磁场对高锰酸钾溶液吸收光谱的影响

目的:研究了磁场对高锰酸钾(KMnO4)吸收光谱的影响.结果:KMnO4溶液整体磁化及以磁化水为溶剂的KMnO4溶液吸收光谱与原溶液有所不同,其最大吸收波长紫移,二者紫移程度不同,而且吸收峰处吸光度有所增加.在一定时间内磁化时间越长,吸收峰处吸光度增加越多,磁场强度越大对吸收曲线影响越显著.说明在磁场作用下,水分子及高锰酸钾结构及状态的改变对高锰酸钾吸收光谱有影响.     

The potassium permanganate method. A reliable method for differentiating amyloid AA from other forms of amyloid in routine laboratory practice.

Alterations in affinity of amyloid for Congo red after incubation of tissue sections with potassium permanganate, as described by Wright el al, were studied. The affinity of amyloid for Congo red after incubation with potassium permanganate did not change in patients with myeloma-associated amyloidosis, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pancreatic island amyloid, and cerebral amyloidosis. Affinity for Congo red was lost after incubation with potassium permanganate in tissue sections from patients with secondary amyloidosis and amyloidosis complicating familial Mediterranean fever (consisting of amyloid AA). Patients with primary amyloidosis could be divided into two groups, one with potassium-permanganate--sensitive and one with potassium-permanganate--resistant amyloid deposits. These two groups correlated with the clinical classification in typical organ distribution (presenting with nephropathy) and atypical organ distribution (presenting with cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, and glossopathy) and the expected presence of amyloid AA or amyloid AL. Potassium permanganate sensitivity seems to be restricted to amyloid AA. The potassium permanganate method can be important in dividing the major forms of generalized amyloidosis in AA amyloid and non-AA amyloid. This can be used for differentiating early stages of the disease and cases otherwise difficult to classify. It is important to define patient groups properly, especially in evaluating the effect of therapeutic measures. (Am J Pathol 97:43--58, 1979).     

Rapid spot tests for detecting the presence of adulterants in urine specimens submitted for drug testing

Several adulterants are used to mask tests for abused drugs in urine. Adulterants such as "Klear" and "Whizzies" contain potassium nitrite, and "Urine Luck" contains pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC). The presence of these adulterants cannot be detected by routine specimen integrity checks (pH, specific gravity, and temperature). We developed rapid spot tests for detecting these adulterants in urine. Addition of 3% hydrogen peroxide in urine adulterated with PCC caused rapid formation of a dark brown color. In contrast, unadulterated urine turned colorless when hydrogen peroxide was added. When urine contaminated with nitrite and 2 to 3 drops of 2N hydrochloric acid were added to 2% aqueous potassium permanganate solution, the dark pink permanganate solution turned colorless immediately with effervescence. Urine contaminated with nitrite liberated iodine from potassium iodide solution in the presence of 2N hydrochloric acid. Urine adulterated with PCC also liberated iodine from potassium iodide in acid medium but did not turn potassium permanganate solution colorless. Urine specimens from volunteers and random urine samples that tested negative for drugs did not cause false-positive results. These rapid spot tests are useful for detecting adulterated urine to avoid false-negative drug tests.     

A comparison of melanin bleaching and azure blue counterstaining in the immunohistochemical diagnosis of malignant melanoma.

Distinguishing heavily pigmented melanocytes from melanophages on routine hematoxylin and eosin slides can be difficult. Melanin bleaching with potassium permanganate solution is a traditional means of removing melanin from tissues and can be used before immunohistochemical staining to remove any pigment that might be confused with the brown chromogen diaminobenzidine. Azure B stains melanin granules green-blue, easily contrasts with diaminobenzidine, and may be used as a counterstain on unbleached sections after immunohistochemical staining. To our knowledge, studies comparing melanin bleaching with azure B counterstaining in the immunohistochemical evaluation of malignant melanomas have not been performed. Paraffin sections from 33 heavily pigmented malignant melanomas were bleached with a 3.0-g/L potassium permanganate solution, immunohistochemically stained for S-100 and HMB-45, and counterstained with hematoxylin. Unbleached sections were similarly stained for S-100 and HMB-45 and counterstained with azure B. To establish optimal permanganate concentrations, a variable number of sections were bleached with lower permanganate concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 2.5 g/L. S-100 antigenicity was preserved at all permanganate concentrations, whereas HMB-45 antigenicity was abolished at concentrations of 0.5 g/L and greater. At permanganate concentrations from 0.125 to 0.5 g/L, both antigenicities were preserved; however, melanin was incompletely removed. Complications of bleaching included tissue damage and loss of cytologic detail. Positive immunohistochemical staining was observed in azure B counterstained sections. Azure B stained melanin greenblue and was easily distinguished from the brown diaminobenzidine chromogen, regardless of the antibody tested. Neither tissue damage nor loss of cytologic detail was observed. We conclude that the use of azure B counterstaining is superior to permanganate bleaching in the histologic evaluation of heavily pigmented cutaneous malignant melanomas.     

