Recurrent pulmonary embolism from left subclavian thrombosis: a case report

A 38-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of pulmonary thromboembolism. Thrombolysis therapy resulted in initial improvement in symptoms and laboratory data. However, 4 months later, pulmonary thromboembolism recurred despite antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy. Contrast venography and venous ultrasonography of both upper and lower extremities revealed subtotal occlusion and venous thrombosis of the left subclavian vein with collateral vessels, but no evidence of lower extremity venous thrombosis. She had no history of subclavian venous catheterization, neoplasm, hypercoagulability or other predisposing cause of thrombus formation. Operative ligation of the left subclavian vein was performed at the junction with the internal jugular vein. White thrombus was identified within the venous lumen. She was well without recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism or venous insufficiency for 10 months after the operation. Surgical interruption of the subclavian vein may be effective to prevent recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism due to venous thrombosis of the upper extremity despite therapeutic anticoagulation.     

Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: a community-based perspective

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the magnitude, risk factors, management strategies, and outcomes in a population-based investigation of patients with upper, as compared with lower, extremity deep vein thrombosis diagnosed in 1999.

Methods

The medical records of all residents from Worcester, Massachusetts (2000 census = 478,000) diagnosed with ICD-9 codes consistent with possible deep vein thrombosis at all Worcester hospitals during 1999 were reviewed and validated.

Results

The age-adjusted attack rate (per 100,000 population) of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis was 16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 13-20) compared with 91 (95% CI, 83-100) for lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. Patients with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis were significantly more likely to have undergone recent central line placement, a cardiac procedure, or an intensive care unit admission than patients with lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. Although short-term and 1-year recurrence rates of venous thromboembolism and all-cause mortality were not significantly different between patients with upper, versus lower, extremity deep vein thrombosis, patients with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis were less likely to have pulmonary embolism at presentation or in follow-up.

Conclusions

Patients with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis represent a clinically important patient population in the community setting. Risk factors, occurrence of pulmonary embolism, and timing and location of venous thromboembolism recurrence differ between patients with upper as compared with lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. These data suggest that strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis need further study and refinement.     

肺动脉置管溶栓术治疗肺栓塞（附65例报告）

目的探讨肺动脉置管溶栓术治疗肺动脉血栓栓塞（肺栓塞）的临床疗效及安全性。方法对65例肺栓塞患者行肺动脉置管溶栓术;57例合并静脉血栓者经股静脉或右颈内静脉置人腔静脉滤器,溶栓治疗结束前复查肺动脉造影及下肢静脉造影。出院后长期口服华法林。术后6个月复查血管超声及肺动脉3DCT血管造影。结果置入腔静脉滤器57枚,均一次性释放成功,释放过程平均耗时2．2min,滤器弹跳幅度〈2mm且无倾斜。65例患者平均溶栓时间6．72d。溶栓治疗后呼吸困难消失55例,呼吸困难减轻7例,死于呼吸、循环衰竭1例。血栓明显消融52例,部分消融11例,少量消融1例。术后合并脑出血1例。6个月后复查肺动脉及肢体静脉血栓无明显增多。结论肺动脉置管溶栓术治疗肺栓塞效果确切,可明显改善患者症状,血栓消融程度高,损伤小,并发症少,但应严格掌握溶栓时机。     

Treatment and Outcomes of Acute Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis: The CVRN VTE Study

