不同方法解剖面神经对面神经损伤的比较

面神经解剖术有顺行和逆行两种主要解剖方法，两种解剖法对面神经主干、分支或多或少的能构成损伤。为了探讨以不同的手术方式尽量减少对面神经的损伤，本文对90例腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤患者分别采用从颧支、下颌缘支、颊支3种不同的面神经解剖术式进行面神经解剖，并对术后出现面神经功能障碍及恢复时间做临床比较。     

腮腺手术与面神经主要分支损伤

目的 分析腮腺切除手术后面神经下颌缘支,颊支和颧支和损伤与病理诊断及手术方式的关系。方法 对101例经病理诊断为腮腺的病例术后面神经功能情况进行临床追踪观察,并对其结果进行分析。结果 腮腺恶性肿瘤术后面神经下颌缘支,颊支和颧支损伤发生机率分别是良性肿瘤的2．5,2．4,5．4倍;腮腺全切术后面神经重要分支损伤发生率明显高于浅叶摘除术和节段切除术;下颌缘支损伤的机率较其他分支高。结论 面神经主要分支损伤与手术方式、肿瘤性质密切相关,选择适当的手术方式可减少其发生机率。     

面神经三种解剖方法的比较研究

目的:通过比较腮腺肿物手术中3种不同的面神经逆行解剖方法,探讨通过颈支逆行解剖面神经的可行性。方法:腮腺区肿物患者83例,依据肿瘤部位及性质分别采取面神经颈支、下颌缘支和颊支的逆行解剖方法。随访时间6个月至2年,观察治疗效果。结果:面神经颈支逆行解剖组术后面瘫发生率(10.7%)明显低于下颌缘支组(37.1%)和颊支组(45.0%)。三组术式肿瘤复发率无明显差别。结论:面神经颈支逆行解剖法可有效降低面瘫的发生,并能保留颈阔肌功能,有一定的临床应用价值。     

腮腺手术中顺行法与逆行法解剖对面神经功能影响的比较研究

目的:比较腮腺手术中顺行法与逆行法解剖对面神经功能影响的差异。方法:腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤临床病例107例,随机采用顺行法(48例)与逆行法(59例)解剖面神经,统计手术时间、观察患者术后面瘫情况及统计神经功能恢复时间。结果:所有病例术后均无出现永久性面瘫,采用顺行法与逆行法解剖面神经完成手术所需的手术时间、术后暂时性面瘫的发生率及神经功能恢复所需的时间分别是:(46.33±4.85) min,14.58%,(2.04±0.95)个月;(42.51±4.23) min,33.90%,(2.47±0.97)个月。两种术式的手术时间差异无显著性;两种术式术后暂时性面瘫发生率及恢复时间(P<0.05)差异均存在显著性。结论:腮腺手术中熟练操作顺行法解剖面神经可有效减少面瘫的发生。     

腮腺切除术对面神经损伤和恢复的影响

目的：分析腮腺切除术后面神经功能损伤的发生率及其与腮腺切除的范围,临床特点的关系。方法：对62例腮腺混合瘤的病案资料进行回顾性分析。结果：62例治疗手术中,面神经损伤22例,占35．48％。其中腮腺区域性切除32例,术后即刻出现面神经颧支及颊支暂时性麻痹2例(6．3％),下颌缘支暂时性麻痹3例(9．4％),1个月后自行恢复。腮腺浅叶摘除20例中,术后即刻出现面神经颧支及颊支暂时性麻痹2例(10％),下颌缘支暂时性麻痹5例(25％)。腮腺全切解剖面神经的10例,术后全部即刻出现面神经暂时性面瘫(100％),所有麻痹均在1～2个月恢复。结论：面瘫的发生率与手术术式、瘤体与面神经的位置关系、以及面神经的解剖形态密切相关。     

腮腺浅叶肿物切除术中四种面神经解剖方式对面神经功能的影响

目的评价腮腺浅叶肿物切除术中4种面神经解剖方式对术后面神经功能的影响。方法腮腺浅叶肿物患者70例,按面神经解剖方式分为4组,分别采取面神经主干、颈支、下颌缘支和颊支4种解剖方式行腮腺浅叶肿物切除术,随访时间1年,观察治疗效果。结果主干组术后暂时性面瘫发生率为15．0％,颈支组为12．5％,颊支组为44．0％,下颌缘支组为50．0％。主干组和颈支组术后暂时性面瘫发生率明显低于颊支组及下颌缘支组（P〈0．05）。结论腮腺浅叶肿物切除术中,面神经主干和颈支解剖的手术方式,可减少暂时性面瘫发生率。     

