肘部尺神经的临床解剖学研究

目的：研究产生肘部尺神经卡压的解剖学基础。方法：观测５０侧成人尸体肘部尺神经的位置及被动屈肘时尺神经的伸长长度。临床调查并检测２００位正常人肘部尺神经的位置。结果：自肘部伸直位（０度）至完全屈肘位（１３５度），尺神经可拉长 ６．６％±０．３％（ｘ±ｓｘ自身对照，下同）；屈曲度大于 ９０度后，伸展性明显减少，为０．８％±０．１％。２００位正常人肘部尺神经半脱位发生率为９．５％（１９／２００）。结论：肘关节反复屈伸时尺神经不断被牵拉和压迫是造成肘部尺神经卡压的解剖学基础。     

肘部尺神经血供的解剖及其临床意义

目的　观察肘部尺神经的血液供应 ,为尺神经前移术提供解剖学基础。方法　 40侧防腐成人上肢标本观察测量肘部尺神经血供来源和血管外径及血管长度的相关数据 ,10个新鲜肘关节标本模拟临床尺神经前移术。结果　肘部尺神经血供有 3个来源 :尺侧上副动脉、尺侧下副动脉和尺侧返动脉后支 ,三条动脉从起始处至肱骨内上髁的距离分别是 (14.5± 2 .3)cm、(4.8± 1.2 )cm和 (5 .9± 0 .7)cm ,其伴随尺神经行走的距离分别是 (15 .4± 2 .1)cm、(5 .1± 1.1)cm和 (6 .6± 1.3)cm。结论　将肘部尺神经从肘管内移位到肘前部治疗肘管综合征时 ,保护其血供是完全可能的。     

尺神经肌下前置术后解剖学变化及动态分析

目的从解剖学的角度为治疗肘管综合征选择肌下前置术式提供理论依据. 方法分析32例肘管综合征临床资料,男22例,女10例.年龄17～73岁.观察尺侧上副血管的分支分布及其与尺神经的关系,尺神经病变的部位、范围、粗细等;用扩张器测量新肘管容积.将20侧福尔马林固定的成人尸体上肢标本,分别制成尺神经皮下前置及肌下前置模型,动态观测设定范围内尺神经移位前后肘关节不同伸屈状态下的长度变化,进行对比分析. 结果尺侧上副动脉可与尺神经一同前置,新肘管重建后可充分容纳尺神经.皮下前置伸肘位时,尺神经较移位前被拉长7.55%±0.52%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);肌下前置伸肘位时,尺神经长度与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论肘部尺神经肌下前置术较好地解决了尺神经肘部受压迫及屈肘受牵拉的问题,尺神经前置后其血供及组织床良好,新肘管宽松,对尺神经无卡压,术式符合生物力学及神经生理学要求,是治疗肘管综合征可选择的术式.     

肘管综合征临床治疗进展

尺神经在肘部通过尺神经沟时受到腱膜、异常的肌肉或骨性改变的压迫而产生的症候群称肘管综合征。它是第二位常见的上肢神经卡压症，仅次于腕管综合征，发病率相当于腕管综合征的1/2。1958年Feindel和Stratford首先使用了肘管综合征这个术语。Bozentka[1]认为肘管前界是肱骨内上髁，外侧界为肘关节内侧的尺肱韧带，后侧界为尺侧腕屈肌两个头之间形成的纤维弓，管顶由尺骨鹰嘴延伸到肱骨内上髁的纤维束组成。１致病因素由于尺神经在肘部独特的解剖特点，即位置表浅、相对固定、位于肘关节屈伸轴的后方，因此极易受到损伤。它周围的组织如St…     

肘部尺神经血供及带血供尺神经前置术的解剖学研究

目的观察肘部尺神经的血液供应,设计带血供尺神经前置的手术方法。方法28侧防腐成人上肢标本,观察测量肘部尺神经血供来源和血管外径及血管长度的相关数据。4侧防腐成人上肢标本模拟临床,设计带伴行血管尺神经前置术。结果肘部尺神经血供有3个来源:尺侧上副动脉、尺侧下副动脉和尺侧返动脉后支。3条动脉从起始处至肱骨内上踝的距离分别是(15.2±0.9)cm,(4.8±0.6)cm和(4.7±1.1)cm。伴随尺神经行走的距离分别是(16±1.3)cm,(5.1±0.3)cm和(5.6±0.9)cm。结论带血供尺神经前置术治疗肘管综合征是完全可行的。     

肘部尺神经滑脱

肘部尺神经滑脱潘进社张英泽彭阿钦李衡吴希瑞肘管综合征临床上常见，而肘部尺神经滑脱引起的肘管综合征亦非少见。我院自１９８４～１９９４年１０年间治疗尺神经滑脱引起的肘管综合征１４例，现报告如下：１临床资料１４例病人１９个肢体。男８例，女６例；左肘４例，右...     

