Percutaneous suprapubic cystolithotripsy for vesical calculi in children.

BACKGROUND: The majority of vesical calculi in adults can now be treated per-urethrally with the use of ultrasonic or pneumatic lithotripsy. However, the use of these devices is restricted in pediatric patients by the narrow caliber of the urethra. A percutaneous suprapubic approach to the bladder circumvents the problem of urethral caliber in these situations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight children presenting with bladder stones underwent percutaneous suprapubic cystolithotripsy (PCCL) between November 1989 and April 1996. The age ranged from 1.5 to 7 years. The stone size ranged from 0.8 to 2.4 cm. Seven of these were recurrent stones, and five of the patients were female. The procedure was done under general anesthesia, and the equipment was the same as for upper tract endourology. The bladder was distended with saline and a suprapubic puncture made. The nephroscope was introduced after tract dilation and the stone removed, intact if small or after fragmentation if >1 cm. The procedure was done without fluoroscopy. A suprapubic catheter was left in for 48 hours. RESULTS: All patients had an uneventful recovery following stone removal. The average hospital stage was 3 days. Here, the access provided by percutaneous suprapubic cystostomy has been combined with the experience gained in upper-tract endourology to perform procedures that would otherwise require open operation because of nonavailability of urethral access. CONCLUSION: Extension of endourologic procedures to the lower tract reduces morbidity and hospital stay and thus the cost of treatment. Percutaneous suprapubic cystolithotripsy, in our experience, is a safe and cost-effective alternative to open surgery in children.     

Percutaneous cystolithotomy for pediatric endemic bladder stone: experience with 155 cases from 2 developing countries

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively our experience with percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) in children having endemic urinary bladder stones.

Methods

Between January 1993 and June 2003, 155 children younger than 14 years underwent PCCL. The patients' age ranged from 8 months to 14 years (average, 4.5 years). One hundred fifteen patients (74.2%) were 5 years or younger, 31 patients (20%) were between 6 and 10 years, and 9 patients (5.8%) were between 11 and 14 years. There were 153 boys and 2 girls. The stone size ranged from 0.7 to 4 (average, 2.3) cm. The procedure was done under general anesthesia. Dilation of the tract was made under fluoroscopy. The instrument was the adult 26F nephroscope, the same that is used for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Ultrasound disintegration was needed for stones larger than 1 cm. Suprapubic catheter was left for 24 hours. Urethral catheter was kept for 48 hours.

Results

All patients became stone-free. The average operating time was 20 (5-60) minutes. The average hospital stay was 2.7 (2-5) days. No any severe intra- or postoperative complication was observed. The nucleus and/or the main component of the stones were ammonium acid urate in 144 patients (93%).

Conclusions

Based on our experience, we can conclude that PCCL is a safe and effective method for treatment of endemic bladder stones in children. It reduces morbidity and hospital stay, and thus the cost of treatment. Our series proves the nutritional etiology of the endemic pediatric bladder stones.     