BackgroundFew studies describe both inpatient and outpatient treatment and outcomes of patients with acute venous thromboembolism in the United States.MethodsA multi-institutional cohort of patients diagnosed with confirmed pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis during the years 2004 through 2010 was established from 4 large, US-based integrated health care delivery systems. Computerized databases were accessed and medical records reviewed to collect information on patient demographics, clinical risk factors, initial antithrombotic treatment, and vital status. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate the risk of death at 90 days.ResultsThe cohort comprised 5497 adults with acute venous thromboembolism. Pulmonary embolism was predominantly managed in the hospital setting (95.0%), while 54.5% of patients with lower extremity thrombosis were treated as outpatients. Anticoagulant treatment differed according to thromboembolism type: 2688 patients (92.8%) with pulmonary embolism and 1625 patients (86.9%) with lower extremity thrombosis were discharged on anticoagulants, compared with 286 patients (80.1%) with upper extremity thrombosis and 69 (54.8%) patients with other thrombosis. While 4.5% of patients died during the index episode, 15.4% died within 90 days. Pulmonary embolism was associated with a higher 90-day death risk than lower extremity thrombosis (adjusted hazard ratio 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.47), as was not being discharged on anticoagulants (adjusted hazard ratio 5.56; 95% confidence interval, 4.76-6.67).ConclusionsIn this multicenter, community-based study of patients with acute venous thromboembolism, anticoagulant treatment and outcomes varied by thromboembolism type. Although case fatality during the acute episode was relatively low, 15.4% of people with thromboembolism died within 90 days of the index diagnosis.     

肺癌患者并发静脉血栓与肺栓塞的危险因素分析简

目的 探讨肺癌患者并发静脉血栓或肺栓塞的高危因素.方法 分析我院收治的35例肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞患者资料,选择同期未发生静脉血栓的病例资料做对照,探求肺癌并发静脉血栓或肺栓塞的危险因素.结果 （1）静脉血栓发生时间构成以确诊后3个月内比重最高,占31.4%;静脉血栓发生部位以左下肢深静脉血栓为主,占40.0%.（2）腺癌、高病理分级、D-二聚体升高是肺癌合并静脉血栓或肺栓塞的独立危险因素,各因素的OR值分别为7.207、3.480、2.863.结论 肺癌诊断3个月内是并发静脉血栓栓塞的高发时段;肿瘤分级高、腺癌、D-二聚体水平升高的肺癌患者易发生静脉血栓栓塞,临床应对上述因素高度警惕,及早进行预见性治疗.     

Current diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in primary care: a clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Physicians

This guideline summarizes the current approaches for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. The importance of early diagnosis to prevent mortality and morbidity associated with venous thromboembolism cannot be overstressed. This field is highly dynamic, however, and new evidence is emerging periodically that may change the recommendations. The purpose of this guideline is to present recommendations based on current evidence to clinicians to aid in the diagnosis of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.     

In-Hospital Risks and Management of Deep Venous Thrombosis According to Location of the Thrombus

BackgroundWhether deep venous thrombosis involving the pelvic veins or inferior vena cava is associated with higher in-hospital mortality or higher prevalence of in-hospital pulmonary embolism than proximal or distal lower extremity deep venous thrombosis is not known.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study based on administrative data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2016, 2017. Patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis at known locations were identified by International Classification of Diseases-10-Clinical Modification codes.ResultsIn-hospital all-cause mortality with deep venous thrombosis involving the inferior vena cava in patients treated only with anticoagulants was 2.2% versus 0.8% with pelvic vein deep venous thrombosis (p<0.0001), 0.7% with proximal deep venous thrombosis (p<0.0001) and 0.2% with distal deep venous thrombosis (p<0.0001). Mortality with anticoagulants was similar with pelvic vein deep venous thrombosis compared with proximal lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, 0.8% versus 0.7% (p=0.39). Lower mortality was shown with pelvic vein deep venous thrombosis treated with thrombolytics than with anticoagulants, 0% versus 0.8% (p<0.0001). In-hospital pulmonary embolism occurred in 11% to 23%, irrespective of the site of deep venous thrombosis.ConclusionPatients with deep venous thrombosis involving the inferior vena cava had higher in-hospital mortality than patients with deep venous thrombosis at other locations. Pelvic vein deep venous thrombosis did not result in higher mortality or more in-hospital pulmonary embolism than proximal lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. The incidence of in-hospital pulmonary embolism was considerable with deep venous thrombosis at all sites.     

