血管紧张素转换酶2研究进展

肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin sys-em,RAS)是一个非常古老而复杂的调节系统,低等生物如酵母菌即有完整的RAS。在哺乳类动物,RAS不仅对水盐代谢、维持血压稳定起重要作用,而且还是心血管、泌尿、生殖等系统发育和功能调节的一个重要系统;在炎症反应、损伤的修复、愈合及造血等病理生理过程中亦起重要作用。血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin convertingenzyme,ACE)是血管紧张素合成主要的限速酶,是RAS的枢纽。随研究的不断深入,发现RAS的复杂程度远远超出人们的想象,尽管对它的研究已超过了100年,但对RAS的认识才刚刚开始。20…     

血管紧张素转换酶基因缺失纯合型与糖尿病肾病相关联

应用ＰＣＲ扩增方法检测２０３例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者和１６５例正常对照者血管紧张素（ＡＣＥ）基因的１６内含子中２８７ｂｐ片段缺失／插入多态性。结果显示,糖尿病肾病患者组ＡＣＥ基因缺失纯合型（ＤＤ）频率明显高于非肾病组和正常对照组,Ｐ〈０．００１;ＤＤ缺失纯合型患者肾病进展速度明显快于缺失／插入（ＤＩ）杂合型及插入／插入（ＩＩ）纯合型糖尿病患者,Ｐ〈０．０１。表明ＡＣＥ基因缺失纯合型是糖尿病肾病的独立危险因     

肾素-血管紧张素系统新成员：血管紧张素转换酶2

血管紧张素转换酶 2 (ACE2 )是血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)的同系物 ,是肾素 血管紧张素系统的新成员。ACE2在肾素 血管紧张素系统中有着重要生理作用 ,其对高血压、心功能以及心电生理等有重要影响。     

糖尿病大鼠心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ和一氧化氮的动态变化

目的 :观察糖尿病大鼠心肌局部血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )和一氧化氮 (nitricoxide ,NO)的动态变化。方法 :实验动物分为三月对照组和糖尿病组各 8只 ;六月对照组和糖尿病组各 10只 ;分别于 3个月、6个月杀栓 ,测定AⅡ、血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)、NO的含量和一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)的表达。结果 :糖尿病大鼠心肌局部AngⅡ、ACE三个月时与对照组比较无显著性差异 ,六个月时明显增高 ,呈动态增加 ;血浆AngⅡ、ACE明显持续增高。心肌局部及血浆一氧化氮代谢产物硝酸盐 /亚硝酸盐含量从三个月起较对照组明显降低 ,到六个月时进一步减低 ,iNOS表达呈持续阳性。结论 :糖尿病心肌局部AngⅡ的不断增高和NO的持续减低可能共同参与了糖尿病心肌病的发生。     

血管紧张素I转换酶基因多态性与糖尿病视网膜病和糖尿病心肌梗塞关联

目的探讨血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶(angiotensin Ⅰ-converting enzyme, ACE)基因多态性与糖尿病视网膜病和心肌梗塞之间的关联性.方法应用PCR技术,对1型糖尿病33例视网膜病患者和36例非视网膜病患者、2型糖尿病68例伴心肌梗塞患者和57例伴视网膜病患者以及190例无并发症患者的ACE基因插入/缺失型多态性进行了检测.结果 ACE基因与视网膜病之间无关联.而2型糖尿病心肌梗塞患者与非心肌梗塞患者比较, DD纯合子频率显著增高(41.2% vs 33.2%),D等位基因频率也显著增高,差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 D等位基因(相对风险为1.50)和DD基因型(相对风险为1.33)可能是2型糖尿病心肌梗塞发生的风险因子.     