经皮膀胱微造瘘输尿管镜碎石加经尿道逆行注水治疗特殊类型膀胱结石

目的 探讨经皮膀胱微造瘘输尿管镜碎石加经尿道逆行注水治疗特殊类型膀胱结石的适应症和疗效.方法 将48例膀胱结石患者分为两组,A组(观察组),B组(对照组).A组患者35例,男性32例,女性3例,平均年龄52.5(5~91)岁,结石伴重度前列腺增生19例,结石伴尿道严重狭窄5例,结石伴髋关节功能障碍不能置膀胱截石位3例,小儿膀胱结石8例.结石大小平均2.8 cm(1.0~4.5 cm),平均1.8枚结石/例.采用耻骨上经皮膀胱微造瘘通道,用Wolf 8/9.8 F输尿管肾镜下气压弹道(或钬激光)碎石治疗.B组(对照组)患者13例,男11例,女2例,平均年龄61.5(17~78)岁,结石伴重度前列腺增生6例,无儿童患者,无尿道狭窄患者,无髋关节功能障碍患者,结石大小平均2.95 cm(2.8~5.0 cm),多发结石8例,平均2.1枚结石/例.采用经尿道腔镜碎石治疗.结果 A组患者结石一次性结石清除率100%(35/35),平均手术时间55 min(15~120 min).B组患者结石一次性结石清除率69.2%(9/13),需二次手术清除干净4例,残石率30.8%,膀胱穿孔1例,膀胱出血中转开放手术1例,术后出现尿道炎伴急性睾丸炎1例:平均手术时间180 min(110~200 min).结论 经皮膀胱微造瘘通道输尿管镜碎石加经尿道逆行注水治疗特殊类型膀胱结石具有简便、安全、高效、微创的特点,值得临床推广.     

输尿管镜气压弹导碎石术治疗儿童下尿路结石

目的：探讨儿童下尿路结石的治疗方法。方法：应用输尿管镜气压弹导碎石术经尿道或膀胱穿刺造瘘通道治疗儿童下尿路结石22例。结果：22例均一次成功击碎结石，治愈率100％。其中2例经膀胱穿刺造瘘通道碎石，术中即将结石取净。20例经尿道膀胱内碎石，术后结石均排净。无一例有并发症。结论：输尿管镜下气压弹导碎石治疗儿童下尿路结石，创伤小，成功率高，并发症少，为一种较理想的治疗方法。     

微创经皮膀胱取石术治疗膀胱结石86例报告

目的 探讨微创经皮膀胱取石术治疗膀胱结石的可行性及相关疗效.方法 我院自2005年6月至2011年4月采用微创经皮膀胱取石术治疗膀胱结石86例.其中成人患者79例,小儿患者7例；男性患者83例,女性患者3例；年龄最大者88岁,最小者2岁.麻醉显效后患者取平卧位,耻骨上2 cm处穿刺入膀胱,建立经皮膀胱通道,留置工作鞘.经鞘置入输尿管镜,行气压弹道碎石,碎石片从鞘中钳取出或冲洗出.术毕缝合穿刺口皮肤,留置导尿.结果 86例手术均获成功,无残余结石,无膀胱穿孔及明显出血,术后排尿通畅,原有尿道狭窄患者无加重,也无新的尿道狭窄发生.结论 微创经皮膀胱取石术治疗膀胱结石具有创伤小、恢复快、清石率高、并发症少、安全及操作简单等优点,可有选择性的在临床开展.     

Percutaneous suprapubic cystolithotripsy approach: for whom? Why?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate the success and complications of percutaneous suprapubic cystolithotripsy (PCCL) in pediatric and adult patients with neurogenic bladder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2000 and 2004, 72 patients, all male (30 children aged 2 to 7 years [mean 4.7 years] and 42 spastic paraplegic adults aged 34 to 62 years [mean 53 years]), with sterile urine underwent PCCL under general anesthesia in one sitting. An 18-gauge needle, Amplatz dilatation set, 30F Amplatz sheath, rigid nephroscope, lithotripter (pneumatic, mechanic), and stone forceps were used. Fluoroscopy was not. A suprapubic catheter was placed in the first two patients only. RESULTS: The dimensions of the stones were on average 3.2 cm (range 1-5 cm) for the pediatric patients and 5.5 cm (4-10 cm) for the adult patients. The operating time was 20 minutes (10-35 minutes). In all cases, the stones were taken out. No serious intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. In all cases, the transurethral catheter was removed on postoperative day 5. No recurrence was observed during the follow-up period (mean 20 months). CONCLUSION: As urethral diameters are narrow in pediatric patients and adult spastic paraplegic patients in whom an endoscopic approach could not be performed, PCCL is a safe alternative with low morbidity and complication rate. The technique is also more advantageous than open surgery with regard to cosmetic outcome and length of the hospital stay.     

