正常足与踇外翻足的足横弓三维形态比较

运用Ｘ线片、ＣＴ及计算机图像处理技术，了解正常足横弓的三维形态，探讨外翻三维畸形的检测方法。对３２５例正常人和５７例外翻足的足正位Ｘ线片进行测量，检测五个跖骨和籽骨的相对位置关系及两组的异同；对２４例正常足和１６例外翻足进行ＣＴ扫描，经计算机图像处理，观测正常足横弓的冠状面形态和外翻足的足横弓的畸形表现。结果发现：７４．８６％的正常实验对象第一跖骨短于第二跖骨；外翻足的籽骨不随内翻的第一跖骨内移，相对处于稳定的位置；正常人组足横弓指数Ｈ＝０．２０９±０．０５１，第一跖骨旋前角度Ｐ＝８．７５°±１４．６°；第一跖骨籽骨滑车系统功能丧失是外翻足足横弓塌陷的重要原因。     

Austin手术治疗外翻126例分析

自1981年Austin等[1]报告采用第一跖骨头“V”形平移截骨术治疗外翻以来，临床上已广泛应用。该术式具有下地早、骨愈合快、疗程短等优点。术中“V”形截骨后将截骨块向外水平推移，使第一、二跖骨夹角(intermetatarsalangle,IMA)恢复至正常或接近正常范围，具有有效地防止外翻复发的特点。临床资料一、一般资料我院自1993年6月～1999年12月共收治外翻患者126例217足，男7例9足，女119例208足；其中单侧患者外翻35例，双侧91例。病程2～51年，平均16.3年。年龄18～74岁，平均42.8岁；其中40岁以上者78例，占61.90％，而30～49岁…     

Chevron手术治疗外翻畸形

为寻求矫正外翻畸形的理想手术方法，自１９９０年以来作者采用Ｃｈｅｖｒｏｎ手术治疗１２例１８足。经１～７年随访，结果：优１５足（８３％），良２足（１１％），差１足（６％），优良率９４％。畸形矫正：趾外翻角术前３５°～４０°，术后５°～９°；第一跖骨间角术前１５°～２０°，术后５°～１０°；跖骨远侧关节角术前均＞１５°，术后均＜１５°；前足宽度术前６０～７０ｍｍ，术后５５～６５ｍｍ。无跖骨头无菌性坏死和骨不连等并发症。表明该手术有手术简单，截骨端嵌插稳定，畸形矫正满意，并发症少和行走时间早，恢复快等优点     

Reverdin截骨术治疗外翻疗效分析

目的 观察 Reverdin手术治疗外翻的疗效。方法 自 1992年～ 1998年实施 Reverdin手术治疗外翻患者 17例 31足。术前于负重位行 X线检查,测量外翻角平均为 30°,第一跖骨间角平均 10.9°,近端关节固定角平均 19°。按常规治疗外翻的手术方法行趾跖外侧挛缩组织松解,显露跖骨头并切除内侧骨赘;同时按术前 X线片上划出的截骨线,测量楔形基底宽度,对跖骨头楔形内翻进行截骨,充分纠正近端关节固定角。结果 随访 1～ 8年,平均 4年 5个月, 17例 31足,优 10例 19足、良 6例 11足、差 1例 1足,优良率 96.8％。术后无一例出现截骨延迟愈合及跖骨头缺血性坏死。术后负重位 X线片复查示,近端关节固定角平均为 1.95°,平均改善 17°;外翻角平均 14.3°,平均改善 15°;第一跖骨间角平均 5.8°,平均改善 5°。结论 术前测量近端关节固定角是正确选择外翻手术方式的重要依据,可增加手术治疗的成功率,减少术后复发。     