Iliac vein compression and pulmonary embolism in a long distance runner: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging-a case report

Iliac vein compression is invoked as the explanation for deep venous thrombosis occurring more often in the left iliofemoral system than the right. The authors report a previously undescribed variant of iliac compression whereby a left iliac arterial aneurysm caused venous compression and resultant thrombosis. In this case the patient suffered a pulmonary embolism without symptoms of lower extremity venous thrombosis.     

Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis after suspension of progesterone-only oral treatment.

The intake of steroid hormone contraceptives is a strong and independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Several studies have assessed an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives who are carriers of the G20210A mutation in the prothrombin gene. Most trials evaluating the thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives are based on combined oral preparations, but only a few focus on progestogen-only oral preparations. Results from such studies are conflicting and globally assess the thrombotic risk, ranging from modest to slightly increased. Furthermore, little is known about the relationship between the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and the progestogen-based preparations. Herewith we report the case of a 49-year-old woman with a complex genetic thrombosis risk factor who had taken oral progesterone for 15 months without any complication, but then experienced severe left upper extremity deep vein thrombosis 2 months after the drug suspension.     

Deficiency of protein S-mediated familial venous thrombophilia--a case report

Deficiency of protein S causes potential problems of thrombosis. Cases of familial venous thrombosis due to deficiency of protein S were presented. First, an 85-year-old woman had pulmonary thromboembolism due to left deep femoral venous thrombosis, which might be triggered by leg fracture and the long-term treatment with a plaster cast. Next, her 29-year-old granddaughter had episodes of recurrent venous thrombosis in her legs and arms, which might be triggered by the treatment with a plaster cast and abortion. In the latter part, the aspects of risks for thromboembolism, potential problems in gestational period, and an advisability of thromboprophylaxis in patients with deficiency of protein S are described.     

The Simultaneous Occurrence of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary and Arterial Embolization

INTRODUCTION A 45-year-old female presented with 8 hours of right lower extremity pain and dyspnea. She was tachycardic and her right lower extremity was dusky, cold, and pulseless. DISCUSSION Computerized tomography of the venous and arterial systems revealed massive pulmonary embolism and right lower extremity arterial and left lower extremity venous thromboses. Management included intra-arterial thrombolytics, right lower extremity arterial embolectomy, and anticoagulation. Echocardiogram revealed a patent foramen ovale (PFO) with a right-to-left shunt. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that our patient developed deep venous thrombosis that led to major pulmonary embolization and increased right-sided pressures. In the setting of a patent foramen ovale, a later venous embolus transversed the PFO and lodged in the femoral artery. Our case illustrates the importance of a high index of suspicion for a paradoxical embolus in patients with arterial thrombosis. This abstract was presented at the meeting of the Southern Society of General Internal Medicine in February 2005     

Regional differences in rates of diagnosis and mortality of pulmonary thromboembolism

The rates of diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism (PE), and venous thromboembolism (PE and/or deep venous thrombosis) and the mortality rate of PE in hospitalized patients were evaluated in 4 regions of the United States. Data are from the National Hospital Discharge Survey and the United States Bureau of the Census. The western region of the United States showed a lower rate of diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism and a lower mortality rate of PE than any other region.     

静脉血栓栓塞症患者的临床特点和增龄性变化

[其它论文] -Congress J Thromb an Haemost2003

Venous thromboembolic disease comparison of the diagnostic process in men and women [其它论文] -Archives of Internal Medicine2003

Venous thromboembolism in the intensive care unit [其它论文] -Critical Care Clinics2003

Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and the puerpcrium:incidence and additional risk factors from a London perinatal database [其它论文] -British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology2001

Oral contraceptives and Venous thromboembolism:a five-year national case-control study [其它论文] -Contraception2002

