Use of neuron-specific enolase to predict mild brain injury in motorcycle crash patients with maxillofacial fractures: A pilot study

Purpose

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common but accurate diagnosis and its clinical consequences have been a problem. Maxillofacial trauma does have an association with TBI. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) has been developed to evaluate neuronal damage. The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of NSE serum levels to detect mild brain injury of patients with sustained maxillofacial fractures during motor vehicle accidents.

Outcome of 2 284 cases with acute traumatic brain injury

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Identification of concomitant injuries associated with specific spine level fractures in polytrauma patients

IntroductionSpine fractures are associated with high energy mechanisms and can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality in the trauma setting. Rapid identification and treatment of these fractures and their associated injuries are paramount in preventing adverse outcomes. The purpose of this study is to identify concomitant skeletal and non-skeletal injuries related to cervical, thoracic, and lumbar fractures.MethodsA retrospective review of institutional American College of Surgeons (ACS) registry was conducted on 3,399 consecutive trauma patients identifying those with spine fractures from 1/2016–12/2019. Two-hundred ninety patients were included(8.5%) and separated into three groups based on fracture location: eighty-eight cervical(C)-spine, 129thoracic(T)-spine, and 143lumbar(L)-spine. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify associated injuries, presenting injury severity score(ISS) and Glasgow coma scale(GCS), mechanism of injury, demographic data, substance use, and paralysis for each group. Cox hazard regression was utilized to identify factors associated with inpatient mortality.ResultsC-spine fractures were associated with head trauma(OR2.18,p = 0.003),intracranial bleeding (OR2.64,p = 0.001),facial(OR2.25,p = 0.02) and skull fractures(OR3.92,p = 0.001),and cervical cord injuries(OR4.78,p = 0.012). T-spine fractures were associated with rib fractures(OR2.31,p = 0.003). L-spine fractures were associated with rib(OR1.77, p = 0.04), pelvic(OR5.11,p<0.001), tibia/fibula (OR2.31,p = 0.05), and foot/ankle fractures(OR3.32,p = 0.04), thoracic(OR2.43,p = 0.008) and retroperitoneal cavity visceral injuries(OR27.3,p = 0.001). Falls≤6meters were also significantly associated with C-spine fractures(OR1.70,p = 0.04) while falls>6meters were associated with L-spine fractures(OR4.30,p = 0.001). Inpatient mortality risk increased in patients with C-spine fractures(HR4.41,p = 0.002), higher ISS(HR1.05, p<0.001), and lower GCS(HR0.85,p<0.001). Last, patients≥65-years-old were more likely to experience C-spine fractures(OR1.88,p = 0.03).ConclusionPatients who experience fractures of the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine are at risk for additional fractures, visceral injury, and/or death. Awareness of the associations between spinal fractures and other injuries can increase diagnostic efficacy, improve patient care, and provide valuable prognostic information. These associations highlight the importance of effective and timely communication and multidisciplinary collaboration.     

颌骨陈旧性骨折与发育畸形同期联合治疗

目的探讨陈旧性骨折与颌骨畸形同期联合手术治疗的可行性。方法伴有颌骨发育畸形的陈旧性骨折患者，在骨折手术复位的同时行上颌LeFort-I截骨术下颌矢状劈开术（SSRO），治疗发育畸形。结果6例患者术后均I期愈合。术前术后投影测量指标显示，患者正侧貌、审美平面及鼻唇角等指标有明显改善。结论在修复颌骨创伤畸形的同时，解决了颌骨发育畸形所带来的形态及功能障碍，陈旧性骨折与颌骨畸形同期联合治疗是可行的。     

脊柱骨折合并胸部损伤73例

目的探讨合并胸部损伤的脊柱骨折患者的临床特点。方法73例合并胸部损伤的脊柱骨折患者经对症处理、多发伤及脊柱脊髓损伤患者待生命体征平稳后行手术治疗,对其临床特点进行回顾性分析。结果随访3～24（12±4.2）个月。存活71例,死亡2例。延误胸部损伤诊断4例。相对于颈、腰段脊柱骨折,胸段脊柱骨折更易合并胸部损伤,ISS评分最高。24例患者神经功能有不同程度的改善。结论脊柱骨折合并胸部损伤患者创伤多较重,治疗时应优先以抢救生命措施为主。系统、全面的检查可以减少漏诊的发生。在决定是否早期行脊柱手术时,应充分评估患者的全身情况,权衡手术利弊。     

Early monitoring of PtiO2, PtiCO2, pH and brain temperat ure in patients with brain injuries and the clinical significanc e

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纳洛酮在急性重型颅脑损伤中的应用

目的探讨纳洛酮治疗急性重型颅脑损伤的效果.方法对67例急性重型颅脑损伤病人随机分组对照,观察两组病人生命体征和意识状态变化,并进行统计学分析.结果实验组病例入院3天后平均动脉压异常率为23.5%,呼吸异常率为11.8%,心律异常为29.4%,明显较对照组少.伤后48小时意识转清率实验组与对照组分别是32.4%与30.0%,两者无明显差别.1周后意识转清率实验组64.7%,明显高于对照组48.6%.结论纳洛酮治疗急性重型颅脑损伤,有利于较快恢复生命体征稳定,缩短昏迷时间.     