带筋膜尺神经前移治疗肘管综合征

目的 研究带筋膜尺神经前移在肘管综合征治疗中的应用。方法 采用带筋膜的尺神经多术治疗４０例肘管综合征。结果 感觉运动评分提高了３９．２％,有效率达９１．８％。结论带筋膜尺神经前移治疗肘管综合征有助于保护尺神经的血供及神经分支。慢性肘部牵拉伤是导致肘管综合征的主要因素。     

肘管综合征

Feindel和Stratford(1958)首先提出“肘管综合征”(Cubital Tunnel Syndrome)这一术语。是指尺神经在肘部尺神经沟处受压而产生的神经损伤症状。肘管解剖特点肘管是尺侧腕屈肌肱骨头和尺骨鹰咀头之间的纤维性筋膜鞘和肱骨髁后沟(又称尺神经沟)形成的骨性纤维性鞘管。前界是内上髁,外侧界为尺肱韧带,后内侧界为尺侧腕屈肌两头     

带伴行血管尺神经前置术的解剖学研究

目的观察肘部尺神经的血液供应,设计带伴行血管尺神经前置的手术方法。方法取20侧防腐成人上肢标本,观测肘部尺神经血供来源和血管起始处外径、血管起始处至肱骨内上髁距离、血管起始处至尺神经垂直距离及尺神经伴行长度。另采用3侧防腐成人上肢标本模拟临床手术,设计带伴行血管尺神经前置术。结果肘部尺神经血供有3个来源,分别是尺侧上副动脉、尺侧下副动脉和尺侧返动脉后支。3条动脉从起始处至肱骨内上髁的距离分别是14.2±0.9、4.2±0.6和4.8±1.1cm;尺神经伴行长度分别是15.0±1.3、5.1±0.3和5.6±0.9cm;血管起始处外径分别是1.5±0.5、1.2±0.3和1.4±0.5mm;血管起始处至尺神经垂直距离分别是1.2±0.5、2.7±0.9和1.3±0.5cm。结论带伴行血管尺神经前置术治疗肘管综合征是可行的,且最大程度保留了肘部尺神经血供。     

肘管综合征的应用解剖学研究

目的 研究肘管综合征中尺神经的卡压因素,为临床手术提供解剖学依据.方法 采用解剖学方法对16具(32侧)成人尸体上肢标本进行解剖,观测造成尺神经卡压的Struthers弓形组织、内侧肌间隔和肘管,测量肘管内尺神经的面积、肘管的面积和肘管的长度,测量弓状韧带的长、宽和厚度.观测尺神经的营养血管及伴行长度,观测尺神经的尺侧腕屈肌肌支.结果 32侧上肢标本中12侧存在腱性Struthers弓形组织,10侧有肌性Struthers弓形组织,存在率为68.8%.尺神经在内上髁上方[(11.02±1.16)cm,小x±s.下同]处穿内侧肌间隔,尺神经肘管内面积与肘管面积之比为1:3.86,肘管长度为(1.96±0.18)cm.尺神经伴行血管有尺侧上副动脉和尺侧返动脉后支,尺神经在内上髁下方1cm左右发出尺侧腕屈肌肌支.结论 尺神经在肘管处最容易受压,手术治疗肘管综合征时向上的切口长度约为11.02cm,同时切除Struthers弓形组织和内侧肌间隔;尺神经前置手术时,注意保留与神经伴行的尺侧返动脉后支.     