经尿道前列腺电切联合小切口膀胱取石术治疗BPH并膀胱结石

目的：探讨BPH合并膀胱结石进行同期治疗更为有效的方法。方法：采用TURP联合经皮小切口卵圆钳膀胱取石术治疗BPH合并膀胱结石患者25例。即在电切镜监视引导下,将卵圆钳经耻骨上小切口插入膀胱腔内取石,再行TURP。结果：25例均一次手术成功,取石率100％,手术时间35～90min,平均65min,其中取石时间3～15min,平均7min;术后留置膀胱造瘘管1～3天,留置尿管3～5天;术后住院时间5～8天,平均6．2天。术后随访3～26个月,无结石复发,Qmax〉15ml／s。结论：TURP联合小切口卵圆钳膀胱取石术治疗BPH合并膀胱结石,具有取石时间短、创伤小、操作简单及安全有效等优点,尤其适合膀胱较大结石或多发结石患者。     

小切口联合经尿道前列腺电切术治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石

目的探讨前列腺增生症合并膀胱结石患者同期行膀胱取石和前列腺切除的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2000年9月～2004年6月我院32例采用小切口联合经尿道前列腺电切术(transurethralresectionoftheprostate,TURP)治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石的临床资料,腹壁小切口取出膀胱结石,利用此切口留置膀胱造瘘,再行TURP。结果32例均一次手术成功,取石率100%。手术时间45～120min,平均60min。术中出血量50～200ml,平均100ml。术后留置膀胱造瘘管2～3d,三腔气囊尿管3～7d。术后住院5～8d,平均6d。32例随访4～16个月,8例尿道狭窄,经尿道扩张后排尿正常,术后最大尿流率>15ml/s。结论对前列腺增生症合并膀胱大结石或多发结石患者,可首选小切口开放取石联合TURP。     

Management of bladder stones with pneumatic lithotripsy using a ureteroscope in children

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pneumatic lithotripsy by using a ureteroscope to treat bladder stones in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven boys presenting with bladder stones underwent transurethral cystolithotripsy. The indication for transurethral cystolithotripsy was stone size 相似文献   

Combined use of percutaneous and transurethral instruments in the preadolescent children with intravesical pathologies

The approach for the intravesical suspicious lesions or stones in the preadolescent children especially in boys is still a challenging problem. Open surgery, percutaneous suprapubic endoscopy or transurethral endoscopic approaches are the treatments of choice in children. However, there is a group in children between the ages of 10 and 12 years, which can be named as grey zone population; the length of the instruments is insufficient for transurethral intervention such as endoscopic stone extraction, transurethral bladder tumor resection especially for the lesion at the posterior bladder wall in this group. The aim of this study is to describe a new technique using laparoscopic instruments for percutaneous bladder stone and tumoral lesion and determines the efficacy of this procedure. Satisfactory results have been obtained in patients with these pathologies. In selected cases, operation time, urethral and mucosal damage, hospital stay, and cost can be decreased to a minimum with this simple technique.     

前列腺增生症合并膀胱结石的治疗方法选择

目的探讨BPH合并膀胱结石进行同期治疗更为有效的治疗方案。方法对笔者所在医院BPH合并膀胱结石患者64例,根据前列腺体积大小、膀胱结石直径及结石数量分别采用TUVP联合SCL治疗或TUVP联合腔内碎石取石术治疗;腔内碎石包括：OMC或PL两种。结果结石直径〉3cm和（或）多发结石（〉10枚）共8例,采用TUVP联合SCL,平均总手术时间（78.0±30.6）min,出血量约（35.6±23.2）mL;平均术后住院时间（6.2±2.1）d。膀胱结石〈3cm和（或）少发结石（〈10枚）共56例,采用TUVP联合OMC或PL治疗方案,平均总手术时间分别为（80.0±38.5）min、（86.0±20.3）min;平均出血量分别为（30.5±24.3）mL、（40.2±18.5）mL;平均术后住院时间分别为（5.7±4.8）d、（5.4±2.6）d。与两种腔内碎石比较,手术时间、出血量及住院时间,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。64例均一次手术成功,清石率100;术后随访3～6个月,排尿通畅,无结石复发。结论 BPH合并膀胱结石患者,结石较小和（或）少发者适合TUVP联合腔内碎石;结石较大和（或）多发以及前列腺Ⅲ～Ⅳ度大者适合TUVP联合SCL,均具有手术时间短、创伤小、操作简单及安全有效等优点。     

