老年急性肺血栓栓塞症患者临床症状和体征指标观察

目的：观察老年急性肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）患者临床症状和体征指标。方法：选择近年来在我院呼吸内科住院治疗的PTE患者75例,其中老年PTE48例,中青年28例。比较两组对象临床症状（呼吸困难、胸痛、咳嗽、晕厥和咯血）和体征表现（呼吸急促、心动过速、肺部啰音、P2亢进、三尖瓣区杂音）指标。结果：两组患者均以呼吸困难、咳嗽等症状和呼吸急促、心动过速等体征居多,其中老年患者晕厥症状明显多于中青年组,而前者中胸痛和咯血表现明显少于后者（P均〈0.01～0.05）,余下各项症状和体征指标均无明显区别（P均〉0.05）。结论：老年与中青年PTE患者大部分临床症状和体征指标分布接近。     

肺血栓栓塞症31例诊断与治疗分析

①目的 探讨肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）的临床特点、诊断及其治疗效果。②方法 对31例PTE患者的临床特点和多种诊断技术与治疗方法进行回顾性分析。③结果 主要临床特点有呼吸困难、咳嗽、胸痛、咯血、发热，其中呼吸困难22例（70．9％）。31例中经螺旋CT-PA确诊PTE28例，诊断率达90.3％，核素肺通气十灌注（V／Q）扫描16例，显像诊断9例，诊断率达56．6％，溶栓治疗治愈率达88．8％，抗凝治疗治愈率迭63、6％，比较溶栓前后氧分压（PO2）差异有显著性（P〈0.05），CTPA差异有极显著性（P〈0．01）。④结论 PTE临床症状多种多样，最常见的症状是呼吸困难，螺旋CT（CTPA）是确诊PTE的重要方法。PTE经溶栓治疗能较快改善缺氧症状，提高氧分压，改善过度通气，血管再通也较快。     

2000-2008年513例肺栓塞患者临床特征分析

目的 探讨宁夏医科大学附属医院收治的急性肺栓塞(Pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE)患者的临床特征,以更好指导临床诊断与治疗.方法 分析2000-2008年宁夏医科大学附属医院确诊的513例急性PTE患者的临床资料,比较大面积(包括次大面积)与非大面积急性PTE患者的症状、体征、确诊方法、实验室检查、预后转归的差别.结果 急性PTE患者占同期住院病人的比例由2000年0.04%增至2008年0.31%.发病人数随年龄增长递增,51～80岁患者居多(68.4%).医院内病死率由2002年的50%降至2008年的2.2%.汉族为430例(83.8%),占住院汉族总人数的0.18%(430/240676),回族75例(14.6%),占住院回族总人数的0.25%(75/29577).呼吸困难症状最为常见,占82.8%,大面积组PTE中症状(呼吸困难、晕厥等)、体征(紫绀、湿啰音等)以及实验室低氧血症、低碳酸血症、D-二聚体等指标增高,与非大面积组PTE差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05).大面积PTE患者危险因素较非大而积增多.多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影在PTE诊断中的使用率由2001年50%增加至2008年98%.非大面积PTE组的治疗好转率(93.8%)优于大面积组(84.7%).结论 2000年1月-2008年急性PTE的发生率呈上升趋势,高年龄发病人数所占比例高,高血压病、手术、心血管疾病患者为PTE的高发人群,大面积PTE较非大面积PTE临床症状重、合并危险因素多,预后差.     

基层医院肺血栓栓塞症的临床诊治探讨

目的探讨基层医院对肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）病人的诊断及治疗措施。方法回顾性总结我院近6年来共收治的28例PTE病人临床资料。结果临床表现中以呼吸困难及气促为最常见82．1％，其次为烦躁不安及惊恐感53％，胸痛50％。血气分析为重要诊断筛选手段，阳性率71．4％，超声心电图及胸CT均有重要诊断意义。其中26例行低分子肝素抗凝治疗，18例应用尿激酶（uK）溶栓治疗，好转治愈率75％，症状无明显变化占7．1％，病死率17．9％。结论基层医院临床医师只要提高对PTE的认识，根据实际情况选择必要的实验室检查，掌握抗凝治疗及溶栓治疗的适应证及方法，就可明显降低PTE的病死率。     

急性肺栓塞26例临床分析

目的 分析急性肺栓塞（Pulmonary embolism，PE），即临床上出现呼吸困难、晕厥、休克等症状的住院患者进行回顾分析，提高对该病的认识和早期诊断治疗。方法 将确诊的26例急性肺栓塞患者按入院先后顺序分为A、B组。A组12例，采用溶栓加抗凝治疗；B组14例，采用单纯抗凝治疗。观察疗效并于6个月后复查肺功能、CT、MR、心功超声、放射性核素肺扫描，判定肺栓塞对远期肺功能的影响和慢性肺栓塞、肺动脉高压形成等改变。结果 A组有效率75％，症状得到明显改善。6个月后复查，呼吸困难缓解，心率、血压维持在正常水平。B组有效率64％，呼吸困难、胸痛、心悸等症状均得到改善。结论 溶栓加抗凝疗法治疗PE优于单纯抗凝疗法，早期诊断治疗是预防猝死、改善预后的关键。     

