers of children with inflammatory bowel diseases also reported higher levels of various burnout symptoms. Conclusion: Burnout may be a useful model for understanding long‐term parental responses and should be acknowledged among the different types of psychological consequences of the multi‐faceted experience of parenting a child with chronic illness. Gender seems to influence the risk of burnout symptoms. Continued research about other background factors, and how the parents’ situation changes over time are warranted. In the clinic, we need to draw attention to the group of parents who may suffer from burnout.     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯诱导小鼠尿道下裂及对阴茎TGF-β1表达的影响

目的 用邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)诱导建立先天性尿道下裂小鼠模型,研究DEHP对胎鼠阴茎内转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)表达的影响.探讨尿道下裂发生机制.方法 C57BL/6孕鼠随机分为4组:玉米油对照组、DEHP低、中、高剂量组(i00、200、500 nag·kg-1·d-1).各组分别于母鼠孕期12d至17d(GD12～17)持续经口灌注给药.测量GD19雄性胎鼠体重、肛门至尿道口距离(AGD),通过尿道管型(UC)检测尿道解剖组织结构,比较尿道发育情况.应用免疫印迹(Western blot)检测胎鼠阴茎内TGF-β1蛋白量的表达水平.结果 DEHP成功诱导出尿道下裂小鼠动物模型,中、高剂量组AGD及前尿道较对照组明显缩短(P<0.001).实验组阴茎内TGF-β1蛋白表达水平随DEHP剂量增加而逐渐上升.结论 DEHP成功诱导建立先天性尿道下裂小鼠模型,胎鼠阴茎内TGF-β1蛋白异常表达可能是尿道下裂的发生机制之一.     

A prospective study of the psychological adjustment of parents and families of children with cancer

This study compared the psychological adjustment of parents and families of children with cancer, with the adjustment of parents and families in the community. In the weeks after their children's diagnoses, the mothers of children with cancer reported significantly more anxiety and insomnia, somatic symptoms and social dysfunction than mothers in the community. These problems had declined by the time of a 1 year follow-up assessment However, at the follow-up assessment the mothers of children with cancer reported significantly more symptoms of depression and somatic symptoms than mothers in the community. A similar pattern of findings was evident among the fathers although the fathers generally reported less distress than was reported by the mothers. The results also suggest that a year after the children's diagnoses, the families in which there was a child with cancer were functioning less effectively than the families in the community.