Particularities of hand and wrist complex injuries in polytrauma management

Hand and wrist lesions are relatively common in polytraumatised patients. These subjects sustain a wide range of potential life-threatening conditions and hand and wrist injuries incurred are often not diagnosed or are insufficiently treated. Closed lesions are the most frequently missed diagnosis, but even severe open lesions may be incorrectly treated. Most of these hand and wrist injuries can have a strong negative impact on long-term quality of life, particularly when treatment of these injuries is poor or delayed. Orthopaedic and hand surgeons should be vigilant in their assessment and treatment of patients with multiple injuries and a global approach, based on the advanced trauma life support (ATLS)-protocol, must be applied. The very common association of head, chest, abdomen, bone and soft-tissue lesions in the polytraumatised patient requires a multidisciplinary team approach from the beginning. The energy of trauma in these patients often causes complex injuries to the wrist and hand; these require correct treatment in terms of both timing and techniques. It is not possible to create a practical, useful guideline with a “one lesion-one solution” approach, because every case is different; therefore, this paper describes a spectrum of indications and techniques that may be useful in managing hand and wrist injuries, particularly in polytraumatised patients.     

Severity of injuries associated with femoral fractures as a result of motor vehicle collisions

Introduction: Femoral fractures are often the result of high-velocity injuries, and the early identification of associated injuries is important. The purpose of this study was to review the associated injuries present in a current UK series of patients who sustain femoral fractures as a result of motor vehicle accidents. Materials and methods: All cases of femoral fractures were extracted from the UK co-operative crash injury study (CCIS) database, from 1998 to 2002. Associated injuries, skeletal and non-skeletal, were identified by body region and severity (according to the abbreviated injury scale and injury severity scale). Results: A total of 5,841 crashes were investigated in that time period, and there were 365 car occupants who sustained a femoral fracture. The 16–35 age group accounted for nearly half of all cases. A total of 313 patients (85.2%) had at least one other concomitant significant injury, of which 84 (23.0%) had skeletal injury only, 45 (12.3%) had non-skeletal injury only, and 184 (50.4%) had both. The opposite lower limb was the most common skeletal injury, and thoracic injuries were the most common visceral injuries. Thoracic injuries also accounted for the most serious injuries (AIS 4–6). The overall mortality was 40.5% in our series. Conclusion: Concomitant injuries are to be expected in the majority of cases of femoral fractures sustained as a result of MVCs. There should be a low threshold for involving a general surgical team in the management of these cases.     

Influencing factors for posttraumatic hydrocephalus in patients suffering from severe traumatic brain injuries

Objective： To detect the influencing factors for posttraumatic hydrocephalus in patients with severe traumatic brain injuries and provide theoretical reference for clinical treatment. Methods ： Retrospective study was made on 139 patients with severe traumatic brain injuries in our hospital. The patients were divided into two groups： hydrocephalus group and non-hydrocephalus group. Single factor analysis and multiple factor analysis were used to determine the related factors and hydrocephalus. Multiple factor analysis was conducted with logistic regression. Results： Posttraumatic hydrocephalus was found in 19.42% of patients. Age （ OR=1.050, 95% CI： 1.012-1. 090 ）, decompressive craniectomy （ OR =4.312, 95 %CI ： 1. 127-16.503 ）, subarachnoid hemorrhage （ OR = 43.421, 95 % CI ： 7. 835-240. 652 ） and continuous lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid （ OR =0.045, 95%CI： 0. 011-0. 175） were screened out from nine factors as the influencing factors for posttraumatic hydrocephalus. Conclusions ： Risk factors for PTH are as follows： age, deeompressive eranieetomy and subaraehnoid hemorrhage （SAH）. Continuous lumbar drainage of eerebrospinal fluid can greatly reduce posttraumatic hydrocephalus.     