小切口斜行截断及楔形截骨术矫治(足母)外翻畸形

目的探讨第一跖骨头囊内楔形截骨术矫正跨外翻畸形的可行性。方法2000年9月-2005年12月，我们对蹲外翻足畸形行局部小切口，切除第一跖骨头内侧骨赘，在跖趾关节囊内完成跖骨头楔形截骨、跖骨头横向外侧移位和内侧关节囊收紧，矫正跨外翻畸形。结果每足手术时间25～30min，术中出血量5～10ml。249例随访6—24个月，平均15个月，跨外翻畸形完全矫正，优215足（86．3％），良29足（11．7％），差5足（2．0％），优良率98．0％，无并发症。结论小切口斜行截断及楔形截骨术矫治跨外翻畸形可行，创伤小，术后的外形和功能得到全面改善。     

第一跖骨双截骨矫正重度口外翻畸形

 目的 探讨第一跖骨双截骨矫正重度外翻畸形的手术疗效。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2011年12月,采用第一跖骨双截骨术治疗并获得随访的62例(87足)第一跖骨远端关节面角(distal metatarsal articular angle, DMAA)增大的重度外翻患者资料,男9例(14足),女53例(73足);年龄28～70岁,平均56岁。术前X线片示外翻角(hallux valgus angle,HVA)平均为48.6°,第一、二跖骨间角(intermetatarsal angle,IMA)平均为19.8°,DMAA平均为22.1°。术前根据患者畸形情况制定手术方案,截骨部位、角度、截骨量均依据术前测量值操作。比较术前、术后及取内固定前HVA、IMA、DMAA的变化,同时采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)趾-跖趾-趾间关节功能评分标准评价疗效。结果 62例(87足)获得随访,随访时间为10～57个月,平均21个月。术后6个月, HVA 14.6°±1.2°, IMA 7.9°±0.7°,DMAA 7.7°±0.9°,矫形效果均满意。术后出现僵硬2例,皮神经损伤2例,转移性跖痛1例,无一例发生畸形明显复发、骨不愈合及跖骨坏死。术后AOFAS评分由术前平均(28.4±9.1)分达到术后1年的(91.8±1.8)分;49足为优,31足为良,7足为可,优良率为92.0%(80/87)。结论 第一跖骨双截骨术可有效矫正DMAA增大的重度外翻畸形,患者术后可早期部分负重,并发症少,手术疗效佳。     

改良的第一跖骨远端缩短截骨术治疗坶外翻

作者介绍了第一跖骨远端缩短截骨术加形状记忆加压骑缝钉内固定治疗外翻１７例（２６足）的结果。本组患者年龄３０～６５岁，平均４１．０岁。术后平均１８．２天，患者能作轻工作或家务，平均４０．３天恢复正常行走活动和原工作。１６例（２５足）足部疼痛消失，仅１例足痛转移至第二跖骨头下。足外形明显改善，前足宽度平均减少０．９２ｃｍ。Ｘ线片提示所有截骨都达到骨性愈合。平均外翻角从３０．１°减少到１６．０°，平均第１、２跖骨间夹角从１１．２°减少到６．５°。本法不需外固定，截骨处固定牢靠，骨愈合快，患者可以早期负重。     

拇收肌与拇囊筋膜瓣吻合治疗拇外翻

２２只拇外翻患足接受了拇囊筋膜瓣中１／３经第一跖骨头横孔与拇收肌吻合的矫形手术，经６个月￣４年的随诊，效果满意，优良率９０．９％。前足缩窄最大者达１０ｍｍ。６只足在术后３￣５个月，开始穿高跟鞋，经２￣３年随访无复发，但本术式不适用于拇外翻合并第一跖骨头关节面有倾斜者。     

Akin截骨联合第一跖骨基底楔形植骨治疗中重度足拇外翻

目的 观察远端软组织松解、Akin截骨联合第一跖骨基底开放截骨楔形植骨治疗中重度足拇外翻畸形的疗效.方法 对16例(24足)中重度足拇外翻患者行第一跖骨远端软组织松解、近节趾骨Akin截骨、第一跖骨基底内侧开放截骨后将Akin截骨楔形骨块植入并用克氏针固定.结果 第一、二跖间角由术前16°～20°矫正至术后8°～11°(平均矫正7.6°),足拇外翻角由术前37°～43°矫正至术后9°～15°(平均矫正21.2°),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Maryland足功能评分结果显示,优18足,良5足,可1足,优良率为95.8％.结论 远端软组织松解、Akin截骨联合第一跖骨基底开放截骨楔形植骨治疗中重度足拇外翻畸形的疗效可靠.     