解剖面神经颧支在腮腺切除术中的临床应用

目的：总结解剖面神经颧支在腮腺良性肿瘤切除术中的临床应用。方法：采用经典的面部除皱手术切口,在腮腺嚼肌筋膜下翻瓣,先在耳屏前颧弓下解剖显露面神经的颧支,然后沿该支显露面神经的颞面干及面神经总干,再根据肿瘤的位置沿总干选择性地解剖面神经颈面干及各分支,行肿瘤及腮腺部分切除术。最后采用蒂在上方的胸锁乳突肌肌瓣转移填塞腮腺切除后的凹陷区,避免了常规术式术后耳前区的凹陷畸形。结果：采用该术式对19例患者行腮腺良性肿瘤切除术,所有手术均顺利完成,术后随访3～4年,患者面部疤痕不明显,外形恢复良好,面神经损伤均完全恢复。结论：本术式更易于显露和保护面神经,改善术后面部畸形。     

面神经中段解剖法在区域性腮腺切除术中的应用

目的 提出经腮腺实质内面神经中段解剖法并评价其在区域性腮腺切除术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性统计了自2016年1月至2017年12月行腮腺良性肿瘤手术患者136例,按照面神经解剖方法分类,分为顺行总干解剖法（顺行组,70例）、逆行分支解剖法（逆行组,34例）、实质内中段解剖法（中段组,32例）,比较3组的手术时间,面神经损伤和耳垂感觉状况,涎瘘、Frey’s综合征发生率,并进行美学评价。结果 中段组手术时间较其他两组明显缩短（P<0.05）;中段组术后未出现涎瘘患者,顺行组涎瘘发生的比例较高（9例,12.9%）（P<0.05）;中段组和顺行组术后面神经损伤率均较低（顺行组3例,4.3%;中段组1例,3.1%）,逆行组面神经损伤比例偏高（7例,20.6%）（P<0.05）;中段组和逆行组均未出现耳垂感觉减退情况,而顺行组出现比例较高（12例,17.1%）（P<0.05）;术后中段组及顺行组患者对术后面部外形比较满意,而逆行组对美观评价一般（P<0.05）。结论 面神经中段解剖法在技术上是可以实行的,在腮腺良性肿瘤的区域性切除术中,可以取得较好的临床效果,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

应用面神经次要分支修复重要分支的效果观察

目的:探讨应用面神经次要分支修复重要分支的可行性及临床效果.方法:应用面神经颈支修复下颌缘支,上颊支修复颧支缺损.测量缺损的神经长度后,切断颈支和上颊支远端,旋转至需要修复的下颌缘支及颧支远断端.手术在双人双目手术显微镜下进行,用9-0无损伤缝合线吻合2-4针.应用颈支修复下颌缘支缺损5例,应用上颊支修复颧支缺损7例.结果:颈支修复下颌缘支5例,术后3个月恢复2例,术后6个月恢复3例.上颊支修复颧支7例,术后3-4个月功能完全恢复.结论:应用面神经颈支修复下颌缘支缺损及应用上颊支修复颧支缺损在临床上是完全可行的,并可取得较好的修复效果.     

腮腺肿瘤切除术中面神经解剖路径临床研究

在腮腺切除术40例中,顺行法（总干法）解剖显露面神经17例,逆行法（周围支法）解剖显露面神经23例,术后顺行法有1例、逆行法中有8例出现不同程度的暂时性面瘫症状（P ＜0．05）,提示顺行法更加安全可靠、快速简便。     

Superficial parotidectomy: antegrade compared with modified retrograde dissections of the facial nerve

We compared two techniques of superficial parotidectomy: conventional antegrade dissection of the facial nerve, and retrograde dissection. A total of 89 parotidectomies were included and the results presented of a retrospective case study during a six-year period. Superficial parotidectomy involves identification of the facial nerve. We present 49 parotidectomies in 45 patients using the conventional technique of antegrade dissection of the nerve, and 40 parotidectomies in 39 patients using retrograde dissection of the buccal branch of the facial nerve from 4cm in front of the alatragal line to the main trunk of the nerve. The incidence of postoperative complications (facial nerve palsy, Frey syndrome, haematoma, and wound infection) were compared. The Facial nerve function was assessed by patient complaints and clinical examination. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between the groups. We describe an alternative technique for identifying the main trunk of the facial nerve.     