Pediatric ureteroscopic stone management

PURPOSE: We reviewed our experience of 5 years using ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy to treat stone disease in prepubertal children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all ureteroscopic procedures performed in prepubertal children. RESULTS: A total of 33 ureteroscopic procedures were performed in 29 prepubertal children (15 males and 14 females) 5 to 144 months old (mean age 94 months, including 3 patients 24 months or younger). Stones were located in the renal pelvis in 1 case (3%), proximal ureter in 3 (9%), mid ureter in 5 (15%) and distal ureter in 24 (73%). Stone size ranged from 3 to 14 mm (mean 6). Eight patients required balloon dilation of the ureteral orifice. Followup ranged from 1 to 66 months (mean 11). Stone-free rate after initial ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy was 88%, with all distal and mid ureteral stones (3 to 9 mm, mean 5) successfully treated. Three patients with proximal ureteral stones 7 to 14 mm in diameter (mean 10.3) required a secondary procedure (repeat ureteroscopy in 2 and shock wave lithotripsy in 1) to become stone-free. One patient with cystinuria and a renal pelvic stone measuring 14 mm required shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. There were no major complications of ureteroscopy but there was 1 case of extravasation at the ureterovesical junction after balloon dilation that was managed with stent placement. CONCLUSIONS: Although more patients and longer followup are needed, ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy is an excellent first line treatment for children with stones in whom conservative therapy fails, especially those with distal and mid ureteral stones. Patients with a stone burden of 10 mm or greater, especially in the proximal ureter, likely will require a secondary procedure to become stone-free.     

Cystoscopically guided percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy in children

Purpose

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopically guided percutaneous suprapubic artery forceps litholapaxy for pediatric vesical and posterior urethral stone <1 cm in diameter.

Materials and methods

A retrospective series study of 73 children (68 boys and 5 girls) with vesical and urethral stones less than 1 cm in diameter with an average age of 3.5 years (range 1–9 years) were included in this study. Cases with previous suprapubic surgery, stones of more than 1 cm in diameter, multiple bladder or urethral stone, anterior urethral stones and cases with neurological or anatomical abnormalities were excluded from our study. The bladder was filled and punctured suprapubically by an artery forceps under the vision of the pediatric cystoscopy then the stone is completely crushed. All intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. The stone-free rate status was evaluated 2 weeks postoperatively using plain X-ray/ultrasonography.

Results

All cases were successful, and the stones were completely crushed to smaller insignificant fragments in a single session. No intraoperative bladder perforation or bleeding was recorded. The mean operative time was 12.5 min (ranging from 9 to 17 min). There were no postoperative complications apart from 2 cases of persistent suprapubic leakage postoperatively for 24 h and the leakage stopped after 48 h with the insertion of 8 Fr Foley catheter. In all cases, no significant stone fragments were found 2 weeks postoperatively.

Conclusion

Our technique for management of pediatric vesical and posterior urethral stone less than 1 cm is an easy and safe with no intraoperative or postoperative significant complications.     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗导管继发性结石

目的 探讨经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗导管继发性结石的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗导管继发性结石1 1例患者临床资料,年龄34～81岁,平均52岁.5例为导尿管继发性结石,3例为膀胱造瘘管继发性结石,3例为猪尾管继发性结石.结果 11例患者手术均获成功,并成功拔出导尿管、膀胱造瘘管或猪尾管,未见并发症发生.结论 经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗导管继发性结石安全、有效,值得临床采用.     