Strain on the ulnar nerve at the elbow and wrist during throwing motion

BACKGROUND: It is well known that cubital tunnel syndrome frequently occurs in throwing athletes. The cause of cubital tunnel syndrome is considered to be mechanical stimuli on the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. The hypothesis of the present cadaveric study was that the ulnar nerve is subjected to longitudinal strain in the cubital tunnel during the throwing motion. METHODS: Four phases of throwing (stance, wind-up, middle cock-up, and early acceleration) were passively simulated in seven fresh-frozen transthoracic cadaveric specimens that were fixed in an upright position to allow free arm movement. In each throwing phase, the elbow was sequentially flexed from 45 degrees to 90 degrees to 120 degrees to maximum flexion. The longitudinal movement of and strain on the ulnar nerve were measured with use of a caliper and a strain gauge at the proximal aspects of both the cubital tunnel and the canal of Guyon. RESULTS: The movement of the ulnar nerve at the proximal aspect of the cubital tunnel was significantly increased during all throwing phases with increased elbow flexion (p < 0.05). An average maximum movement of 12.4 +/- 2.4 mm was recorded during the wind-up phase with maximum elbow flexion. The movement at the proximal aspect of the canal of Guyon was approximately two-thirds of that at the proximal aspect of the cubital tunnel. The strain on the ulnar nerve at the proximal aspect of the cubital tunnel was significantly increased with elbow flexion in the stance, wind-up, and middle cock-up phases (p < 0.05). An average maximum strain of 13.1% +/- 6.1% was recorded during the early acceleration phase with maximum elbow flexion. The strain at the proximal aspect of the canal of Guyon was approximately half of that at the proximal aspect of the cubital tunnel. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, the maximum strain on the ulnar nerve during the acceleration phase was found to be close to the elastic and circulatory limits of the nerve.     

Intraoperative measurement of pressure adjacent to the ulnar nerve in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome

PURPOSE: Little is known about whether the pressure adjacent to the ulnar nerve actually is increased in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome or if it is a causative factor. We measured the pressure adjacent to the ulnar nerve in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome during surgery and verified whether or not there was an association with patient age, duration of the disease, motor nerve conduction velocity, and severity of the ulnar nerve neuropathy. METHODS: Eight elbows in 8 patients with an average age of 62 years were treated surgically and the extraneural pressures within the cubital tunnel were measured during surgery by using a fiberoptic microtransducer. Pressure was measured 3 times with the elbow fully extended and then 3 times with the elbow flexed 130 degrees. The transducers were placed at 1, 2, and 3 cm distal to the proximal edge of the Osborne ligament. The severity of the neuropathy was evaluated according to Akahori's classification. The ulnar nerve palsy was graded as stage III in 5 patients and as stage IV in 3 patients. RESULTS: The average pressures within the cubital tunnel at 1, 2, and 3 cm distal to the proximal edge of the cubital tunnel retinaculum with the elbow flexed were 105, 29, and 18 mm Hg, respectively. The pressures at 1 and 2 cm distal to the proximal edge of the cubital tunnel retinaculum were significantly higher in elbow flexion than in elbow extension. There was also a positive correlation between the pressure and patient age but this was not significant The pressures correlated significantly with the stage of ulnar nerve neuropathy, motor nerve conduction velocity, and disease duration. CONCLUSIONS: The extraneural pressure within the cubital tunnel actually was increased in the patients and compression of the ulnar nerve might be a causative factor of cubital tunnel syndrome.     

对冲阻滞神经电生理技术在诊断肘管综合征中的应用

目的 探讨对冲阻滞神经电生理技术在早期肘管综合征中的应用价值.方法 对30例有典型临床症状疑诊为肘管综合征的患者,分别采用常规神经电生理方法和对冲阻滞电生理技术检测肘段运动传导速度(为正常值下限),并对运动传导速度进行比较.结果 应用常规检测法检测30例肘段尺神经运动传导速度(MNCV)平均为(45.20±4.20)m/s,均在正常值下限;而对冲阻滞神经电生理技术检测的尺神经运动传导速度平均为(35.12±3.01)m/s,均明显低于正常值,且波幅均降低.结论 对冲阻滞神经电生理技术能对冲肘上正中神经的兴奋,只记录到尺神经复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP),能更准确更早地反映肘段尺神经的MNCV,提高诊断率.     

Ulnar nerve excursion and strain at the elbow and wrist associated with upper extremity motion

Significant excursion of the ulnar nerve is required for unimpeded upper extremity motion. This study evaluated the excursion necessary to accommodate common motions of daily living and associated strain on the ulnar nerve. The 2 most common sites of nerve entrapment, the cubital tunnel and the entrance of Guyon's canal, were studied. Five fresh-frozen, thawed transthoracic cadaver specimens (10 arms) were dissected and the nerve was exposed at the elbow and wrist only enough to be marked with a microsuture. Excursion was measured with a laser mounted on a Vernier caliper fixed to the bone and aligned in the direction of nerve motion. A Microstrain (Burlington, VT) DVRT strain device was applied to the nerve at both the elbow and wrist. Nerve excursion associated with motion of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers (measured by goniometer) was measured at the wrist and elbow. An average of 4.9 mm ulnar nerve excursion was required at the elbow to accommodate shoulder motion from 30 degrees to 110 degrees of abduction, and 5.1 mm was needed for elbow motion from 10 degrees to 90 degrees. When the wrist was moved from 60 degrees of extension to 65 degrees of flexion, 13.6 mm excursion of the ulnar nerve was required at the wrist. When all the motions of the wrist, fingers, elbow, and shoulder were combined, 21.9 mm of ulnar nerve excursion was required at the elbow and 23.2 mm at the wrist. Ulnar nerve strain of 15% or greater was experienced at the elbow with elbow flexion and at the wrist with wrist extension and radial deviation. Any factor that limits excursion at these sites could result in repetitive traction of the nerve and possibly play a role in the pathophysiology of cubital tunnel syndrome or ulnar neuropathy at Guyon's canal.     

