胎儿生长受限与正常妊娠孕妇血清皮质醇浓度、APOAI/APOB变化的研究

目的:探讨正常妊娠和胎儿生长受限孕妇血清皮质醇浓度和ApoAI/ApoB的变化,以及这些改变与胎儿生长受限发病的关系。方法:采用放射免疫法及免疫透射比浊法,测定50例胎儿生长受限孕妇、294例正常妊娠孕妇、56例非妊娠妇女(对照组)的血清皮质醇浓度、载脂蛋白ApoAI、AgpoB和ApoAI/ApoB比值。结果:正常妊娠孕妇血清皮质醇浓度、ApoAI和ApoB含量随着孕周增长而升高,较对照组有显著差异性(P<0.01),ApoAI/ApoB比值随着孕周增长略有上升(P>0.05)。与正常妊娠组比较,胎儿生长受限组皮质醇浓度显著升高(P<0.01),ApoAI/ApoB明显下降(P<0.01)。结论:测定孕妇血清皮质醇浓度、ApoAI/ApoB比值可作为孕期早期诊断胎儿生长受限的指标。     

Cumulative duration of breast-feeding influences cortisol levels in postmenopausal women

Cortisol levels dramatically increase during pregnancy, peak at birth, and subsequently decline. However, all previous studies examined women during pregnancy and early postpartum. None examined the long-term association of parity and lactation with cortisol levels. We examined the relation of reproductive history to cortisol levels in postmenopausal women. Subjects were 749 women, aged 50-89, who were not using estrogen in 1984-1987 when morning cortisol was measured. Parity was not significantly associated with cortisol. However, women who breast-fed for >12 months had significantly higher cortisol levels than women who breast-fed for shorter durations or not at all (p = 0.003). This association was stronger among women with three or more births. Duration of breast-feeding is a determinant of cortisol levels in postmenopausal women. Because both increased cortisol and increased duration of breast-feeding may play protective roles in certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, we suggest that the beneficial effect of lactation on the course of these diseases may be mediated by cortisol.     

Total dose iron infusion, malaria and pregnancy in Papua New Guinea

A study was made of 544 mothers and their 556 newborns in an area of endemic malaria, to analyse effects of total dose intravenous iron infusion (TDI) to mothers during pregnancy. 34% of these mothers received TDI before delivery. A range of haematological tests was carried out on newborns and mothers in addition to anthropometry. 84% of mothers had had ante-natal care and data were also collected retrospectively from ante-natal records. TDI was associated with more slide positive peri-natal malaria in primipara (odds ratio: 5.46) but not in multipara. When all relevant factors were considered TDI was not associated with an overall improvement in haemoglobin status from the first ante-natal level recorded to the post-natal check. Post-natal malaria was associated with lower ante-natal and post-natal haemoglobin levels. There was no evidence of any effect of TDI in pregnancy or of maternal malaria on foetal maturity or birth weight. Gestational age, maternal weight, parity and maternal post-natal haemoglobin were all significantly correlated with birth weight. TDI to the mother was associated with higher neo-natal serum ferritins and lower neo-natal haemoglobins. Maternal post-natal malaria was associated with significantly lower iron in serum in newborns. It is suggested that routine total dose iron infusion to anaemic pregnant mothers in malaria endemic areas may be contraindicated.     

Lactation and pregnancy in Iran. III. Hormonal factors.

Lactation failure is common in urban areas of industrially developing countries, but little is known about its epidemiology and causality. The study reported here was undertaken to investigate the serum levels of some hormones other than prolactin that have been shown in animal studies to play a role in lactation, and to examine their relationship to adequacy of lactation and to nutritional and socioeconomic status in urban Iranian women. Serum levels of placental lactogen, growth hormone, cortisol, and thyroid hormones were measured under standard conditions in two groups of pregnant women from low and low middle socioeconomic areas of Teheran, 1 or 2 weeks before parturition and the latter three hormones again in the 3rd month postpartum. Significant differences were found in the biochemical parameters between socioeconomic groups. Hemoglobin and serum albumin values were lower and all the globulin fractions (except alpha 2 globulin during pregnancy), growth hormone and cortisol were higher in the low than the middle socioeconomic subjects, both during pregnancy and postpartum. The discrepancies between the socioeconomic groups were greater postpartum. Growth hormone level was significantly lower in subjects with adequate lactation than inadequate or ceased, and cortisol values show the same trend. No correlations were found between the measured parameters of nutritional status nor free thyroxine values and lactation adequacy. In view of the role of growth hormone and cortisol in stress and malnutrition and some evidence of a reciprocal relationship between growth hormone and prolactin, these hormones may be a link in the chain between the urban environment, malnutrition and lactation failure.     

