216例低出生体重儿相关因素分析

目的 探讨低出生体重儿发生原因及相关因素,为降低低出生体重儿的发生率、围生儿发病率和病死率制定相应干预措施提供理论依据.方法 对我院2010年1月至2012年6月出生的低出生体重儿进行监测.结果 7325例新生儿中低出生体重儿216例,低出生体重儿总发生率为2.95％(216/7325).其中常住人口2.39％ (85/3559),流动人口3.48％(131/3766);男婴2.42％(94/3892),女婴3.55％ (122/3433);双胎以上27.94％ (57/204),单胎2.51％ (179/7121);早产组50.20％(124/247),足月组1.33％(89/6716);婴儿母亲高中及以下学历3.01％ (107/3552),高中以上学历2.89％(109/3773).结论 低出生体重的发生受不同因素影响,低出生体重儿中常住人口低于流动人口,女婴发生率略高于男婴,早产和多胎妊娠的低出生体重儿发生率明显高于足月和单胎,降低低出生体重儿的发生率要关注孕期保健,应尽可能避免多胎妊娠和预防早产.     

低出生体重儿视觉诱发电位异常相关因素分析

随着产科抢救技术和新生儿监护的不断发展，和低出生体重儿的存活率大为提高，低出生体重儿是视觉障碍的高危人群，而视觉诱发电位能够早期诊断视觉障碍。本研究将对4年来242例不同低出生体重儿视觉诱发电位异常相关因素进行分析。     

低出生体重儿160例相关因素分析

多方面资料表明，围产儿死亡中，出生体重〈2500g的胎婴儿占50％～60％，低出生体重儿一旦患病，预后严重，胎龄越小、体重越轻、死亡率越高。低出生体重儿的死亡率是体重〉2500g小儿的8～10倍，而且存活者后遗症也多。所以了解低出生体重儿的发生情况对围产保健工作具有重要意义。现将6年来在我院出生的低体重儿的临床资料总结分析如下。     

低出生体重儿远期听力、视力与智力随访

目的 探讨低出生体重（ＬＢＷ）儿远期听力、视力及智力发育情况。方法 对４６例ＬＢＷ儿在４￣８．５ａ时进行随访,以４０例同龄正常出生体重（ＮＢＷ０儿作对照,检测吸力、视力与智商（ＩＱ）。结果 ＬＢＷ儿听力、视力及ＩＱ异常率均高于对照组（Ｐ均〈０．０５）,平均听阈高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,而平均视力与ＩＱ分别低于对照组（Ｐ均〈０．０１）,ＬＢＷ儿出生体重分别与ＩＱ、双眼平均视力呈正相关（ｒ＝０．３９     

低出生体重儿的发育障碍

对40～70年代出生的低出生体重儿(LBWI)的长期随访结果表明,其存活率随着新生儿监护技术的合理应用已明显升高。人们极为关注的发育障碍,如脑性瘫痪、视网膜病变、听力障碍、癫痫、精神发育迟缓等虽有一定改善,但发病率仍较高。总的趋向是,出生体重越低,发育障碍越多、越重。出生体重<2000～2500g 的LBWI,精神发育基本与对照组相似;1500～2000g的LBWI,平均智商较对照组稍低,但无统计学意义,仅7%左右的小儿有严重的精神发育障碍;出生体重<1000g的LBWI,发育障碍明显增多。     

低出生体重儿肾上腺皮质功能的研究

目的探讨低出生体重儿生后肾上腺皮质功能的变化及临床意义.方法应用放免的方法对110名低出生体重儿生后1、7、14、21天血清皮质醇水平检测,并与30名足月儿生后相同时段皮质醇水平进行对照.结果低出生体重儿生后血清皮质醇水平均呈不同程度的下降趋势足月小样儿、大胎龄早产儿于生后1周达稳态,小胎龄早产儿于生后2周达稳态,达稳态时均与同日龄足月儿水平均值相比差异无显著性.结论低出生体重儿生后因宫内外环境的变化而产生应激反应使血清皮质醇处于高水平,随生后日龄增加对宫外环境的适应,应激反应减轻,其血清皮质醇水平逐渐下降,最迟于生后2周达稳态,与足月儿水平相比差异无显著性.     

