旋光法测定青霉素皮试注射液的含量

目的探讨快速测定自配青霉素皮试注射液含量的方法。方法采用旋光法，在20℃条件下测定。结果青霉素皮试注射液浓度在450．650单位／mL范围内与旋光度线性关系良好，平均加样回收率为100．38％，RSD=1．04％（n=5）。结论旋光法快速、简便，适用于医院自配青霉素皮试注射液含量的快速分析。     

盐酸乙基吗啡滴眼液含量测定方法的改进

目的寻找一种快速测定盐酸乙基吗啡滴眼液的含量测定方法.方法利用自动旋光仪测定盐酸乙基吗啡的含量.结果在20～25℃下,4～20mg/mL范围内,其浓度与旋光度呈现良好的线性关系.r=0.9999,RSD=1.33%,n=8.结论用旋光法测定盐酸乙基吗啡滴眼液的含量,其方法快速准确,明显优于酸碱滴定法,适用于医院制剂的含量快速分析.     

对《介绍一种葡萄糖注射液含量测定时旋光度与含量浓度的检索表》一文的两点补充意见

中国医院药学杂志编辑部:用旋光仪测定葡萄糖注射液含量的方法,是我国药典(1977年版)收载的法定方法,此法已广泛应用于生产及医院制剂等单位。贵刊登载的《介绍种葡萄糖注射液含量测定时旋光度与浓度的检索表》一文(陈晓峰2:41,1983,(下称《检索表》),略去了每次含量测定的计算,对医院药房     

旋光法测定甘露醇注射液的含量

目的 建立用旋光法测定甘露醇注射液的含量方法.方法 将甘露醇注射液用水稀释后,用旋光仪测定甘露醇的含量.结果 甘露醇在5.2564-17.4604%（g·mL-1）范围内与旋光度呈良好线性关系,方法平均回收率为99.52%,相对标准差为1.24%,与碘量法进行对比,无显著性差异.结论 该法操作简便快速,重现性好、结果准确可靠,可用于甘露醇注射液的含量测定.     

盐酸乙基吗啡滴眼液含量测定方法的改进

目的 寻找一种快速测定盐酸乙基吗啡滴眼液的含量测定方法、方法利用自动旋光仪测定盐酸乙基吗啡的含量。结果在20～25℃下，4～20mg／mL范围内，其浓度与旋光度呈现良好的线性关系、r=0．9999，RSD：1．33％，n=8。结论用旋光法测定盐酸乙基吗啡滴眼液的含量，其方法快速；住确，明显优于酸碱滴定法，适用于医院制剂的含量快速分析.     

对《用小型旋光仪测定葡萄糖含量》的商榷

中国医院药学杂志1983年第5期刊载《用小型旋光仪测定葡萄糖含量》一文,对文中“等渗葡萄糖注射液以无水葡萄糖5%表示(相等于含一个结晶水的5.5%)计算。”并由此列“表2 5%葡萄糖(无水)旋光度与标示量关系表,来控制其含量。”认为欠妥。     

应用碘量法测定葡萄糖注射液含量时的温度影响

葡萄糖注射液为临床治疗必需的药品,亦为目前医院药房的常规制剂。其成品的含量测定,中国药曲规定用旋光法。由于旋光仪尚不能完全满足基层单位的需要,故一般医院药房仍多采用碘量法作为快速分析测定     

复方乳酸钠注射液中葡萄(米广)含量测定的实验

碘量法是医院药房在无旋光仪的条件下,测定液中菊萄精的含量时,和旋光法基本一致。但我们在实际工作中发现用于测定复方乳酸钠注射液(用115.5’灭菌30分钟)中葡萄糖含量时,和旋光法比较有效大差别,现将实验结果列表如下;附表工蔺箱含盆洲定的结果!含量(标示量肠),注射液名称{灭菌前灭菌后旋光法碘量法旋光法碘量法‘。雳夏纂     

旋光法快速测定痤疮擦剂中红霉素含量

目的 建立快速测定红霉素含量的方法.方法 根据红霉素具有旋光性的特点,用旋光法快速测定红霉素的含量.结果 浓度在4～30mg/ml时与旋光度呈良好线性关系,平均回收率99.86%,RSD=0.51%(n=6),与抗生素微生物检定法结果基本一致.结论 旋光法快速检测方法简便、快速、准确,尤适用于医院对该制剂和半成品的质量控制和快速分析.     

利巴韦林注射液半成品质量控制方法优化

目的建立快速测定利巴韦林注射液半成品含量的方法。方法针对利巴韦林注射液半成品分别对HPLC、旋光光度法两种方法进行试验,从多个角度考虑优化出一种适合生产需要,快速、方便、高效、成本低的方法对利巴韦林注射液半成品的质量进行控制。结果通过实验表明,利巴韦林的水溶液,浓度在40~140mg/mL时其旋光度与浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.9999,本法含量测定结果与高效液相比较,偏差<1%,测定结果准确可靠。结论旋光光度法操作简便,快速准确,为半成品质量控制较理想的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.