A case of congenital malaria in Malaysia with IgM malaria antibodies

Congenital malaria from Malaysia is reported here for the first time. It occurred in a baby boy born to a 16-year-old primigravida who contracted Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy. She suffered malaria during the later stages of pregnancy and at parturition. The placenta was heavily infested with various asexual stages of P. falciparum. Gametocytes were not seen. Extensive search did not show other species. Cord blood showed very light infection with young trophozoites of P. falciparum.Serological studies using IFA technique showed specific IgG and IgM antibodies to P. falciparum in maternal cord and two early neonatal sera. These serum samples showed lower levels of IgG antibodies against P. vivax and P. malariae, but there were no specific IgM antibodies against these species. The value of specific IgM antibody in the diagnosis of congenital malaria is discussed.     

HBsAg阳性孕妇心理状况调查及其与皮质醇及性激素的关系

目的:探讨HBsAg阳性孕产妇的心理应激状况与皮质醇及性激素的关系。方法:随机抽取门诊或住院部就诊的HBsAg(+)妊娠晚期孕产妇67例。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HRSD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)及症状自评量表(SCL-90)评估HBsAg(+)孕产妇的心理状况;放免法测定血清雌二醇、孕酮及皮质醇水平。结果:抑郁与雌、孕激素水平均呈负相关(P<0.05);焦虑与皮质醇水平呈正相关;症状自评躯体化表现、强迫状态、抑郁和焦虑均与雌激素水平呈负相关(P<0.05);强迫症状和焦虑与皮质醇水平呈正相关。结论:乙肝孕产妇心理健康水平低下与激素水平存在相关性,血浆皮质醇及性激素水平是评估其心理状态的有效指标。     

Anaemia in pregnant Ghanaian women: importance of malaria, iron deficiency, and haemoglobinopathies

In sub-Saharan Africa, anaemia in pregnancy results from multiple causes including malaria, iron deficiency and haemoglobinopathies. In a cross-sectional study among 530 pregnant women in Ghana in November-December 1998, red blood cell indices were analysed with respect to malaria, serum concentrations of ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP), and the haemoglobin and alpha-globin genotypes. Anaemia (haemoglobin [Hb] < 11 g/dL) was found in 54% of the women; 63% harboured malaria parasites at predominantly low numbers. Ferritin levels were considerably influenced by malaria and inflammatory processes (CRP > 0.6 mg/dL). Depending on the definition applied, the prevalence of iron deficiency ranged between 5% and 46%. The HbAS trait was observed in 14%, HbAC and elevated HbF in 7% each, and sickle cell disease in 1%. Heterozygous beta-thalassaemia was present in 1% of the women and alpha(+)-thalassaemia in 33% (29% heterozygous, 4% homozygous). Women with HbAS had higher malaria parasite densities than those with HbAA. In individuals with highly elevated HbF (> 10%), parasitaemia occurred in 27% only. Low gravidity, second trimester of pregnancy, malaria, raised CRP levels, and homozygous alpha(+)-thalassaemia were independent risk factors for anaemia in multivariate analysis. alpha(+)-Thalassaemia, however, was associated with a lesser degree of malarial anaemia when compared to non-thalassaemic women. Iron deficiency appears not to be a major health problem in this population. Haemoglobinopathies are common but, except for homozygous alpha(+)-thalassaemia, do not substantially contribute to anaemia in pregnancy. alpha(+)-Thalassaemia ameliorates malarial anaemia in pregnant women.     

The relationship between anthropometric measurements and measurements of iron status and susceptibility to malaria in Gambian children.

Anthropometric measurements were made and serum iron and ferritin levels determined in a group of Gambian children at the beginning of the rainy season and these findings were related to the malaria experience of the children during the following malaria transmission season. Susceptibility to malaria was not correlated with prior weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height or serum albumin, or with serum iron, serum iron binding capacity nor serum ferritin. Thus, our findings do not provide any support for the view that poor nutritional status, as assessed by anthropometric measurements, or iron deficiency protect against malaria infection. Children who developed a clinical attack of malaria accompanied by a high level of parasitaemia tended to have a higher mean weight-for-age at the beginning of the rainy season than did children who had a clinical attack accompanied by a low level of parasitaemia, but the difference between groups was not statistically significant. However, they had a significantly higher mean serum ferritin level (P less than 0.01).     