收肌与囊筋膜瓣吻合治疗外翻

２２只外翻患足接受了囊筋膜瓣中１／３经第一跖骨头横孔与收肌吻合的矫形手术，经６个月～４年的随诊，效果满意，优良率９０．９％，前足缩窄最大者达１０ｍｍ。６只足在术后３～５个月，开始穿高跟鞋，经２～３年随访无复发，但本术式不适用于外翻合并第一跖骨头关节面有倾斜者     

Length of the first metatarsal and hallux in hallux valgus in the initial stage

The aim of this study was to confirm whether the length of the first metatarsal and the length of the hallux are greater than normal in the initial phase of the hallux valgus deformity. In a sample of 152 radiographs (98 of normal feet and 54 of incipient hallux valgus feet), the length of the first metatarsal and the hallux was measured according to methods previously described. Comparisons were made between normal and hallux valgus feet, and between male and female feet. The results show significant differences between the two groups in the first metatarsal (P < 0.0001) and hallux (P < 0.001). In the male feet, these differences are more marked (when comparing the length of the hallux between the female hallux valgus feet and the female normal feet, P > 0.05). This indicates that in men with hallux valgus, the excess in length of the first metatarso-digital segment is greater than in women that develop this deformity, at least in its initial phase. According to these results, the size of the first metatarso-digital segment could be involved in the development of the hallux valgus deformity.     

Medial deviation of the first metatarsal in incipient hallux valgus deformity

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether excessive medial deviation of the first metatarsal (excessive intermetatarsal angle) is present in the initial phase of hallux valgus. METHODS: The intermetatarsal angle between the first and second metatarsals (1-2 IMA) was radiographically studied in 49 normal feet and in 49 feet with mild hallux valgus deformity. RESULTS: The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the mean intermetatarsal angle between the two groups (8.76 degrees in normal feet; 9.98 degrees in affected feet). However, we believe that is not clinically significant. Other authors, comparing the 1-2 IMA in patients with or without more advanced hallux valgus, reported greater differences than those obtained in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive medial deviation of the first metatarsal is not a causal factor but rather a consequence of hallux valgus deformity.     

Degenerative osteoarthrosis of tarsometatarsal joints in hallux valgus: a radiographic study

To clarify the pathogenesis of degenerative osteoarthrosis of the tarsometatarsal joints in hallux valgus, we evaluated dorsoplantar and lateral radiographs during weight-bearing in 16 patients (25 feet) with hallux valgus accompanied by degenerative osteoarthrosis of the tarsometatarsal joints and 25 controls (25 feet) with hallux valgus alone. The proximal second metatarsal articular angle (a parameter we devised), the hallux valgus angle, intermetatarsal angle, metatarsal length, sesamoid displacement, calcaneal pitch, and foot length were measured and then evaluation using a mapping system was performed. There were no significant differences in the hallux valgus angle, intermetatarsal angle, sesamoid displacement, calcaneal pitch, or foot length. In the presence of degenerative osteoarthrosis of the tarsometatarsal joints, the second, third, and fourth metatarsals were long, and a large inclination of the proximal articular surface of the second metatarsal and adduction of the first to fourth metatarsals were observed. These findings appeared to be involved in the development of this disorder.     