重视肺血栓栓塞症合并冠心病的诊断和治疗 [其它论文] -中国心血管杂志2008

内科住院患者静脉血栓栓塞症预防的中国专家建议 [其它论文] -中华老年医学杂志2009

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Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis

Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis is a serious disease entity which, based on the pathogenesis and in view of the individual patient's prognosis, must be divided into a primary and a secondary form. Primary upper extremity deep venous thrombosis is, when related to effort, a rather benign disease with excellent prognosis quoad vitam, carrying only a minor potential of developing disabling post-thrombotic syndrome. If primary upper extremity deep venous thrombosis occurs without any obvious cause, screening for underlying malignancy is recommended. Secondary upper extremity deep venous thrombosis typically occurs in older patients with severe comorbidities, mainly related to indwelling central venous catheters and cancer. As a consequence of the underlying diseases, prognosis of secondary upper extremity deep venous thrombosis is poor. Despite a lack of high-quality validation data, ultrasonography is regarded the first-line imaging technique, since it is a non-invasive method without exposure to radiation. In case of a non-diagnostic result of ultrasonography, other imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography may be applied. Regardless of the etiology, the cornerstone of therapy is anticoagulant treatment with low molecular weight heparin or unfractionated heparin and vitamin K antagonists in order to prevent thrombus progression and pulmonary embolism. Owing to a lack of evidence, the optimal duration of anticoagulant treatment remains unclear. The additional benefit of compression therapy as well as of more aggressive therapeutic approaches such as thrombolysis, angioplasty and surgical decompression of the thoracic outlet needs to be investigated in randomized trials.     

Management of venous thromboembolism: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians

Venous thromboembolism is a common condition affecting 7.1 persons per 10,000 person-years among community residents. Incidence rates for venous thromboembolism are higher in men and African Americans and increase substantially with age. It is critical to treat deep venous thrombosis at an early stage to avoid development of further complications, such as pulmonary embolism or recurrent deep venous thrombosis. The target audience for this guideline is all clinicians caring for patients who have been given a diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. The target patient population is patients receiving a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism or lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis.     

急性脑梗死患者下肢深静脉血栓的诊断及华法林抗凝治疗的疗效和安全性

目的 探讨住院急性脑梗死患者并发下肢深静脉血栓(LDVT)的诊断,以及并发LDVT后适合抗凝治疗者的疗效和安全性. 方法 根据Wells的临床怀疑LDVT的量化评分表,对怀疑者行压迫静脉超声(CUG)显像确诊.确诊并发LDVT的患者如适合抗凝治疗则给予低分子肝素(LMWH)皮下注射,同时当天口服华法林,口服华法林按Roberts的依年龄调整华法林的负荷量方法 进行,当凝血酶原时间国际化比率(INR)2.0～3.0达2 d,则停用LMWH,口服华法林抗凝治疗3个月. 结果急性脑梗死患者2067例,经CUG确诊并发LDVTl8例,占同期急性脑梗死住院患者的0.9%.发生LDVT的肢体均为瘫痪肢体,其中左侧13例,右侧5例.18例均适合抗凝治疗,除1例患者在口服华法林第3天出现痔疮出血,于第4天停用华法林外,余17例口服华法林达3个月.18例均达到消除LDVT的症状,预防肺栓塞的治疗目标,停用华法林后观察达1年共12例,3个月5例,均未发现LDVT复发,未发现有临床症状的肺血栓栓塞者. 结论 使用Wells临床怀疑LDVT量表,对可疑者行CUG检查,可较及时诊断急性脑梗死患者并发LDVT,对适合抗凝治疗者应用Roberts的依年龄调整华法林的负荷量方法 可达到早期足量抗凝的目的 ,继而可达到消除LDVT症状、预防肺栓塞和静脉血栓复发的治疗目标、而且是安全的.由于种族和人群的差异以及其他未知的因素,惠州地区急性脑梗死患者并发LDVT的患病率相对较低,似无必要对该地区人群所有急性脑梗死患者给予LMWH以预防静脉血栓.     