中、重度骨髓型急性放射病者内分泌功能改变的3年医学随访

目的　随访河南“4·2 6”60 Co源辐射事故造成 3例中、重度骨髓型急性放射病 (ARS)病人 3年中部分内分泌腺体的功能改变。方法　用放射免疫法测定激素水平。结果　住院期间血睾酮 (T) 3例均明显减少 ,血雌二醇 (E2 )例 1、例3均低于正常 ;在ARS初期皮质醇 (COR)明显升高 ,极期下降。恢复期例 1、例 3血睾酮、雌二醇均明显减少 ,例 2在照后0 5、1年雌二醇稍高 ,后降至正常水平。在照后 0 5、1年血COR 3例均明显高于正常水平。结论　大剂量电离辐射后机体部分内分泌腺体功能改变较大     

妊娠妇女能量及宏量营养素摄入状况与孕中期血脂水平的关系

目的 初步分析妊娠妇女孕早、中期的膳食能量及宏量营养素摄入状况与其孕中期血脂的关系。 方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,选取235名于2014年春夏在四川大学华西第二医院定期产前检查的孕妇。使用24小时膳食回顾法收集孕妇孕早期(孕14周前)和孕中期(孕14~23+6周)的膳食信息。采集孕中期(孕24~27+6周)血样检测血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)4项血脂水平。采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验从多个角度比较不同能量及宏量营养素摄入水平的孕妇间血脂水平的差异。 结果 孕早期和孕早中期能量及总蛋白质摄入量较高者,其孕中期LDL-C水平均较高(P<0.05);孕早期和孕早中期动物蛋白摄入量与LDL-C水平呈正相关关系(P<0.05);不同孕期碳水化合物和脂肪的摄入量与孕中期TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C水平均未发现统计学相关(P>0.05)。 结论 孕早期和孕早中期膳食能量、总蛋白质及动物蛋白摄入量较高者,其孕中期血脂(LDL-C)水平较高,但能量及宏量营养素与孕期血脂的关系还有待进一步研究。     

Circulating levels of retinol, tocopherol and carotenoid in Nepali pregnant and postpartum women following long-term beta-carotene and vitamin A supplementation

OBJECTIVE: To characterize circulating carotenoid and tocopherol levels in Nepali women during pregnancy and post-partum and to determine the effects of beta-carotene and vitamin A supplementation on their concentration in serum. DESIGN: Randomized community supplementation trial. SETTING: The study was carried out from 1994 to 1997 in the Southern, rural plains District of Sarlahi, Nepal. SUBJECTS: A total of 1431 married women had an ascertained pregnancy, of whom 1186 (83%) provided an analyzable serum sample during pregnancy; 1098 (77%) provided an analyzable 3-4 months post-partum serum sample. INTERVENTIONS: Women received a weekly dose of vitamin A (7000 microg RE), beta-carotene (42 mg) or placebo before, during and after pregnancy. Serum was analyzed for retinol, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein + zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations during mid-pregnancy and at approximately 3 months post-partum. RESULTS: Compared to placebo, serum retinol, beta-carotene, gamma-tocopherol, beta-cryptoxanthin and lutein + zeaxanthin concentrations were higher among beta-carotene recipients during pregnancy and, except for beta-cryptoxanthin, at postpartum. In the vitamin A group, serum retinol and beta-cryptoxanthin were higher during pregnancy, and retinol and gamma-tocopherol higher at postpartum. Lutein + zeaxanthin was the dominant carotenoid, regardless of treatment group, followed by serum beta-carotene. Serum lycopene level was lowest, and very low compared to the US population. Serum retinol was higher, and carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol lower, at postpartum than during pregnancy in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant and lactating Nepali women have lower serum carotenoid and tocopherol levels than well-nourished populations. beta-carotene supplementation appeared to increase levels of tocopherol and other carotenoids in this population.     

Loss of the pregnancy-induced rise in cortisol concentrations in the ewe impairs the fetal insulin-like growth factor axis

Maternal cortisol levels increase during pregnancy. Although this change is important for optimal fetal growth, the mechanisms of the changes in growth remain unclear. The hypothesis examined was that alterations in maternal plasma cortisol concentrations are associated with changes in the fetal insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis. Pregnant ewes in late gestation (115 ± 0.4 days) were studied: six control animals, five ewes given 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) cortisol (high cortisol) and five adrenalectomised ewes given 0.5-0.6 mg kg(-1) day(-1) cortisol (low cortisol). Blood samples were taken throughout the experiment and at necropsy (130 ± 0.2 days) and fetal liver was frozen for mRNA analysis. Fetal IGF-I and insulin plasma concentrations were lower and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) concentrations were higher in the low cortisol group compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). Fetal liver IGF-II and IGFBP-3 mRNA were decreased in low cortisol animals compared with controls (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in these parameters in the high cortisol group, and there were no changes in fetal liver IGF-I, growth hormone receptor, IGF-I receptor, IGF-II receptor, IGFBP-1 or IGFBP-2 mRNA levels between the groups. These data suggest that reduced fetal IGF availability contributes to reduced fetal growth when maternal cortisol secretion is impaired, but not during exposure to moderate increases in cortisol.     