Immunohistochemical characterization of renal amyloidosis

Forty-five renal biopsies with amyloidosis were studied by light microscopy with Congo red staining and action of potassium permanganate and by immunofluorescence with antihuman tissue A component antiserum antilight and heavy chains of immunoglobulins antisera. The patients were classified on the basis of concordance between immunohistochemical characterization by immunofluorescence and the results of Congo red staining after potassium permanganate treatment. Thus, 37 of 45 cases (82%) were classified by immunohistochemical characterization (15 with AL amyloidosis and 22 with AA amyloidosis) when the amyloid type could be hypothetized in only 31 of these cases (66%) on the basis of clinical criteria. This study suggests that the association of these two technics is more reliable than clinical data alone in distinguishing between AA and AL amyloidosis.     

Characterization of a laminar flow cell for the prevention of biosensor fouling

A flow cell using dual parallel laminar flows was designed and fabricated with the aim to prevent biosensor fouling. Y-shaped entrances allowed the introduction of sample and electrolyte streams, with the electrolyte serving as a mobile protective layer near the biosensor. Potassium permanganate was used to quantify the diffusion in the flow cell. Optical intensity analysis of potassium permanganate along a series of transverse lines across the flow cell was carried out under different flow conditions. It was found that the error function, erf(y/√(Dt)), where y was the position along the transverse line, D the diffusion coefficient of the solute and t was the time, gave reasonable approximation to the diffusion of potassium permanganate in the cell. The diffusion coefficient of potassium permanganate was determined in stop–flow measurements and the value, D = 4.0 × 10⁻⁵ cm²/s, agreed to previously reported values. Velocity distribution in the flow cell was simulated numerically to reveal the development of two inflows into one single laminar flow. Results from the study provided preliminary data on solute diffusion characteristics in the flow cell and supported the working principle of laminar flow cells in preventing biosensor fouling.     

多种金属离子与单宁酸反应媒染微血管的对比研究

目的　镜下观察单宁酸与金属盐溶液中Ca2 + 、Au+ 、Ag+ 、Pb2 + 、Cu2 + 、Al3 + 、U6+ 、K+ 联用显示大脑微血管的效果。方法　用单宁酸媒染固定液灌流大鼠 ,取脑切片 ,入氯化钙、氯化金、硝酸银、硝酸铅、硫酸铜、硫酸铝钾、醋酸双氧铀、高锰酸钾和重铬酸钾等溶液中呈色。结果　单宁酸与Ca2 + 、Cu2 + 、Ag+ 、Al3 + 结合显示血管清晰 ,与Au+ 、U6+ 、Pb2 + 、K+ 联用媒染血管效果欠佳。结论　含Ca2 + 、Cu2 + 、Ag+ 、Al3 + 的金属盐类可替代氯化铁媒染微血管 ,氯化金、醋酸双氧铀、硝酸铅、重铬酸钾和高锰酸钾不宜与单宁酸联用来显示血管     

Lmmunohistochemical classification of 140 autopsy cases with systemic amyloidosis

One hundred and forty autopsy cases of systemic amyloid-osis were examined using the potassium permanganate method for distinction of amyloid A protein from other amyloid proteins and an immunohistochemical technique. Of those cases, amyloid proteins were identified in 121 cases. There were 68 cases of amyloid A-related (AA) amyloidosis and these were the most common type among the cases (56.2%). There were 39 cases of immunoglobulin light chain-related (AL) amyloidosis (32.2%), six cases of β₂-microglobulin-related (Aβ2M) amyloidosis (5%), and five cases of transthyretin-related (ATTR) amyloidosis (4.1%). Minute areas of amyloid deposits in four cases with AA were resistant to potassium permanganate pretreatment. In Aβ2M amyloidosis amyloid deposits were either resistant or sensitive to potassium permanganate pretreatment, from case to case. The coexistence of two different amyloid proteins was seen in three cases: one case had ATTR and Ax types, and two cases had Aβ2M and AA types. Some discrepancies were seen between the immunohistochemical typing and clinical classification of amyloidosis referred to in the Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan, for example, one case of AA type in myeloma-associated amyloidosis and one case of AL type in secondary amyloidosis. From the present results, the importance of the immunohistochemical method in classifying amyloidosis is stressed.     