恶性肿瘤合并肺栓塞26例临床分析

目的 探讨恶性肿瘤合并肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）的临床表现、影响因素及治疗.方法 对收治的26例恶性肿瘤合并PTE患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 26例肺栓塞患者最常见的症状为呼吸困难及胸痛,8例PTE发生于肿瘤术后,6例发生于肿瘤化疗后,10例发生在肿瘤诊断过程中,2例以肺栓塞为首发症状就诊,10例患者合并下肢深静脉血栓形成.接受抗凝及溶栓治疗的22例患者中,病情好转12例,病情恶化6例,死亡4例.结论 恶性肿瘤合并PTE临床表现多样,缺乏特异性,诊断PTE后应立即进行积极抗凝治疗,必要时予以溶栓治疗.     

14例急性肺栓塞病例回顾性分析

目的:通过对急性肺栓塞(PTE)病例的临床特征进行分析,探讨急性肺栓塞的临床特点、诊断及治疗措施.方法:对14例肺栓塞病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:急性肺栓塞临床表现无特异性,肺栓塞的常见症状有呼吸困难、咳嗽、心悸、胸痛、恐惧濒死感、咯血、晕厥等;影像学特点亦呈多样性改变;主要治疗方法为溶栓抗凝治疗.结论:急性肺栓塞临床表现不典型,易误诊.提高对该病的认识有助于早期诊断,无创检查在确诊中占重要地位,及时溶栓抗凝对预后起关键作用.     

急性肺栓塞54例临床分析

目的:分析急性肺栓塞(PE)的临床特点和诊疗方法,并观察其好发部位及溶栓和抗凝治疗的临床安全性。方法:回顾分析急性肺栓塞54例的临床特点、诊断方法、治疗效果和预后情况。结果:急性肺栓塞最常见易患因素是深静脉血栓形成,临床症状以呼吸困难最为常见,其次是咳嗽、胸痛、咯血和晕厥。CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)、增强CT、血D-二聚体、超声心动图、血气分析等均有助于诊断。溶栓治疗组13例,存活9例,单纯抗凝组41例,存活39例。结论:PTE临床表现不典型,易误诊。CT-PA、血D-二聚体是确诊PE的重要方法,正确而恰当的治疗对改善预后具有积极意义。     

急性肺血栓栓塞症的溶栓、抗凝治疗

目的 比较不同溶栓方案治疗急性大面积PTE的有效性和安全性;比较不同抗凝方案治疗急性非大面积PTE的有效性和安全性.方法 选取我院住院的急性大面积PTE患者35例,分为3组:①MA组(尿激酶12小时溶栓组);②MB组(尿激酶2小时溶栓组);③MC组(rtPA50mg溶栓组).急性非大面积PTE患者50例,男31例,女19例,年龄岁36-84岁(平均59.1±12.7岁).分为2组:④NA组(普通肝素抗凝组);⑤NB组(低分子肝素抗凝组).结果 3种溶栓方案的临床总有效率均为100%,病死率0%,各组间均未显示有统计学差异.NA组的有效率为88%,NB组为92%,两组间无显著性差异.各组出血率无统计学差异.结论 ①三种溶栓方案的疗效(总有效率、病死率)和安全性(主要是出血率)相仿.两种抗凝方案的疗效(总有效率、病死率)和安全性(主要是出血率)也相仿.②从溶栓治疗后临床症状的改善,D-二聚体所显示的溶栓速率等方面来看,rt-PA组治疗肺栓塞略优于UK2h、UK12h组.③从应用方法简单易掌握、减少患者反复抽血化验的角度来看,LMWH更适合于患者.     

急性肺栓塞临床分析

目的探讨急性肺栓塞的临床特点、诊断,以提高该病的诊断率。方法对30例急性肺栓塞患者的临床表现、影像学特点、诊断及治疗方法进行分析总结。结果急性肺栓塞临床表现无特异性,常表现为呼吸困难（83％）、胸痛（60％）、咯血（33％）等、咳嗽（32％）、恐惧（43％）、晕厥（20％）、心悸（33％）。影像学特点呈多样性改变。主要治疗方法为溶栓抗凝治疗。结论急性肺栓塞临床表现不典型,易误诊。提高对该病的认识有助于早期诊断,无创检查在确诊中起重要地住,及时溶栓抗凝对预后起关键作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.