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: an unusual cause of pulmonary embolism.

A 36-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency department of our hospital with symptoms and signs of pulmonary embolism. Further evaluation established the diagnosis and anticoagulant therapy was immediately started. Physical examination revealed left lower extremity edema, prominent varicose veins, greater length of the involved limb and a capillary malformation extending from the lower abdomen down to the left knee. The diagnosis of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) was suspected and a color duplex scan was next performed revealing derangements in the lower extremity venous system including deep venous thrombosis. KTS is a congenital anomaly characterized by capillary malformation, extensive varicosities and limb hypertrophy. Anomalies of the deep and perforator venous system coexist and predispose to thromboembolic events. Pulmonary embolism is infrequently encountered in the setting of this syndrome.     

Paget-Schroetter syndrome and pulmonary thromboembolism: clinical follow-up over 5 years

A scaffold constructor lost consciousness at work, leading to emergency admission to our hospital. He had noted gradual worsening of exertional dyspnea over the previous 1 month. Chest radiography showed localized oligemia and enlarged hilar vessels. Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy confirmed the existence of multiple perfusion defects, so a diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism was made. Upper and lower limb venography disclosed interruption of the right subclavian vein (so-called Paget-Schroetter syndrome). However, there was no difference in appearance between the right and left upper extremities. Five years after starting anticoagulant therapy, his symptoms have resolved, but serial perfusion scintigraphy and upper extremity venography revealed the persistence of abnormalities. In patients with pulmonary thromboembolism, lifestyle factors (especially heavy manual labor) should be considered and the possibility of subclavian vein thrombosis should be kept in mind.     

Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in neurosurgical patients

This study was conducted to clarify the prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in neurosurgical patients. Prospective study for venous thromboembolism screening after neurosurgery was conducted. Thirty-seven patients were screened by ultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities at an average of 12 days postoperatively. All patients received standard thromboprophylaxis using graded compression stocking with/without intermittent pneumatic compression following the VTE prevention guidelines. Definitive diagnosis of venous thromboembolism was made by contrast-enhanced whole-body computed tomography. Prevalence of deep vein thrombosis of the lower legs was 13.5% (5/37). Incidence of pulmonary embolism was 60% (3/5) in patients having deep vein thrombosis. All patients having venous thromboembolism were asymptomatic. In high-risk patients, VTE prevalence after neurosurgery was high even under mechanical prophylaxis. Additional pharmacological prophylaxis should be considered for patients with high risk of VTE.     

Pulmonary thromboembolism in Asians/Pacific Islanders in the United States: analysis of data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey and the United States Bureau of the Census

PURPOSE: To assess the rate of diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and venous thromboembolism; the incidence in hospitalized patients; and mortality from pulmonary embolism among Asians/Pacific Islanders in the United States. METHODS: The number of patients discharged from hospitals with a diagnostic code for pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis from 1990 through 1999 was obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Population estimates and deaths from pulmonary embolism from 1990 through 1998 were obtained from the United States Bureau of the Census. RESULTS: Rate ratios of 10-year age-adjusted rates of diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and venous thromboembolism comparing Asians/Pacific Islanders with whites and African Americans ranged from 0.16 to 0.21. Rate ratios comparing incidences in hospitalized patients ranged from 0.32 to 0.42. The age-adjusted rate ratio of mortality in "others" (which included Asians/Pacific Islanders) was 0.29 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01 to 0.87) compared with whites and 0.14 (95% CI: 0.0 to 0.58) compared with African Americans. CONCLUSION: Rates of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and venous thromboembolism; incidences in hospitalized patients; and the mortality rate from pulmonary embolism were markedly lower in Asians/Pacific Islanders than in whites and African Americans. Clinical assessment of the prior probability of venous thromboembolic disease at the bedside should probably be adjusted based on these ethnic differences.