螺旋CT三维重建在修复颌面部复杂骨折中的应用

目的：探讨螺旋CT三维重建在修复颌面部复杂骨折后的应用价值。方法：对50例颌面部复杂骨折患者作螺旋CT三维重建，立体直观地表现骨折的断端、部位、移位情况及骨折端与周围结构的关系等，依此准备长短大小与形态均恰当的微型钛板、钛钉，并选择合适的手术进路与手术切口。结果：通过螺旋CT三维重建，于50例清晰地显示出颌面部复杂骨折的状况，指引骨折的复位与坚强内固定术，42例牙颌功能与颌面外形获得完全恢复，8例获得基本恢复。结论：螺旋CT三维重建能较好地显示颌面部复杂骨折的三维立体解剖形态，有助于手术进路与切口的选择，和准确地实施坚强内固定术，可有效地减少外伤后颌面部的继发畸形。     

外伤性标准大骨瓣开颅术后结合亚低温抢救重型颅脑损伤的研究

目的：探讨外伤性标准大骨瓣开颅术结合亚低温对重型颅脑损伤的治疗效果。方法：对重型颅脑损伤患者（GCS≤8），治疗组采用外伤性标准大骨瓣开颅术，术后即给予亚低温冬眠治疗5－7d；对照组仍采用传统的治疗方法，比较两组死亡率、GCS、GOS和颅内压（ICP）。结果：治疗组GCS、GOS高于对照组，死亡率，ICP低于对照组。结论：尽早行外伤性标准大骨瓣开颅术并充分内，外减压，术后尽早给予亚低温冬眠治疗，对降低急性重型颅脑损伤的死亡率，致残率，提高生存质量有重要价值。     

Foot fractures in polytrauma patients: Injury characteristics and timing of diagnosis

BackgroundDue to prioritizing care and concomitant injuries, foot fractures in polytrauma patients often receive limited attention initially. However, as foot function is important, treatment and diagnosis of these fractures should be accurate. The aims of this study were to assess the incidence and distribution of foot fractures in polytrauma patients and to examine possible risk factors for delayed diagnosis of foot fractures.MethodsThis was a retrospective study on all adult (≥18 years) polytrauma (ISS ≥16) patients admitted to a single level 1 trauma center between 2006 and 2016. Patients with foot fractures were identified by diagnosis codes. Data on demographics and trauma characteristics were collected from the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP®) database. Data on foot fractures were gathered from electronic patient documentation.ResultsOut of 4409 polytrauma patients, 221 (5.0%) sustained a total of 511 foot fractures. Metatarsal fractures were most common (41%), followed by calcaneal (17%), and talar (16%) fractures. Thirty percent of the fractures in 33% of all patients were diagnosed in a delayed fashion. This had treatment consequences in 8%. Delayed diagnosed fractures were more common in older patients (p 0.025), patients with a higher ISS (p 0.012), ICU admission (p 0.015), and concomitant head injury (p 0.020).ConclusionsAs one in twenty polytrauma patients sustains at least one foot fracture and a substantial amount of these fractures are diagnosed in a delayed fashion, physicians, regardless of their specialty, should have a high index of suspicion for injuries of the feet in polytrauma patients.     

Paediatric pelvic ring fractures and associated injuries

Introduction

Paediatric pelvic fractures have been infrequently reviewed. The study was performed to highlight the unique features of pelvic fractures in children.

Patients and methods

A 14-year retrospective study was undertaken of all patients treated for a pelvic fracture at our institute.

Results

Thirty-nine children were included. The mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 17.1 (range 4–75). Simple ring fractures were the most common type (46%), dominated by pedestrian versus motor vehicle trauma (58.9%). A pelvic fracture was evident on the initial plain radiographs of all 39 children. Further radiographic investigations (12 CTs and 1 MRI) were undertaken in 13 (33%) of the children. Additional posterior ring fractures were identified in 9. A total of 32 children (82%) sustained one or more associated injuries. Head injuries accounted for 25% and orthopaedic/skeletal injuries for 33% of all associated injuries. Fourteen children required a total of 24 acute surgical procedures. Mean out-pateint clinical follow-up was for 27 months (range 3–85). There was one mortality in this series. Eight children (20%) suffered long term sequale.

Conclusion

Paediatric pelvic fractures differ from their adult counterpart in aetiology, fracture type, and associated injury pattern. They represent a reliable marker for severe trauma. Prospective studies are required to define optimal treatment guidelines, particularly in older children.     