Treatment of urethral stones by retrograde manipulation and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Objective To assess the effect of retrograde manipulation and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) as a monotherapy for urethral stones that are not associated with urethral strictures. Patients and methods Between August 1993 and January 1995, 34 male patients (mean age 38.7 years, range 7–55) presented with urethral stones. No patient had a suggested or past history of urethral stricture. Lidocaine jelly (2%) was instilled and retained inside the urethra for 5 min. A 16 F urethral catheter was advanced gently to push the stone back to the urinary bladder. Twenty patients had ESWL of their stones in the bladder, using a Storz Modulith SL20, in the prone position. Tilting the patient about 15° towards the side with the stone minimized movement of the stone during fragmentation. In-line co-axial echography (3.5 MHz) and intermittent pulsed fluoroscopy were used to monitor stone fragmentation. In situ fragmentation of posterior urethral stones was not possible because localization was difficult and the treatment was painful. Thirteen patients had cysto-urethroscopy and mechanical cystolitholapaxy under general anaesthesia. Results Stones impacted in the posterior urethra in 31 (91%) patients and in the anterior urethra in three (9%) patients. Stones ranged in size from 7 to 25 mm. One patient expelled an anterior urethral stone after the instillation of 2% lidocaine jelly. The urethral stones were pushed back to the bladder without complication in the remaining 33 patients. All 20 patients except one had their stones fragmented by ESWL in one session. The mean number of shock waves was 3600 ± 1480 (range 1200–6000) and the generator voltage ranged between 5 kV (560 bar) to 8 kV (940 bar). No patient in the ESWL group required anaesthesia or analgesia. Thirteen patients had successful mechanical cystolitholapaxy with no complications. Conclusion Both endoscopic lithotripsy and ESWL of urethral stones are safe and effective. However, transurethral lithotripsy requires general anaesthesia and carries a risk of bladder and urethral trauma. This study demonstrated that, in the absence of urethral stricture, urethral stones can be pushed back safely to the urinary bladder and fragmented effectively by ESWL. The success of the treatment depends on adequate anaesthesia of the urethra before inserting the urethral catheter. We propose that this new technique should be considered before resorting to endoscopic or surgical management of urethral stones, particularly in children.     

输尿管镜下U100激光治疗小儿尿路结石23例临床分析

目的 探讨输尿管镜联合U100激光碎石治疗小儿泌尿系结石的方法和疗效.方法 15例患儿行经皮肾镜穿刺建立造瘘通道,5例患儿行经膀胱穿刺建市造瘘通道,3例患儿行输尿管镜直视下U100激光碎石.结果 23例患儿均获穿刺成功并采用U100激光碎石治疗.术后复查19例完全无石,成功率为82.6%,4例有残余结石,其中3例从原造瘘口二次U100激光碎石并取出,1例自行排出,手术时间平均为45 min,平均住院时间8 d.均无手术并发症产生.结论 输尿管镜联合U100激光碎石治疗小儿尿路结石具有快速、安全、有效、创伤小、操作简单等特点,治疗效果理想     

斜卧位配合Syberwand双导管超声碎石系统行经皮肾镜碎石术187例疗效分析

目的分析斜卧位配合Syberwand双导管超声碎石系统行经皮肾镜碎石术（PCNL）治疗肾或输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2010年1月至2012年10月的均采用斜卧位配合Syberwand碎石系统行PCNL治疗187例。肾或输尿管上段结石患者。结果所有患者均成功建立F20经皮肾通道,一期平均手术时间（85．2±34．8）min,一期结石取净166例取净率88．7％,9例二期手术结石取净。11例有少量碎石残留,术后1个月行体外冲击波碎石术,残留结石全部击碎,半个月后复查基本消失。均未发生胸腹腔脏器损伤,1例因术中出血改为肾实质切开取石及止血,术后恢复良好。5例术后活动性出血,经保守治疗3例成功止血,2例行介入栓塞成功止血。术后住院时间（8．4±1．8）d。结论斜卧位配合Syberwand双导管超声碎石系统行PCNL治疗肾或输尿管上段结石安全、高效。     