Folate metabolism pathway and Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in pregnancy

Malaria induced by Plasmodium falciparum is a major cause of mortality. P. falciparum has the ability to use host plasma folate as its primary folate source. Folate is a cofactor needed for both malaria parasite growth and host erythrocyte production. This review examines the possible impairment of the folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism pathway as a result of P. falciparum malaria infection during pregnancy. Folate deficiency during malaria infection is presented, with an emphasis on the controversy regarding the decrease of plasma or erythrocyte folate secondary to malaria. Maternal folate deficiency increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Functional folate deficiency and/or increased plasma homocysteine levels during pregnancy of infected women in areas endemic for malaria is a probable scenario accentuating the impairment of placenta function leading to the occurrence of neural tube defects, low birth weights, and intrauterine growth retardations. Potential questions that may be answered in future investigations using an appropriate protocol to study pregnant women with malaria are also addressed.     

The cosmetic use of skin-lightening products during pregnancy in Dakar, Senegal: a common and potentially hazardous practice

Many women of childbearing age from sub-Saharan Africa use topical skin lighteners, some of which present a risk of toxic systemic effects. The goals of this study were to evaluate, in this environment, the frequency of this practice during pregnancy, as well as eventual consequences on pregnancy. Ninety-nine women from 6 to 9 months pregnant were randomly selected among those attending a standard maternal centre in Dakar for a prenatal visit. Investigations consisted of questions about the use of skin lighteners, a standard clinical examination, follow-up until delivery and a morning blood sample for plasma cortisol levels. Sixty-eight of the 99 selected women used skin lighteners during their current pregnancy, the main active ingredients being hydroquinone and highly potent steroids (used by 64 and 28 women, respectively). No difference in the main outcomes of pregnancy were found between skin-lightener users and the others; however, women using highly potent steroids, when compared with those who did not, had a statistically significant lower plasma cortisol level and a smaller placenta, and presented a higher rate of low-birth-weight infants. Skin lightening is a common practice during pregnancy in Dakar, and the use of steroids may result in consequences in the mother and her child.     

血浆皮质醇水平与IVF/ICSI患者生育压力及妊娠结局相关性分析

目的:探讨生育压力与血浆皮质醇水平的相关性、生育压力及血浆皮质醇水平与妊娠结局的相关性。方法:本研究为病例对照研究,采用便利抽样法选取2019年3月至2019年10月期间于重庆医科大学附属第二医院妇产科生殖医学中心,拟行体外受精/卵胞质内单精子注射-胚胎移植（ in vitro fertilization/...     

阿尔茨海默病患者甲状腺激素与皮质醇测定的临床意义及其相关性

目的:探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者血清甲状腺激素与皮质醇(CORT)水平的变化以及它们的相关性。方法:采用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)对77例AD患者和100例同龄健康人进行评分,对77例AD患者和100例健康对照组进行甲状腺激素(TT3、FT3、TT4、FT4、TSH、TU)和皮质醇(CORT)的测定,并进行组间对比研究和相关性研究。结果:AD患者TT3、FT3水平明显低于健康对照组(P<0.001,P<0.001);TU、皮质醇水平明显高于健康对照组(P<0.001,P<0.01),差异有显著性。AD患者TT4、FT4水平低于健康对照组,TSH水平高于健康对照组,差别无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。AD患者血清皮质醇水平与MMSE得分呈显著负相关,与甲状腺激素水平无显著相关性;AD患者TT3水平与FT3、TT4水平呈显著正相关,TT3水平与TU水平呈显著负相关,FT3水平与TT4水平呈显著正相关,FT3水平与TU水平呈显著负相关,TT4水平与FT4水平呈显著正相关。结论:甲状腺功能异常可能与AD的发病有关,血清皮质醇水平的增高可能与AD病程的进展有关。     

刘瑞莹;胡丹丹;王涤新;