Congo red as a fluorochrome for the rapid detection of fungi.

Congo red may be applied as a fluorochrome to rapidly detect fungi in clinical specimens, tissue, and fungal culture preparations. This generally available stain is cost effective and simple to prepare. The stain may be prepared with potassium permanganate as a counterstain or with Formalin or glutaraldehyde as a fungicide.     

Amyloidosis localized to the lower respiratory tract: probable immunoamyloid nature of the tracheobronchial and nodular pulmonary forms

Seven patients with localized nodular pulmonary amyloidosis and four with tracheobronchial amyloidosis are presented and the pathological features described. The congophilia of these forms of amyloid is resistant to potassium permanganate, compatible with it representing immunoamyloid. This, together with the associated intense lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration suggests a local inflammatory aetiology.     

DIFFERENTIATION OF AMYLOID FIBRIL PROTEINS IN TISSUE SECTIONS Two Simple and Reliable Histological Methods Applied to Fifty-one Cases of Systemic Amyloidosis

The potassium permanganate method and the unlabeled immunoperoxidase (PAP) method were applied for distinguishing different types of amyloid fibril proteins in conventionally fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections obtained from fifty-one autopsied cases of systemic amyloidosis and three control cases of well-analysed fibril proteins. All of the eighteen cases "sensitive" to permanganate treatment, whose amyloid deposits lost completely their affinity to Congo red and birefringence under polarized light, were shown to have AA antigenic determinants by the PAP method. Meanwhile, all of the remaining thirty-three "resistant" cases, where Congo red affinity and birefringence were retained at various degree even only in minimal areas, were negative for AA antigenicity. This indicated the feasibility of potassium permanganate method for the identification of AA protein based on this criterion of "sensitivity". Twenty-eight cases were classified as AA, Aγ, A_k or AA+[A_k] the remaining twenty-three cases were unclassified, and there were some discrepancies between the preliminary clinicopathological classification and the protein nature of the amyloid. It is important to differentiate the types of amyloid fibril protein of individual patients because the expedience of selective therapeutic approaches had been suggested. The two methods applied herein are handy and useful for this purpose.     

rbbFGF凝胶联合高锰酸钾水疗治疗难愈性创面的临床研究

目的 探讨重组牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（rbbFGF）凝胶联合高锰酸钾水疗治疗难愈性创面的临床疗效。方法 选取2017年1月~2018年5月我院收治的难愈性创面患者40例,随机分为观察组和对照组,各20例。对照组创面清创后予以外用生理盐水冲洗,碘伏消毒,磺胺嘧啶银乳膏纱布覆盖,无菌敷料包扎。观察组清创后给予1∶5000高锰酸钾溶液（35℃）浸泡水疗30 min联合rbbFGF凝胶局部外用治疗,余操作同对照组一致。比较两组患者临床疗效、创面愈合时间、住院时间及不良反应情况。结果 治疗后,观察组愈合时间为（30.52±8.72）d,短于对照组的（40.42±15.81）d,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组创面缩小和肉芽生长结果均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组创面细菌转阴率为85.00%,高于对照组的50.00%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组不良反应比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 rbbFGF凝胶联合高锰酸钾水疗治疗难愈性创面能够促进创面缩小,加速创面肉芽增长,有明显的抗感染的作用,缩短创面愈合时间,具有较高的临床价值。     

Amyloidosis and systemic lupus erythematosus

A 59 year old man with systemic lupus erythematosus developed proteinuria and renal insufficiency. Renal biopsy revealed both crescentic glomerulonephritis and amyloid in glomeruli and blood vessels. The amyloid was characterized as secondary because of its sensitivity to potassium permanganate pretreatment of Congo red stained sections. Amyloidosis is very uncommon in systemic lupus erythematosus but may be a cause of steroid unresponsive proteinuria and renal insufficiency.     

Additive effect of poly(ethylene oxide), 1 acceleration effect of poly(ethylene oxide) in several nucleophilic reactions

The additive effect of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in several nucleophilic reactions, such as the oxidation of trans-stilbene with potassium permanganate, the alkylation of potassium acetate and diethyl benzylsodiomalonate as well as the Williamson reaction of sodium phenoxide with alkyl bromides was investigated and compared with that of dibenzo-18-crown-6 (crown ether). A marked effect by PEO was observed under certain conditions, which was explained by a cooperative coordination of the oxygen atoms of PEO with metal cations promoting ion dissociation and resulting in the observed remarkable rate acceleration.     