Hallux valgus: demographics, etiology, and radiographic assessment

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to preoperatively evaluate the demographics, etiology, and radiographic findings associated with moderate and severe hallux valgus deformities in adult patients (over 20 years of age) treated operatively over a 33-month period in a single surgeon's practice. METHODS: Patients treated for a hallux valgus deformity between September, 1999, and May, 2002, were identified. Patients who had mild deformities (hallux valgus angle < 20 degrees), concurrent degenerative arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, inflammatory arthritis, recurrent deformities, or congruent deformities were excluded. When enrolled, all patients filled out a standardized questionnaire and had a routine examination that included standard radiographs, range of motion testing, and first ray mobility measurement. A chart review and evaluation of preoperative radiographs were completed on all eligible patients. RESULTS: One-hundred and three of 108 (96%) patients (122 feet) with a diagnosis of moderate or severe hallux valgus (hallux valgus angle of 20 degrees or more)(70) qualified for the study. The onset of the hallux valgus deformity peaked during the third decade although the distribution of occurrence was almost equal from the second through fifth decades. Twenty-eight of 122 feet (23%) developed a deformity at an age of 20 years or younger. Eighty-six (83%) of patients had a positive family history for hallux valgus deformities and 87 (84%) patients had bilateral bunions. 15% of patients in the present series had moderate or severe pes planus based on a positive Harris mat study. Only 11% (14 feet) had evidence of an Achilles or gastrocnemius tendon contracture. Radiographic analysis found that 86 of 122 feet (71%) had an oval or curved metatarsophalangeal joint. Thirty-nine feet (32%) had moderate or severe metatarsus adductus. A long first metatarsal was common in patients with hallux valgus (110 of 122 feet; 71%); the mean increased length of the first metatarsal when compared to the second was 2.4 mm. While uncommon, the incidence of an os intermetatarsum was 7% and a proximal first metatarsal facet was 7%. The mean preoperative first ray mobility as measured with Klaue's device was 7.2 mm. 16 of 22 (13%) feet were observed to have increased first ray mobility before surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of the hallux valgus deformity was not associated with Achilles or gastrocnemius tendon tightness, increased first ray mobility, bilaterality or pes planus. Neither the magnitude of the preoperative angular deformity nor increasing age had any association with the magnitude of the first metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion. Constricting shoes and occupation were implicated by 35 (34%) patients as a cause of the bunions. A familial history of bunions, bilateral involvement, female gender, a long first metatarsal, and an oval or curved metatarsophalangeal joint articular surface were common findings. Increased first ray mobility and plantar gapping of the first metatarsocuneiform joint were more common in patients with hallux valgus than in the general population (when compared with historical controls).     

Complications of distraction osteogenesis in short first metatarsals

The authors analyzed the results and complications of metatarsal lengthening in short first metatarsals by distraction osteogenesis. There were 13 first metatarsal lengthenings in eight patients. Mean age was 18.8 years and the average percentage of lengthening was 49.2%. The average healing index was 72.4 days/cm. The major complication was cavus foot, which was noticed in four feet. All great toes showed some loss of motion at metatarsophalangeal (MP) joint. Other complications were hallux valgus, angulation of the metatarsals, and pin tract infection each in two feet. The functional score according to the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux MP joint, interphalangeal joint scale was excellent in 11 and good in 2. All patients were satisfied with the procedure. To avoid potential complications such as MP joint subluxation, cavus foot, and hallux valgus, the first metatarsal lengthening should not exceed 50% of the original length.     

Shortening Proximal Chevron Metatarsal Osteotomy for Patients With a Hallux Valgus Deformity With Advanced Arthritis

