瞬态诱发耳声发射信号的小波阈值去噪

目的瞬态诱发耳声发射信号是从人的外耳检测到的微弱的音频能量,在测试过程中常混入各种随机噪声,本文尝试对瞬态诱发耳声发射信号进行去噪,以提高信号的信噪比,为进一步的临床应用(如频谱分析)奠定基础.方法小波变换阈值法.选用了sym8小波,软阈值处理方法,阈值选取规则为Minimax法.结果去噪后相关系数加大,信噪比提高.信噪比平均提高约10%.结论小波变换阈值法对TEOAE信号去噪取得了较好的效果.     

瞬态诱发耳声发射(TEOAE)的建模与仿真

耳声发射是当前耳科学研究的热点。由于它的检测简便、客观、无损、迅速 ,因此一般认为它将与听觉诱发响应一起成为临床上听觉系统功能测试的两项互补的客观手段。本文借助听觉外周系统的同胚模型对瞬态诱发耳声发射进行了深入研究。通过对模型参数的辨识 ,我们不仅使得仿真的耳声发射信号具有与临床相近似的特征 ,而且进一步证实了耳声发射与耳蜗外毛细胞功能的关系     

用STFT分析瞬态诱发耳声发射的时频特征

瞬态诱发耳声发射是一种时变的声信号,用传统的傅立叶变换无法完全表示其信息.本文介绍了用短时傅立叶变换分析瞬态诱发耳声发射方法,并给出了其时频分布的实验结果,分析了其各个频率成份出现的不同时刻及持续时间.本文还对瞬态诱发耳声发射中的伪迹出现的时间和频率作了分析,指出伪迹在时频域是和有用信号分离的,理论上可以通过时频滤波器去除.     

耳声发射测试系统传感装置的研制

耳声发射在现代听力学中已得到广泛关注。这是一种安全、简便的测试方法。文中介绍了耳声发射测试方法的发展现状，现在配合听觉诱发电位测试仪器所用的探头以及针对探头所存在的问题而采取的解决办法。我们现在研制的探头配合骨导短声刺激进行测试，通过一定技术处理在外耳道内部提取出微弱的耳声发射信号，与听觉诱发测试系统连接。作者讨论一些特定的技术处理，探头的设计以减少电磁干扰及伪迹信号，声阻抗元件的设置以保证鼓膜处于正常状态等。对正常人耳进行测试，并以耦合腔代替人耳进行对照，对其进行了时、频两域的分析。     

诱发电位的基础知识及其进展(续)

3　诱发电位在临床应用方面的　新技术3 1　听觉诱发电位方面3 1 1　耳声发射及临床应用耳声发射 (ｏｔｏａｃｏｕｓｔｉｃｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ,ＯＡＥ)是指产生于耳蜗 ,而在外耳道内记录到的声信号。早在 1948年Ｇｏｌｄ就从理论上提出耳蜗不仅能感受声音 ,还可能产生声音 ,即耳蜗具有双向放大作用。但由于当时受检测技术条件的限制 ,未能得到实验证明 ,直到 1978年Ｋｅｍｐ首次从外耳道记录到瞬态耳声发射 (ＴＥＯＡＥ) ,次年又记录到畸变产物耳声发射 (ＤＰＯＡＥ) ,人们对此问题才又重新认识。从总体来说 ,耳声发射分为两大类 :①自发性耳…     

HS-OAE耳声发射检测系统的研制与开发

耳声发射(OAE)是产生于内耳耳蜗,经听骨链和鼓膜传导,释放到外耳道的音频能量,在临床中有广泛应用.本文详细介绍了HS-OAE耳声发射检测系统的研制.该系统基于个人计算机和多媒体声卡实现,能够检测TEOAE和DPOAE两种耳声发射信号.硬件方面,检测系统由声学传感器,前置处理器,多媒体声卡和计算机四部分组成;软件方面,除了能够检测两种耳声发射信号,系统还实现了对病案数据的管理,制作检测报告等辅助功能.检测系统的输出声学参量经过校准,符合有关要求.文章最后介绍了与同类检测设备ILO耳声发射检测仪进行的临床对照试验的情况.临床试验的结果表明,HS-OAE耳声发射检测系统已经具备临床应用水平.     

自发耳声发射的检测方法及其信号特征

本文综述了近年来国内外关于自发耳声发射的基础及理论研究，其中包括自发耳声发射的检测方法、信号处理及信号特征等方面。自发耳声发射的发现，对基础医学及神经生理的研究有重要的意义     

基于Bayesian估计的小波自适应阈值方法对图像进行去噪处理的研究

利用Bayesian估计的小波自适应阈值方法对图像进行去噪处理。通过高斯滤波和小波变换的三种方法(传统的硬阈值、传统的软阈值去噪、基于Bayesian估计的自适应阈值去噪)分别同时对加不同标准差σ的Rician噪声信号进行消噪处理,对比验证高斯滤波和传统小波阈值去噪的优劣,以及新的Bayesian估计自适应阈值小波去噪在磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)图像信号去噪方面的优越性。小波去噪后的信号信噪比比高斯滤波去噪后信号的信噪比高,且均方根误差要低。采用基于Bayesian估计的自适应阈值小波去噪方法比采用的高斯滤波保留了更多有用信号,优化后的氧摄取分数(oxygen extraction fraction,OEF)值有一定程度增大,使结果更接近正电子发射型计算机断层显像(positron emission computed tomography,PET)测量金标准。成功完成信号和噪声分离优化,将一种新的基于Baysian估计的自适应小波阈值去噪应用到了功能核磁共振成像的降噪分析上,取得了不错的效果。     

小波变换在去除瞬态诱发耳声发射中刺激伪迹的应用

耳声发射是目前对外周听觉系统是否完好无损评价的客观指标。在瞬态刺激诱发耳声发射的初始部分通常混杂有刺激伪迹成分（主要指耳道对刺激声直接反射回声），它阻碍了具有短潜伏期的高频蜗响应，这就使得ＯＡＥｓ的测量在临床使用中受到了很多的限制。我们提出了一种基于离散小波变换预处理的去除伪迹方法，该方法不仅能够有效地去除刺激伪迹，而且能够有效的提高耳声发射的信噪比。     

自发耳声发射的检测方法及其信号特征

本文综述了近年来内外关于自发耳声发射的基础及理论研究，其中包括自发耳声发射的检测方法，信号处理及信号特征等方面，自发耳发射的发现，对其础医学及神经生理的研究有重要的意义。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.