血管紧张素转换酶2与心血管疾病研究进展

血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)是SARS病毒(SARS-CoV)、新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染机体的主要受体,也是肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的主要成员之一。ACE2对多种心血管疾病具有保护作用,SARS-CoV-2可以降低机体ACE2的表达,这可能是新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)后期产生心血管并发症的原因之一。本文总结了ACE2在多种心血管疾病发病过程中的作用及其机制,希望为新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的治疗提供新的思路。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因与心血管疾病

血管紧张素Ｉ转换酶（ＡＣＥ）是肾素－血管紧张素系统（ＲＡＳ）的一个关键酶,为含锌的金属水解酶,ＡＣＥ基因多态性与血循环ＡＣＥ水平密切相关,ＡＣＥ基因可能是ＲＡＳ中与心血管疾病相关的最主要基因之一。ＡＣＥ基因Ｉ／Ｄ多态可能是高血压、冠心病、心肌病、等多种心血管疾病发病的独立危险因素。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与2型糖尿病合并心脑血管疾病的关系

目的 :探讨血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因多态性与 2型糖尿病合并心脑血管疾病的关系。方法 :应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)技术 ,对 1 74例 2型糖尿病及 6 2名正常对照者的ACE基因插入 /缺失 (I/D)型多态性进行检测。结果 :ACE基因I/D多态性与 2型糖尿病并发冠心病 (心肌梗塞、心绞痛 )、脑梗塞密切相关 ,而对糖尿病伴高血压者无相关关系。糖尿病伴高血压、冠心病、脑梗塞ACED/D型者血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ明显高于对照组 (p <0 0 1 ) ,而醛固酮、血管内皮素无显著差异。结论 :ACEI/D多态性检测对糖尿病合并心脑血管疾病的一级预防有一定的指导意义 ,并有助于冠心病、脑梗塞的早期诊断和治疗     

血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶基因多态性与糖尿病视网膜病和糖尿病心肌梗塞关联

目的　探讨血管紧张素 转换酶 ( angiotensin - converting enzyme,ACE)基因多态性与糖尿病视网膜病和心肌梗塞之间的关联性。方法　应用 PCR技术 ,对 1型糖尿病 33例视网膜病患者和 36例非视网膜病患者、2型糖尿病 6 8例伴心肌梗塞患者和 5 7例伴视网膜病患者以及 190例无并发症患者的ACE基因插入 /缺失型多态性进行了检测。结果　 ACE基因与视网膜病之间无关联。而 2型糖尿病心肌梗塞患者与非心肌梗塞患者比较 ,DD纯合子频率显著增高 ( 4 1.2 % vs 33.2 % ) ,D等位基因频率也显著增高 ,差异有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 D等位基因 (相对风险为 1.5 0 )和 DD基因型 (相对风险为 1.33)可能是 2型糖尿病心肌梗塞发生的风险因子     

Presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in serum of amphibian: comparison with ACE activity of mammalian serum

The occurrence of angiotensin converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1; ACE) was demonstrated for the first time in serum of newt (Triturus carnifex) and frog (Rana esculenta). The enzymatic activity was evidenced following hydrolysis of N-[3-(2-furyl) acryloyl]L-phenylalanyl glycyl glycine (FAPGG), a synthetic substrate of ACE. The serum enzyme liberated N-[3-(2-furyl) acryloyl]L-phenylalanine (FAP) from FAPGG. The properties of the amphibian serum enzymes were compared with those of swine. The amphibian serum FAPGG hydrolysing activities were inhibited by typical ACE inhibitors, captopril and lisinopril. The optimum of pH was 8.3 at 10 and 37 °C and the temperature optimum was 45 °C. The values were similar to those of swine serum. The FAPGG Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) at 37 °C of amphibian serum enzymes (0.337 mm and 0.282 mm for frog and newt, respectively) were lower than that of swine (1.305 mm ), but close to human serum enzyme. The Km values obtained at 10 °C were lower than those at 37 °C (0.152, 0.086, and 1.029 mm for frog, newt, and swine serum, respectively). Amphibian sera hydrolysed bullfrog synthetic angiotensin I to produce angiotensin II. Captopril (50 μm ) inhibited the production of angiotensin II.     