低出生体重儿533例临床分析

本文对我院1984年10月-1988年9月出生的低出生体重儿(LBWI)533例进行分析。LBWI发生率为4.95％,死亡率为9.2％,LBWI之出生体重、孕周与死亡率有明显关系,LBWI窒息发生率为19.7％,在病因中,足月儿小样以母亲并发症、胎盘功能不全及多胎妊娠为主,而早产儿以多胎妊娠、胎膜早破及母体并发症为主。LBWI死亡原因中呼吸系统疾病和先天性畸形分别占67.3％和14.3％。本文对如何降低LBWI的发生率和死亡率,LBWI与Apgar评分的关系以及对LBWI监护和喂养进行了分析讨论。     

Risk factors for low birth weight in Nepali infants

A detailed information on a total of 448 consecutive Nepali births which occurred between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1994 was collected from the birth registers of the Khasi-Jaintia Presbetyrian Synod Hospital of Shillong, Meghalaya. After the exclusion of still and twin births, and the cases of missing information of birth weight, 418 single live births were considered to find out the distribution of birth weight and the risk factors of low birth weight (LBW) among the Nepali babies of this state. The incidence of LBW was 21.53%. The results of univariate analysis revealed that sex, maternal age, parity, gestation period, economic condition and maternal education were significantly related to the incidence of LBW. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that all the above mentioned factors had independent risk for LBW except the economic condition and father’s education. Thus, the present results suggest conducting further studies among other ethnic groups of North-East India to understand the problem of LBW at the population level which may help to formulate an effective maternal and child health care program in this region.     

极低及超低出生体重儿的预后因素分析

目的 分析极低及超低出生体重儿（出生体重≤ 1 200 g）的临床资料,为其预后及临床干预提供预警指标。方法 回顾性分析108 例极低及超低出生体重儿的母孕期病史、新生儿出生时情况、诊治经过及预后,采用非条件logistic 回归分析筛选预后的影响因素。结果 108 例极低及超低出生体重儿,出生体重范围在结论 极低及超低出生体重儿的病死率较高,且随着日龄的增加,影响早产儿生存的预后因素不同,临床上应针对这些因素制定合理的管理方案,提高早产儿生存率。     

Maternal risk factors associated with low birth weight

Maternal factors comprising of social, obstetric and anthropometric are fund to influence LBW. The present study had found association between obstetricrisk factors like age of the mother, parity and gravida with LBW. Similar association was also observed between maternal height, and maternal weight with LBW. However, social factors were not found to be associated with LBW. This could probably be due to RUHSA’s intervention which requires a further inquiry.     

极低出生体质量儿闪光视觉诱发电位检测的临床意义

目的 研究极低出生体质量儿闪光刺激视觉诱发电位(FVEP)检测的临床意义.方法 应用英国Oxford公司Medelecsynergy诱发电位仪对43例极低出生体质量儿进行FVEP检测,并选择56例正常足月儿做对照.结果 极低出生体质量儿N1、P1、N2波潜伏期值分别为(181.43±26.73)ms、(217.27±26.54)ms、(249.21±26.49)ms,足月儿分别为(159.51±18.27)ms、(200.26±13.94)ms、(231.56±5.72)ms,两组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05,P＜0.001).极低出生体质量儿P1波的异常率为75.6%,足月儿为0.极低出生体质量儿P1波异常相关影响因素的主效应模型为3.898-2.861颅内病变,颅内病变是独立影响因素(OR=0.057,95%CI 0.006～0.579,P=0.015).结论 极低出生体质量儿FVEP检测P1波异常率高,FVEP异常改变与颅内病变关系密切.极低出生体质量儿在生后1个月内和矫正胎龄42周后至少进行两次FVEP检查,动态观察FVEP改变.     