目的研究运动对慢性心理应激大鼠行为及血清皮质醇、IL-2、IL-8的影响方法建立慢性心理应激模型,进行6周游泳训练;通过旷场实验及悬尾实验观察各组大鼠在应激及运动调节前后的行为学变化;测定血清皮质醇、IL-2、IL-8的含量。结果（1）应激组大鼠血清皮质醇含量显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,而IL-2、IL-8含量显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）;60min运动组血清皮质醇含量显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,而血清IL-2和IL-8含量均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;应激＋30min运动组、应激＋60min运动组血清皮质醇含量显著低于应激组（P〈0．01）,IL-2和IL-8含量显著高于应激组（P〈0．01）。（2）旷场实验结果显示,与对照组相比,应激组大鼠中央格停留时间最长,穿格次数、直立次数及修饰时间最少,有统计学意义;与应激组相比,应激＋30min运动组及应激＋60min运动组均存在统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（3）悬尾实验结果显示,应激组大鼠静止时间最长,挣扎次数最少,与对照组相比有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;与应激组相比,应激＋30min运动组及应激＋60min运动组均存在统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论慢性心理应激可引起大鼠行为异常,可能与HPA轴释放过量皮质醇,从而使免疫功能受到抑制有关。适量运动能够调节HPA轴适应性,降低皮质醇的过量释放,维持免疫功能稳定,调节心理应激水平。     

In utero p,p'-DDE exposure and infant neurodevelopment: a perinatal cohort in Mexico

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) affects neurodevelopment in infants, although a critical exposure window has not yet been identified. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to assess the prenatal DDE exposure window and its effect on the psychomotor development index (PDI) and mental development index (MDI) during the first year of life. METHODS: We recruited 244 children whose pregnancies and deliveries were uncomplicated, and whose mothers were monitored throughout the pregnancy. Participating mothers were not occupationally exposed to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) but were residents of a zone in Mexico with endemic malaria. We measured serum levels of DDE before pregnancy and during each trimester of the pregnancy. We evaluated PDI and MDI of the Bayley Scales for Infant Development (BSID-II), at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of age. We adjusted for quality of the home environment and maternal intellectual coefficient (IQ). We used generalized mixed-effects models for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Third-trimester DDE level (7.8 +/- 2.8 ppb) was significantly higher than the level at baseline, first, and second trimesters, but the differences never exceeded 20%. Only DDE levels during the first trimester of pregnancy were associated with a significant reduction in PDI (every doubled increase of DDE level reduced the PDI 0.5 points). DDE was not associated with MDI. CONCLUSIONS: A critical window of exposure to DDE in utero may be the first trimester of the pregnancy, and psychomotor development is a target of this compound. Residues of DDT metabolites may present a risk of developmental delay for years after termination of DDT use.     

Tobacco smoking, pregnancy estrogens, and birth weight

It has been suggested that tobacco smoking during pregnancy reduces birth weight by lowering production rates or levels of total pregnancy estrogens. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined total estrogen levels by radioimmunoassay in the blood of 141 pregnant women attending the maternity clinic of a major university hospital in Athens during their 26th week of pregnancy. Forty-nine of these women were regular smokers before and during their pregnancy, whereas the remaining 92 had never been regular smokers and did not smoke at all during their pregnancy. Birth weight of offspring was lower among smokers than among nonsmokers by 190.8 g, with a 90% confidence interval of 41.1 to 340.5 g, and higher among women with higher serum estrogen levels (slope b = 1.2 g per 1000 pg/ml with a 90% CI of 0.2 to 2.2 g). There was, however, only a small negative relation between tobacco smoking and serum estrogen levels; in smokers, total estrogen levels were reduced to 91% of the corresponding levels among nonsmokers.     

孕妇血清微量、常量元素含量及其与胎儿宫内生长迟缓关系探讨

于孕晚期测定了９７名胎儿宫内生长迟缓（ＩＵＧＲ）孕妇及１３３名正常胎儿孕妇血清中１５种微量元素及４种常量元素水平，并用多元逐步回归方法探讨了这些元素水平与胎儿生长发育的关系，结果发现：（１）ＩＵＧＲ孕妇血清Ｎａ、Ｐ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｏ、Ｖ、Ｃｒ、Ａｌ浓度显著低于对照组，而血清Ｆｅ、Ｂ浓度显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）多元回归分析结果表明，血清Ｎａ、Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ等与胎儿生长发育密切相关；孕期高硼可能对胎儿生长不利。文章讨论了孕期某些微量元素与胎儿生长发育的关系。