广东肾虚型哮喘病ACE基因的遗传多态性

目的探讨血管紧张素转移酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失多态性与肾虚型哮喘病易感性的关系,为今后的连锁分析打下基础。方法用中医诊断指标对肾虚型哮喘患儿进行初诊,应用扩增片段长度多态性(Amp-FLP)方法检测52例哮喘患儿及其家系以及72例正常儿童的ACE基因型,然后用Hardy-W e inberg定律进行遗传平衡状态分析,用χ2检验进行统计学处理。结果两组儿童ACE基因型(II型、ID型、DD型)频率的分布差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。等位基因I频率为0.692,等位基因D频率为0.308,杂合率为34.6%;I、D的传递规律与理论上预计的完全符合。结论肾虚型哮喘病ACE基因也存在插入/缺失多态性,其中DD基因型与肾虚型哮喘的易感性有关,可能是儿童哮喘的危险因素。I、D在世代中的传递完全符合孟德尔遗传规律。     

Garlic extract reduces serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in nondiabetic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

The rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Peptidyl-dipeptidase A (angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE) has a major role in this system. The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of intraperitoneal administration of aqueous garlic extract (Allium sativum) on the serum ACE activity of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Although garlic extract administration had no significant effect on serum glucose, it significantly strongly decreased the serum ACE activity. ACE activity was higher in diabetic than nondiabetic rats, but in diabetic animals treated with garlic extract, the elevation of ACE activity did not occur. These results suggest that garlic extract might have value as ACE inhibitor to prevent some vascular complications of diabetes mellitus.     

心肌梗死患者血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与ACE、PAI-1活性的相关性

目的:研究心肌梗死(MI)患者血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性与ACE、PAI-1活性的关系。 方法: 应用PCR方法扩增93例MI患者及87例健康体检者ACE基因特异性片段，同时应用比色法测定血清ACE活性，发色底物法测定PAI-1活性，并对结果进行相关性分析。 结果:①MI组ACE DD基因型频率(32.3%)和D等位基因频率(54.3%)显著高于对照组(12.6%和37.4%)(均P<0.01)。②MI组血清ACE(216.00±58.26)U/L及血浆PAI-1活性(0.85±0.19)AU/mL均显著高于对照组(170.19±48.99)U/L, (0.66±0.20)AU/mL(均P<0.01)；MI组与对照组ACE与PAI-1活性均呈显著正相关(r分别为0.7108，0.7829,均P<0.01)；③MI组DD基因型血清ACE(251.64±57.76)U/L、血浆PAI-1活性(0.96±0.16)AU/mL显著高于ID基因型(211.47±51.87)U/L，(0.82±0.18)AU/mL及Ⅱ基因型(179.84±52.65)U/L，(0.71±0.17)AU/mL(均P<0.01)；ID基因型血清ACE、血浆PAI-1活性亦显著高于Ⅱ型(P<0.05)。对照组DD基因型血清ACE(195.53±54.76)U/L、血浆PAI-1活性(0.78±0.20)AU/mL，显著高于II基因型(154.98±52.74)U/L，(0.59±0.17)AU/mL(均P<0.05)。 结论:由ACE基因所决定的ACE活性，可能参与血浆PAI-1水平的调节；ACE基因I/D多态性与ACE、PAI-1水平相关，ACE基因种类影响纤溶平衡，这可能是其促使MI发病的重要机制之一。     

Evaluation of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-like activity of acellular hemoglobin