低出生体质量儿婴儿期食物过敏发生的危险因素

目的 探讨低出生体质量儿食物过敏发生的危险因素.方法 选择2007年1月1日至2011年12月31日在北京大学第三医院NICU住院治疗,出院后在食物过敏门诊就诊且符合食物过敏诊断标准的低出生体质量儿作为食物过敏组(49例),采用分层抽样的方法抽取同期在NICU住院治疗,出院后在儿童保健门诊建档随访但无食物过敏表现的低出生体质量儿作为对照组(49例).采用调查问卷的方法调查2组患儿性别、胎龄、产出方式、出院后喂养方式、父母饮酒、吸烟史、父母变应性疾病史及母孕期每日进食鸡蛋情况和婴儿期鸡蛋添加时间.同时查阅患儿住院期间的病历资料,分析患儿所患疾病、胃肠外营养、PS和呼吸机的应用情况.计数资料比较采用x2检验,计量资料比较采用t检验,多因素分析采用非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 2组患儿出生体质量、性别、产出方式、出院后喂养方式、父母烟酒暴露、母孕期每日进食鸡蛋情况、婴儿期鸡蛋添加时间及其住院期间所患的各系统疾病、胃肠外营养、PS和呼吸机应用情况比较差异均无统计学意义,而胎龄、父母变应性疾病史比较差异有统计学意义.食物过敏组中胎龄33～ 35周、36～37周患儿的比例高于对照组,胎龄29 ～32周患儿的比例低于对照组(x2=10.312,P =0.016;x2 =20.753,P =0.000).非条件Logistic回归分析显示,低出生体质量儿食物过敏的发生仅与父母一方或双方的变应性疾病史有相关性(OR=5.574,P=0.004;OR=14.487,P=0.000).结论 父母双方变应性疾病史与低出生体质量儿食物过敏的发病有关.     

Nosocomial bacterial infections in very low birth weight infants

The occurrence of congenital and nosocomial bacterial septicaemia has been documented by identifying the number of positive blood cultures by reviewing the laboratory and clinical records of 394 very low birth weight infants who were consecutively admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit over a 40-month period. The incidence of congenital septicaemia was 6% and of nosocomial septicaemia 17%. The commonest causes of congenital infection wereStreptococcus agalactiae Staphylococcus epidermidis andEnterococcus faecalis (each in 18% of cases). The commonest cause of nosocomial infection wasS. epidermidis (51% of cases), except in infants of birth weight less than 750 g. Risk factors for nosocomial infection were extremely low birth weight, very preterm birth and prolonged ventilation. Nosocomial infection was associated with significantly lengthened hospital admission.     

Enteral feeding of low birth weight infants

There is sufficient evidence at present to support early enterai feeding of low birth weight (LBW) neonates, including those who are sick or very preterm (< 30 weeks). Trophic feeding with human milk initiated within 48 hours of birth at 10–15 ml/kg/day improves later tolerance to graded increment of enterai feeding volumes without increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Trophic feeding supports increments of feeding volumes by 30 ml/kg/day by intermittent gavage feeding. Non-nutritive sucking and spoon-feeding aid earlier transition to exclusive breast-feeding. Human milk promotes adequate growth of most preterm neonates, though many need multivitamin and mineral supplementation. The role of human milk fortifiers to promote growth appears controversial.     

Transthyretin levels are not related to Apgar score in low birth weight and very low birth weight infants

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported an increased incidence of thyroid dysfunction in premature/low birth weight infants. The cord blood concentrations of transthyretin (TTR), a thyroid hormone binding protein, have also been found to be decreased in preterm infants. While thyroid hormone concentrations are decreased in sick infants, it is not known if physical condition influences TTR levels. Serial concentrations of TTR following birth have not previously been reported. AIMS: To measure serial serum concentrations of TTR in premature infants following birth, and determine whether TTR levels are related to physical condition. METHODS: A cohort of 65 premature very low birth weight (VLBW) and LBW infants were studied. Serum samples were obtained on the day of birth, and for 8 weeks following birth. Apgar scores at birth as well as the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were noted. RESULTS: Baseline serum T4 concentrations and Apgar scores were significantly lower in VLBW infants, while the severity of RDS was significantly higher in the VLBW group. Multivariate analyses revealed that T4 levels were negatively associated with RDS, while TSH concentrations were positively related to gestational age. TTR concentrations were not related to gestational age at birth, Apgar score, or RDS, and did not change markedly over 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that serum TTR concentrations are not related to birth weight/gestational age and are not associated with either clinical condition at birth (as assessed by Apgar score) or the occurrence of RDS. Reference values for TTR concentrations in VLBW and LBW infants are provided from birth to 8 weeks of age.     

Feeding of low birth weight infants

Optimal feeding of low birth weight (LBW) infants improves their immediate survival and subsequent growth and development. Being a heterogeneous group comprising term and preterm neonates, their feeding abilities, fluid and nutritional requirements are quite different from normal birth weight infants. A practical approach to feeding a LBW infant including choice of initial feeding method, progression of oral feeds, and nutritional supplementation based on her oral feeding skills and nutritional requirements is being discussed in this protocol. Growth monitoring, management of feed intolerance, and the essential skills involved in feeding them have also been described in detail.     

The association of early postnatal weight loss with outcome in extremely low birth weight infants

Background

To compare outcomes of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants having different weight losses in the first 3 days of life.