Indications for partial parotidectomy using retrograde dissection of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve for benign tumours of the parotid gland

The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of partial parotidectomy using retrograde dissection of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve for benign tumours of the parotid gland and to establish the indications for its use. We examined 106 consecutive patients with previously untreated benign tumours in the lower portion of the parotid gland who were treated by parotidectomy. The first group (anterograde group, n=52) consisted of those who had standard anterograde parotidectomy. The remaining patients, who underwent retrograde parotidectomy, were further divided into two groups: those in whom the upper edge of the tumour was located below the mastoid tip (below mastoid group, n=46) or those in whom it was above the mastoid tip (above mastoid group, n=8). The operating time was significantly shorter in the below mastoid group (141.2, 127.5, and 98.1 minutes, respectively) as was intraoperative blood loss (41.1, 53.0, and 24.4 ml, respectively), compared with the other two groups. There was a higher incidence of facial nerve dysfunction in the above mastoid group postoperatively (4/8) than in the other two groups. The results suggested that the presence of a tumour of any size located below the mastoid tip is a good indication for parotidectomy using retrograde dissection of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve.     

Comparison of facial nerve injury and recovery rates after antegrade and retrograde nerve dissection in parotid surgery for benign disease: prospective study over 4 years

The facial nerve can be dissected using an antegrade or retrograde approach. Antegrade dissection is the established technique and retrograde dissection is used less often. Recent publications have drawn attention to the potential value of the retrograde technique particularly if direct identification of the nerve trunk is difficult, and in revision procedures. We prospectively studied 43 consecutive procedures in 40 patients who had parotidectomy over a 4-year period, and evaluated and compared rates of temporary and permanent nerve injury, and nerve recovery after antegrade and retrograde dissection in operations for benign parotid disease. Each patient was allocated randomly to the antegrade (n = 20) or retrograde (n = 20) groups. Three patients were excluded. All patients had peroperative nerve monitoring and were followed up at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, or to full recovery of the nerve. The House-Brackmann (HB) grading system was used to assess the degree of injury to the nerve. A high rate of serious nerve injury (HBIII or above) was associated with retrograde dissection at 1 week. Serious nerve injuries (HBIII or above) were slow to recover after the antegrade technique at 3 months. There was no difference between groups in the rates of full nerve recovery at 6 months.     

颞部发际前缘切口在颧骨复合体骨折内固定术中的应用

目的：探讨颞部发际前缘切口在颧骨复合体骨折(ZCF)内固定术中的应用方法、优势和效果。方法：沿颞部发际前缘作纵行切开分离，注意保护跨越颧弓的面神经颧、额支，横向切开颧弓表面深筋膜和骨膜，暴露骨折部位。Al型病例仅采用颞部发际前缘切口，B、C型病例配合眶周及口腔前庭等小切口，利用该切口撬动整个颧骨体复位，重建颧骨体外形轮廓。精确复位后，采用微型钛板作坚强内固定。不作头皮冠状切口。结果：99例107侧ZCF患者术后疗效优良率达86．0％。颞部发际前缘切口均一期愈合。面神经颧、额支麻痹引起的暂时性瘫痪率为24.3％，6个月内全部恢复，无永久性面瘫发生。结论：颞部发际前缘切口具有术野清晰，操作方便，创伤小，出血少，提高复位固定准确性及瘢痕隐蔽等优点。     

大鼠与家兔面神经颅外段解剖的比较研究

目的:观测正常大鼠及家兔面神经的颅外段主干及分支的解剖及组织学指标,研究并评价两种实验动物模型在面神经缺损修复中的应用特点。方法:在手术显微镜下解剖大鼠与家兔双侧面神经,游标卡尺测量各分支的长度、中点外径。改良特殊三色法染色,在光学显微镜观察细胞、轴突、髓鞘形态。结果:大鼠和家兔面神经出茎乳孔后分为颞支、颧支、颊支、下颌缘支和颈支至面部表情肌。大鼠5个主要分支共干发出,而家兔颞支和颧支由颞面干发出;颊支分叉较多,分为上下颊支,行至口角。大鼠各分支神经束较少,多为2～3束,而家兔神经束平均为9束。结论:家兔表情肌活动较明显,应选择家兔作为面神经缺损修复动物模型;大鼠面神经各分支分叉少,可用于病理学及组织学的研究。在分支的选取上首先考虑面神经颊支和下颌缘支。     

Superficial parotidectomy: technical modifications based on tumour characteristics

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of partial superficial parotidectomy and tumour enucleation in the surgical management of patients with pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 62 patients were treated for pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid during the years 1995-1999; 17 patients were treated with conventional superficial parotidectomy, whereas 42 patients were subjected to partial superficial parotidectomy. In three patients, tumour size and facial nerve proximity essentially resulted in enucleation of the parotid mass. In partial superficial parotidectomy, only the tumour-bearing area of the gland parenchyma was excised with identification of the main trunk and preservation of the facial nerve division that was adjacent to the tumour site with no need for more extensive facial nerve dissection. RESULTS: There was no incidence of recurrence or facial nerve injury in our group of patients. The incidence of Frey's syndrome was 4.8%.