Despite the tremendous progress in research on hemoglobin (Hb) cellular and molecular responses, the current understanding of Hb's overall intrinsic toxicity is still limited. The complete mechanism of Hb-induced vasoconstriction has not yet been established, particularly the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Some studies emphasized that Hb may augment the vascular responsiveness to angiotensin (Ang)-II. It was also reported that Hb, as well as Ang-II, influences the synthesis of 8-iso prostaglandin F2 alpha, which has an impact on renal flow and possibly RAS. Hb in the presence of H(2)O(2) gains enzymatic activity. Thus, it is possible that Hb directly and/or indirectly can activate RAS. In this study, we monitored the effect of ferrous- and ferryl-Hb, and H(2)O(2) alone, on conversion of Ang-I to its active metabolites. The structural and immunological identity of the resulting products were evaluated by reversed phase C-18 HPLC and ELISA, respectively. Additionally, ACE-like activity of Hbs was measured spectrophotometrically by determining their ability to react with the ACE substrate, the synthetic tripeptide N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-L-phenylalanylglycylglycine. Results indicate that while ferrous-Hb can serve as a receptor for Ang-I, its ferryl form possesses ACE-like activity, being able to convert, within minutes, Ang-I to Ang-II, Ang-III, Ang-IV, Ang (1-7) and other unresolved fragments. H(2)O(2) itself had a very limited hydrolyzing effect on Ang-I. Based on this study, it can be concluded that ACE-like activity of Hb with rapid formation of active angiotensins may be a contributor to the still unexplained vasoconstrictive response observed immediately after Hb administration.     

广东汉族人群血管紧张素转换酶基因（ACE）多态性研究

目的：探讨中国广东汉族群体血管紧张素转换酶基因（ＡＣＥ）第１６内含子中２８７ｂｐ片段的插入／缺失多态性分布。方法：应用ＰＣＲ扩增技术检测２４４名广东籍汉族人ＡＣＥ基因型。结果：广东汉族群体中ＡＣＥ基因插入纯合型Ｉ／Ｉ占４１％;插入和缺失杂合型Ｉ／Ｄ占４０％,缺失纯合型Ｄ／Ｄ占１９％;Ｉ与Ｄ等位基因出现频率分别为０．６２和０．３９。经Ｘ２检验男女之间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。本组资料Ｉ／Ｉ、Ｉ／Ｄ、Ｄ／Ｄ型三种基因频率与中国汉族人群ＡＣＥ基因多态性分布比较均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）与日本人群比较发现日本人与广东汉族人Ｉ／Ｉ、Ｉ／Ｄ、Ｄ／Ｄ三种基因分布频率均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。与欧洲英、法、德三国人群比较发现国人的Ｄ／Ｄ发生频率低于上述三国。Ｉ／Ｉ型发生频率则明显高于欧洲三国。结论：本组资料对ＡＣＥ基因Ｉ／Ｄ多态性分析可能有助于从基因水平对防治ＡＣＥ酶相关疾病进行前瞻性研究具有多方面的应用价值。     

The serum angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II response to altered posture and acute exercise, and the influence of ACE genotype

The deletion (D) rather than insertion (I) allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with greater ACE activity. We examined: (1) the influence of posture change (recumbent to seated) and acute exercise on serum ACE and angiotensin II (Ang II) activity; (2) the relationship between ACE and Ang II levels; and (3) the influence of ACE genotype on changes in ACE and Ang II levels with posture and exercise. Recreationally active young male Caucasians (10 each of II, ID and DD genotypes) rested for 35 min supine then 15 min upright, took 20 min bicycle ergometric exercise at 70% maximum oxygen uptake, then rested for 40 min. Samples were taken throughout for ACE activity and Ang II levels. Supine ACE levels were dependent upon ACE genotype [24.8 (5.7), 26.9 (4.5), 45.5 (6.4) nmol His-Leu ml^–1 min^–1; II, ID, DD, respectively; P<0.00005] and thereafter. ACE activity rose with assumption of a seated posture [from 32.4 (10.9) nmol His-Leu ml^–1 min^–1 to 35.0 (11.5) nmol His-Leu ml^–1 min^–1, P<0.00001], the absolute rise being independent of genotype [3.22 (1.92), 1.6 (1.6), 2.4 (2.3) nmol His-Leu ml^–1 min^–1; II, ID, DD; P=0.22], unlike percentage change [12.8 (6.8), 5.6 (5.5), 5.3 (5.0)%; II, ID, DD; P<0.01, and P=0.004 for II vs presence of the D allele]. A further genotype-independent rise occurred with exercise [+2.9 (3.7) units, P<0.0003]. An associated rise in Ang II levels [30.3 (15.9), or 2587.9 (489.76)%, P<0.00001] was independent of ACE genotype or activity. Upright posture increases ACE activity, and this may be influenced by ACE genotype. ACE activity and Ang II levels rise independently with exercise in a non-genotype-dependent fashion.     