210例无积水肾结石微创治疗的疗效观察

目的：探讨经皮肾微创治疗无积水肾结石患者的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2009年8月～2011年3月我院采用经皮肾镜取石术微创治疗210例无积水肾结石患者。改进人工肾积水的方法。行患侧输尿管逆行插入双J管,留置尿管,利用膀胱持续灌注通过双J逆流制造人下肾积水;超声联合X线引导下穿刺目标肾盏,建立经皮肾通道行微创经皮肾镜取石术。对手术时间、结石清除率、手术并发症等临床资料进行分析。结果：208例患者均1期穿刺成功,204例成功施行1期单通道取石,4例完全性鹿角型结石患者,阕结石较大,患者年龄较大,存在基础疾病,手术时间超过2h,改为2期手术取石;2例患者术中出血穿刺失败,中转开放手术。195例患者1期1次手术取净结石;3例患者2次经皮肾镜取石术取净结石;2例患者残留结石配合ESWI。加药物排石治疗,术后1～3个月复查无结石残留,总结石清除率95．2％（200／210）。手术时间60～130min,平均75min。3例患者术中出血较多,输血400～600ml。无气胸、周同脏器副损伤等严重并发症发生。结论：采用改进制造人工肾积水的方法,在超声联合X线引导下行微创经皮肾镜取石术,治疗无积水肾结石,具有穿刺成功率高、手术时间短、结石清除率高、手术并发症少等优点,是微创治疗无积水肾结石的首选方法。     

Percutaneous suprapubic cystolithotripsy for treatment of large bladder calculi

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The treatment options available for managing bladder calculi include transurethral cystolithotripsy, open cystolithotomy, and shockwave lithotripsy. For larger calculi, transurethral treatment can be time consuming, and the manipulation has the potential to cause urethral injury. Percutaneous suprapubic cystolithotripsy represents another treatment option for bladder calculi which is effective and minimally invasive. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients had bladder calculi treated with percutaneous cystolithotripsy over a 3-year period. The mean stone size was 39 mm (range 10-64 mm). Stones were single in seven patients and multiple in eight patients. The indications for cystolithotripsy were stone size >3 cm, multiple stones >1 cm, and inability to perform transurethral cystolithotripsy because of patient anatomy. Percutaneous suprapubic cystolithotripsy was done through either a 30F or a 36F cystotomy tract. Fragmentation and removal was performed with a 26F rigid nephroscope and the pneumatic Swiss Lithoclast. Suprapubic and urethral catheters were placed postoperatively in all patients. RESULTS: Each patient was cleared of the stone burden with a single procedure, and there were no major complications. The mean duration of suprapubic catheterization was 2.6 (range 1-5) days. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous suprapubic cystolithotripsy is an effective and safe technique for treating large bladder calculi. It is minimally invasive, avoids urethral injury, and, in combination with the pneumatic Swiss Lithoclast, can be used to fragment and remove large and hard bladder calculi.     

Per-urethral endoscopic management of bladder stones: does size matter?

Large urinary bladder stones occupying the whole lumen are still encountered. Conventionally, an open suprapubic cystolithotomy (SPCL) has been the accepted treatment of choice. The other method described is suprapubic percutaneous lithotripsy. The present paper describes complete stone clearance in adults by the urethral route using a conventional nephroscope, a pneumatic lithotripter, and an evacuator. An additional procedure to treat outlet obstruction is performed when required. Although the procedure takes a long time, stone clearance is complete, and the procedure is free from any complications. This technique should be offered to all adults, as it has negligible morbidity.