肩胛骨骨折与其合并伤关系的探讨

目的 分析115例肩胛骨骨折病例的临床资料,探讨肩胛骨骨折粉碎程度和涉及部位与合并伤之间的关系.方法 回顾性分析2006年8月至2008年3月115例肩胛骨骨折患者的病史及其影像学资料,分为单部分骨折组(83例)和多部分骨折组(32例),比较两组合并伤的发生率及特点.将单部分肩胛骨骨折组按Nordqvist与Petersson方法分成3组:肌肉覆盖部分(64例)、骨突起部分(11例)及肩胛盂部分(8例),并比较3组合并伤的发生率及特点.结果 绝大部分肩胛骨骨折是严重多发伤的一部分,致伤原因与高能量损伤有关.最常见的致伤原因是车祸伤(70.4%).损伤严重程度评分值(injury severity Scale,ISS)平均14.0,42例(36.5%)患者ISS>16.98例(85.2%)患者伴有不同程度和类型的合并伤,其中又以胸部合并伤的发生率最高(85/115,73.9%).多部分肩胛骨骨折组胸部简明损伤定级法评分值(abbreviated injury score,AIS)和总体ISS值均高于单部分肩胛骨骨折组.在单部分肩胛骨骨折组中,肌肉覆盖部骨折组较骨突起部和肩胛盂部骨折组的胸部AIS值和总体ISS值更高.结论 肩胛骨骨折尤其是骨折涉及多部分或肌肉覆盖部时更容易并发严重的胸部损伤.多部分肩胛骨骨折致伤原因多为高能量损伤,常伴发严重的胸部合并伤,可作为胸部严重损伤存在的一项骨性指标.     

多发伤合并锁骨双极骨折1例

<正>患者,男,57岁。因骑摩托车翻车致头、膝以及左肩部受伤1d后转入我院。查体:神志清楚,头面部见多处皮肤擦伤,左胸锁关节处隆凸畸形,骨擦感,压痛明显,左肩锁关节处稍肿胀,压痛,左上肢活动受限,左膝关节肿胀,畸形。外院X线、CT检查示:左锁骨胸骨端骨折,左胫骨平台骨折,上颌窦骨折并积液。临床诊断:多发伤:1左胫骨平台骨折;2左锁骨胸骨端骨折,左锁骨肩     

Long-term outcome in patients with combined spinal and pelvic fractures

The outcome of 30 patients with combined spinal and pelvic fractures (C group) was retrospectively investigated and compared with matched group of similar number of isolated spinal fractures (S group) and isolated pelvic fractures (P Group), admitted to our institution between Jan 1998 and May 2002, following a high-energy trauma. After a mean follow-up of 57 months their outcomes were studied using EuroQol questionnaire and return to work status. The EQ-5D scores for patients in the S group were 0.71 (SD 0.29) compared to 0.60 (SD 0.14) for patients in the P group and 0.63 (SD 0.23) for patients in the C group. The EQ-VAS scores were similarly favourable towards patients in the S group. Seventy percent of patients in the S group returned to their previous level of employment after a mean duration of 5.3 months compared to 55% in the P group and 57% in the C group after a mean duration of 9.4 months and 12.8 months, respectively. Patients with isolated spinal fractures had an overall satisfactory outcome compared with patients in the other 2 groups. However, no difference was noted while analysing the outcomes in the later 2 groups (p<0.05), suggesting that the pelvic fracture contributes to the poor outcome, and the presence of a spinal fracture does not influence the long-term outcome. However, problems related to associated injuries and motor neurological deficits have profound confounding effect on the outcome in all 3 groups.     

桡骨远端骨折合并腕关节韧带损伤的关节镜观察

目的 介绍桡骨远端骨折时,腕关节韧带(舟月骨间韧带、月三角韧带和三角纤维软骨复合体)损伤的关节镜观察.方法 对27例桡骨远端骨折,采用腕关节镜辅助治疗,观察舟月骨间韧带、月三角韧带和三角纤维软骨复合体的损伤情况,通过Gsssler腕部韧带损伤等级分型方法和Palmer方法记录损伤级别.采用卡方检验,分析腕关节韧带损伤程度与骨折类型之间的关系.结果 27例腕关节镜下观察均出现舟月骨间韧带、月三角韧带损伤,损伤为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级;25例有三角纤维软骨复合体损伤,损伤大多为Ⅰa型;腕部韧带损伤的程度与骨折的分型无显著关系.结论 桡骨远端骨折时,腕部韧带损伤率较高,采用腕关节镜辅助治疗有利于准确发现腕部韧带的损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To report te incidence and extent of injuries of the scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL), lunotriquetral interosseous ligament (LTIL) and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)observed under wrist srthroscope during treatment of distal radius fractures.Methods Twenty-seven cases of distal radius fractures were treated with wrist arthroscopic assistance.Distal radius fractures were categorized using AO classification.Injuries of SLIL and LTIL were viewed and graded by Geissler's arthroscopic classification of carpal instability/intercarpal ligament injuries.TFCC lesions were recorded by Palmer's classification.Chi square statistical analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the extent of these ligament injuries and the types of distal radius fractures.Results All 27 cases had SLIL and LTIL injuries of grade Ⅰ to grade Ⅱ.25 cases had type Ⅰa TFCC lesions.There was no significant correlation between ligament injuries and the types of fractures.Conclusion There is a high incidence of ligament injury accompanying distal radius fractures.Wrist arthroscope assisted treatment of distal radius fractures can enhance the accurate detection of these carpal ligament injuries.