Characteristics, assay and semeiologic value of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Serum angiotensin conversion enzyme (serum ACE) is a dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase which activates angiotensin I to angiotensin II and inactivates bradykinine. It is a glycoprotein with an MW of 126,000 to 480,000. It is produced by all endothelial cells, and is located on the cell membrane. It is inhibited by EDTA (chelator of Zn-- cofactor), teprotide (snake venom nonapeptide) and captopril. Estimation of ACE has greatly benefitted from the use of synthetic tripeptides. An example is the method of Cushman and Cheung using hippuryl histidyl leucine. A raised serum ACE level in sarcoidosis has been demonstrated by Liebermann in 1975. The diagnostic value is limited by the existence of high levels in other pulmonary diseases (asbestosis, silicosis). Serum ACE levels in sarcoidosis are all higher when the disease is diffuse from a pulmonary and extrapulmonary standpoint. They decrease when the disease regresses spontaneously and rise if it worsens. Radiological improvement in pulmonary sarcoid lesions under the influence of corticosteroid therapy is accompanied by a fall in serum ACE levels. Persistence of this normalization as the dose is decreased is a favourable sign, whilst the reappearance of a high serum level may either reflect simple and isolated biological "rebound" or may accompany a recurrence of signs of the disease. Serum ACE measurement is thus an important factor in the surveillance of cases of treated sarcoidosis when the dose of corticosteroids is to be reduced.     

The association of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphisms with sleep apnea and hypertension

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To identify the role of polymorphisms in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene in modulating susceptibility to hypertension in sleep apnea. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred seventy-two participants of the Cleveland Family Study who underwent home sleep studies, blood pressure assessments, and genotyping. RESULTS: After controlling for age, sex, race, and obesity, hypertension risk was reduced in participants who possess the ACE deletion (D) polymorphism with an odds ratio = 0.63 (95% confidence interval: 0.41-0.96) comparing those with 2 versus no D alleles. In analyses stratified by apnea severity, the protective effect of the D allele was most evident in those with severe apnea. Among subjects with severe apnea, the odds ratios for hypertension were 0.47 (0.22-1.00) for 1 D allele and 0.57 (0.26-1.24) for 2 D alleles. CONCLUSIONS: The ACE deletion allele may protect against hypertension in the setting of obstructive sleep apnea. Further research into the potential role of angiotensin in modulating the hypertensive effect of sleep apnea is needed.     

血管紧张素转换酶基因I-D多态性与湘西侗族人群高血压病的关系

目的 探讨血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)基因第16内含子中的插入/缺失(insertion/deletion,I-D)多态性与湘西通道侗族人群高血压病(essential hypertension,EH)之间的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链反应检测了湘西通道县93例侗族高血压病患者和99名正常对照的ACE基因16内含子I-D多态性.结果 湘西通道侗族正常对照和高血压病组ACE基因I-D多态位点Ⅱ、ID、DD基因型频率分别为47.5%、42.4%、10.1%和40.9%、41.9%、17.2%,两组I-D等位基因频率分别为68.7%/31.3%和61.8%/38.2%.两组基因型频率和等位基因频率分别经χ2检验,等位基因频率分布无统计学差异(χ2=1.04,P=0.31),基因型频率差异亦无统计学意义(χ2=2.26,P=0.32).结论 ACE基因16内含子I-D多态性可能与湘西通道侗族人群高血压病之间没有关联.