肘管综合征的成因和神经学检查

肘管综合征是常见的周围神经嵌压症之一。我院1990年12月—1995年12月共收治该症22例,均经严格的神经学检查和病因学分析后确诊,治疗全部行尺神经前移术。术后随访20例,平均随访2年5月,12例恢复正常,6例明显好转,2例较差。作者认为,当手部感觉改变和运动障碍为单纯尺神经损伤引起,肌电图提示尺神经传导速度在肘管部减慢,肘管内或外可找到神经受损原因,肘管综合征即可确诊;当肌电提示尺神经传导在肘管部减慢,而肘管内或外找不到神经受损原因,应高度疑诊肘管综合征。     

Minimal medial epicondylectomy and decompression for cubital tunnel syndrome.

Sixty-four patients (66 elbows) treated for refractory cubital tunnel syndrome had minimal medial epicondylectomy and in situ decompression to minimize the potential disadvantages of classic medial epicondylectomy. After a mean followup of 27 months results were excellent in 27 patients (44%), good in 23 patients (35%), fair in 10 patients (15%), and poor in four patients (6%). No ulnar nerve palsy, ulnar nerve subluxation, or medial elbow instability were seen. The main complaint of patients regarding the procedure was tenderness at the osteotomy site. The results show that minimal medial epicondylectomy and in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve is a safe and effective method to treat patients with cubital tunnel syndrome. This procedure minimizes the disadvantage of medial instability and recurrent symptoms attributable to nerve trauma after a classic medial epicondylectomy.     

The cubital tunnel: anatomic, histologic, and biomechanical study.

The anatomy of the cubital tunnel was examined in 19 human cadaveric elbows. Pressure measurements within the cubital tunnel were recorded at the medial epicondyle level and 3 cm distal to the epicondyle in various positions of elbow flexion. Histologic examination of the ulnar nerve was carried out at different levels. A common flexor aponeurosis (CFA) was consistently present in all specimens between the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum superficialis. Pressure measurements were greater distally at the CFA level than proximally in the fibrosseous tunnel. The pressure inside the cubital tunnel increased with increasing flexion at the 3 levels examined. Releasing the arcuate ligament decreased the pressure in the fibrosseous tunnel but not distally at the level of the CFA. An oligofascicular pattern of the ulnar nerve was observed at the level of the medial epicondyle and CFA. This finding was in contrast to the polyfascicular pattern present both proximal and distal to these structures. The findings of our study have shown that an intimate anatomic relationship exists between the ulnar nerve and the CFA. This proximity appears to affect the biomechanics of the cubital tunnel and to contribute to nerve compression by the CFA in the distal tunnel. We also found that elbow flexion increases the pressure in the distal tunnel and that releasing the arcuate ligament alone does not decompress the ulnar nerve in the distal tunnel.     

带尺侧下副动脉尺神经松解前置术治疗肘管综合征

目的 总结带尺侧下副动脉尺神经松解前置术治疗肘管综合征的手术方法及临床效果.方法 2005年9月-2006年5月,采用保留尺侧下副动脉在尺神经上的吻合支,行带血供尺神经松解前置术治疗25例肘管综合征.男19例,女6例:年龄20～72岁,平均60岁.发病至手术时间2个月～3年,平均6.7个月.发病原因:骨性关节炎23例,肘管内囊肿及尺神经滑脱各1例.术前按Pasque肘管综合征评分系统评定:可19例,差6例.电生理检查:肘关节周围尺神经运动神经传导速度<42 m/s.结果 术后切口均1期愈合,无手术并发症及复发患者.25例术后均获随访,随访时间1年～2年半,平均13.9个月.按Pasque肘管综合征评分系统评定:优15例,良9例,可1例,优良率96%;与术前评定结果比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).电生理检查;肘关节周围尺神经运动神经传导速度>42m/s.结论 带尺侧下副动脉尺神经松解前置术是治疗肘管综合征的安全有效方法之一.