Nerve endings in human sympathetic ganglia

Forty-eight human sympathetic ganglia from 22 sympathectomies were examined ultrastructurally after one of three different fixations: (1) glutaraldehyde + osmium tetroxide, (2) glutaraldehyde + potassium dichromate + osmium tetroxide, or (3) potassium permanganate. Three different kinds of synapsing nerve ending could be identified after all fixation schedules. Type 1: “Cholinergic,” containing small, agranular vesicles 40–60 nm in diameter (75% of all vesicles) and some large granular vesicles (100 nm in diameter). The number of type 1 profiles decreased with increasing age. Type 2: “Adrenergic,” containing small granular vesicles 40–70 nm in diameter (over 90% of the vesicles). Type 3: “Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic,” characterized by large opaque vesicles 80–160 nm in diameter (over 50% of all vesicles). The frequencies of the types were counted after potassium permanganate fixation: type 1–71%, type 2–23%, and type 3–6%. In addition, at least two types of nerve profiles were observed which did not form synapses: (1) profiles entirely filled with mitochondria (mitochondrial accumulation), and (2) large nerve profiles full of different kinds of vesicles, myelin figures, and mitochondria (axonal dilatation). It is concluded that the sympathetic ganglion cells receive cholinergic and adrenergic innervation and also a third type of innervation, the possible peptidergic nature of which is discussed.     

The histochemical use of alcian green

With the hydrochloric acid-alcoholic solution of alcian green, without any pretreatment both the sulfated and the carboxylated proteoglycans can be demonstrated. After an indirect sulfation (periodic acid-bisulfite pretreatment), the glycogen and the glycoproteins, and after an oxidation with acidified potassium permanganate, the high cystine-containing proteins can also be stained. As a counterstain, a picric acid-Sirius red solution has proved good.     

Amyloid tumours in the soft tissues of the legs

We present a case of multiple amyloidomas occurring in the calves of a 61-year-old woman, without systemic amyloidosis or plasma cell dyscrasia. The disappearance of Congo red positivity after potassium permanganate treatment and immunohistochemical results showed that this was a case of reactive AA amyloidosis. True soft tissue amyloidomas are extremely rare, and this is the first case of AA amyloidoma in the soft tissues of the legs.     

NSH in Action

Abstract

In his phosphotungstic acid-hematein (PTAH) formula, Mallory combined hematoxylin with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and then added the oxidant potassium permanganate. As hematoxylin is oxidized, protons of the strongly acid PTA compete with the metal for binding sites and much hematein is coverted into hematoxylin-like compounds. Owing to this chemically unsound procedure, PTAH solutions require “ripening” for several months to yield optimal coloration of tissues. Therefore, we modified the method to facilitate chelate formation. Hematoxylin was oxidized with potassium permanganate for 30 minutes, PTA was added, and the solution was allowed to stand for one hour. In a simplified technic, the staining properties of this PTAH solution were similar to those of traditional formulas aged for six months. Owing to steric conditions in PTA, red and blue PTAH compounds are formed. These two fractions are bound to tissues via different chemical mechanisms. The blue component is sensitive to heat and is partly converted into red compounds during staining at 60°C. The modified PTAH solution proved suitable for tissues fixed in methacarn, 10% unbuffered or buffered neutral formalin, or Zenker-formol. However, overfixation with the latter three fixatives impaired binding of the blue component of PTAH in peripheral areas of blocks. (The J Histotechnol 11:153,1988.)     

Potassium permanganate resistant amyloid in fine-needle aspirate of the liver

A case of primary amyloidosis, initially detected by fine-needle aspiration of the liver, is reported here. Amorphous acellular metachromatic material was seen extracellularly in between the hepatocytic cords compressing them. This material showed typical apple-green birefringence under crossed bipolars after alkaline Congo-red staining proved its amyloid nature. It was resistant to potassium permanganate pretreatment, indicating it to be of the AL type. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Amyloidosis in a case of canine systemic lupus erythematosus

Concurrent systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and amyloidosis (renal and splenic) are reported in a 7-year-old female miniature Schnauzer. Treatment of tissue sections with potassium permanganate and dilute sulphuric acid prior to staining with Congo red indicated that the amyloid in this case is composed of AA protein (i.e. reactive systemic amyloid or so-called secondary amyloid). The rare association of amyloidosis and SLE, in both man and the dog, and the association with granulomatous pneumonia and leukopenia in this case are discussed.