To correct hallux valgus deformities in patients with advanced arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, we designed a new reverse chevron-type shortening osteotomy technique that could be used to correct valgus deformities at the proximal metatarsal level, as well as shorten and lower the metatarsal, in a 1-time procedure. Sixteen feet in 16 patients with a minimum of 18 months follow-up who underwent a shortening proximal chevron metatarsal osteotomy for a hallux valgus deformity with advanced arthritic change between January 2014 and March 2016 were reviewed in this study. Double chevron osteotomies with 20° of plantar-ward obliquity at the proximal metatarsal level were made at 5-mm intervals for simultaneous valgus correction and metatarsal shortening. An additional Weil osteotomy of the second metatarsal was performed in all feet. Patients’ mean age was 57.88 ± 6.55 years. The deformity was satisfactorily corrected by the operation. The first metatarsal was shortened by approximately 8.75 mm, and the relative length of the second metatarsal did not differ significantly postoperatively (p?=?.179). The relative second metatarsal height, as seen on forefoot axial radiographs, was maintained constantly, with no significant difference (p?=?.215). No painful plantar callosity or transfer metatarsalgia under the second metatarsal head was observed postoperatively. A shortening proximal chevron metatarsal osteotomy for hallux valgus deformities with advanced arthritic change showed a good result with respect to deformity correction and pain relief. Appropriate lowering and an additional Weil osteotomy effectively prevented postoperative pain and painful callosity under the second metatarsal head.     

微创截骨手法整复术治疗拇外翻

目的:探讨微创截骨手法整复术治疗拇外翻的临床疗效.方法:自2018年1月至2019年5月采用微创截骨手法整复术治疗拇外翻患者31例(42足),其中男3例,女28例;年龄18～76(50.1±4.9)岁.观察并比较手术前后拇外翻角(hallux valgus angle,HVA),第1,2跖骨间角(inter metat...     

Minimally invasive surgery for young female patients with mild-to-moderate juvenile hallux valgus deformity

BackgroundWe aimed to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and distal chevron metatarsal osteotomy (DCMO) for young female patients with mild-to-moderate juvenile hallux valgus deformity.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the radiographs and clinical findings of young female patients with mild-to-moderate juvenile hallux valgus who underwent MIS (25 feet) or DCMO (30 feet). In 12 of 25 MIS feet, 2.0-mm bio-absorbable pins were used as an additional fixation device crossing the osteotomy site, and 1.4-mm Kirschner wires were used in the remaining 13 feet.ResultsRadiographic and clinical parameters preoperatively and at the final follow-up were not significantly different between the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in the increments of hallux valgus angle (HVA), distal metatarsal articular angle, medial sesamoid position, first metatarsal length, metatarsal length index, or relative second metatarsal length. Two MIS subgroups according to the additional fixation device showed no significant differences in HVA, the first to second intermetatarsal angle lateral translation ratio, or plantar offset at the final follow-up.ConclusionsMIS for young female patients with mild-to-moderate juvenile hallux valgus deformity had similar radiographic and clinical outcomes compared to DCMO. Regarding additional fixation crossing the osteotomy site, both temporary Kirschner wires and absorbable pins showed no radiographic differences in terms of correction maintenance.Level of evidence: 3.     

选择性跖骨远端截骨治疗中重度(足母)外翻

[目的]探讨选择性跖骨远端截骨治疗(足母)外翻的手术适应证、手术方法及疗效.[方法]对2007年3月～2011年1月本院60例(101足)中度及重度(足母)外翻进行回顾性分析.双足41例,单足19例.其中女性57例,男性3例;年龄23～81岁,平均62.6岁.[结果]本组60例(101足)均获随访,随访时间6～48个月,平均22个月.参照美国足踝外科协会Maryland(足母)跖趾关节百分评分系统,90～ 100分40例(66足);80～89分16例(30足);70～79分4例(5足);优良率95％.术前HVA 30°～44°,平均36°;术后10.5°～21°,平均15.3°.IMA 13°～18°,平均16°;术后6°～10°,平均8.5°.第1跖趾关节活动度术前0°～30°,平均16°;术后为25°～50°,平均35°.第1跖骨长度较术前减少3 ～6 mm,平均4.2mm.[结论]本术式为软组织合并骨性手术,手术方法简单,创伤较小,跖骨头成形充分,术后不需要辅助内固定等优点,是一种值得推广的术式.